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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Estudo do coeficiente de difusão no enovelamento de proteínas na rede /

Oliveira, Ronaldo Junio de. January 2007 (has links)
Resumo: O enovelamento de proteinas é um problema fundamental em Biofísica Molecular. O processo de enovelamento é, em geral, mapeado através de uma equação de difusão aplicada ao longo da coordenada de reação Q, a qual descreve o grau de similaridade de uma determinada configuração com o estado nativo da proteína. Os tempos de enovelamento podem ser calculados a partir dos potenciais efetivos e do coeficiente de difusão D. Na literatura, D é assumido constante. Usando modelos de rede, mostramos neste trabalho variações desse coeficiente de difusão em função de Q e calculamos os novos tempos de enovelamento. / Abstract: The protein folding is a fundamental problem in Molecular Biophysics. The folding process is, in general, mapped in a diffusion equation through the reaction coordinate Q, that is the similarity degree of a state with the native state. The folding times can be calculated with effective potencials and the diffusion coef- ficient D. In the literature, D is assumed constant. Using lattice models, we show in this work its variations in function of Q and we calculate the new folding times. / Orientador: Vitor Barbanti Pereira Leite / Coorientador: Jorge Chahine / Banca: Antonio Francisco Pereira de Araújo / Banca: Antonio Caliri / Mestre
72

Estudo do coeficiente de difusão no enovelamento de proteínas na rede

Oliveira, Ronaldo Junio de [UNESP] 30 March 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_rj_me_sjrp.pdf: 1282528 bytes, checksum: f1be25a39f095b823d25acad1b0e4ae8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O enovelamento de proteinas é um problema fundamental em Biofísica Molecular. O processo de enovelamento é, em geral, mapeado através de uma equação de difusão aplicada ao longo da coordenada de reação Q, a qual descreve o grau de similaridade de uma determinada configuração com o estado nativo da proteína. Os tempos de enovelamento podem ser calculados a partir dos potenciais efetivos e do coeficiente de difusão D. Na literatura, D é assumido constante. Usando modelos de rede, mostramos neste trabalho variações desse coeficiente de difusão em função de Q e calculamos os novos tempos de enovelamento. / The protein folding is a fundamental problem in Molecular Biophysics. The folding process is, in general, mapped in a diffusion equation through the reaction coordinate Q, that is the similarity degree of a state with the native state. The folding times can be calculated with effective potencials and the diffusion coef- ficient D. In the literature, D is assumed constant. Using lattice models, we show in this work its variations in function of Q and we calculate the new folding times.
73

Otimização da desidratação osmótica do sapoti (Achras zapota L.)

LIMA, Lívia Muritiba Pereira de 24 July 2013 (has links)
Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-26T15:13:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Livia Muritiba Pereira de Lima.pdf: 1691766 bytes, checksum: b1d03e29e1dbb84c171005de61e944cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-26T15:13:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Livia Muritiba Pereira de Lima.pdf: 1691766 bytes, checksum: b1d03e29e1dbb84c171005de61e944cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-24 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Sapodilla (Achras zapota L.), is widely appreciated in northeastern Brazil, but owing to its perishability requires application of technological processes that enhance your shelf life, preserving their quality characteristics. The preservation by moisture control aims to reduce losses generated by metabolic reactions that occur in these fruits after harvest, among these treatments highlights the osmotic dehydration process, which has been used primarily as a pretreatment to some conventional processes. Therefore, this research aims to optimize the osmotic dehydration of said fruit. In its implementation kinetic studies were performed using a factorial design 22 to determine the influence of the independent variables: osmotic agent concentration and immersion time on the diffusion coefficients of water and sucrose. Further, with the goal of reducing solid incorporation was applied 23 factorial design to evaluate the influence of independent variables: temperature, immersion time and concentration of osmotic solution on water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and DEI (Dehydration Efficiency Index). The drying was completed in oven with forced ventilation at 60°C ± 0,5°C. From the results of these steps proceeded up the optimization process by evaluating the response surface figures generated using the 23 planning to determine the best temperature, immersion time and concentration of the osmotic solution. The two trials with better values of DEI were subjected to sensory analysis and the selected product was subjected to analyzes of chemical composition, physico-chemical, microbiological and structural. The results showed: the greatest influence of immersion time on the diffusion coefficient of water and sucrose; maximum WL and SG in osmotic solution concentration of 60°Brix; significant influence of temperature and osmotic solution concentration on the WL and SG; significant influence osmotic solution concentration and immersion time on the DEI; the best conditions using DEI as parameters were 34°C, 56°Brix, 210 minutes and 40°C, 50°Brix; 165 minutes. The product prepared at 40°C, 50°Brix, 165 minutes showed higher scores on sensory attributes and compliance with the microbiological standards; dehydration caused reduced turgor and rupture the cell walls of the sapodilla. / O Sapoti (Achras zapota L.) é muito apreciado no nordeste brasileiro, porém devido a sua perecibilidade, requer aplicação de processos tecnológicos que aumentem sua vida útil, preservando suas características de qualidade. A preservação pelo controle de umidade tem a finalidade de reduzir as perdas geradas por reações metabólicas que ocorrem nestes frutos após a colheita, dentre estes tratamentos se destaca o processo de desidratação osmótica, que vem sendo utilizado principalmente como tratamento prévio à alguns processos convencionais. Portanto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo otimizar a desidratação osmótica do referido fruto. Na sua implementação foram realizados estudos cinéticos por meio de planejamento fatorial 22, para determinar a influência das variáveis independentes: concentração do agente osmótico e tempo de imersão sobre os coeficientes de difusão da água e da sacarose. Na sequência, com o objetivo de diminuir a incorporação de sólidos foi aplicado um planejamento fatorial 23, para avaliar a influência das variáveis independentes: temperatura, tempo de imersão e concentração da solução osmótica sobre a perda de umidade (PU), ganho de sólidos (GS) e IED (Índice de Eficiência de Desidratação). O processo de secagem foi completado em estufa, com ventilação forçada a 60°C ± 0,5°C. A partir dos resultados destas etapas procedeu-se a otimização do processo por meio da avaliação das figuras de superfície de resposta geradas utilizando o planejamento 23, para determinar as melhores temperaturas, tempos de imersão e concentrações da solução osmótica. Os dois ensaios com melhores valores de IED foram submetidos à análise sensorial e o produto selecionado foi submetido à análise de composição centesimal, físico-química, microbiológica e estrutural. Os resultados demonstraram: a maior influência do tempo de imersão sobre o coeficiente de difusão da água e sacarose; máxima PU e GS na concentração da solução osmótica de 60°Brix; influência significativa da temperatura e concentração da solução osmótica sobre a PU e GS; influência significativa da concentração da solução osmótica e tempo de imersão sobre o IED; as melhores condições, utilizando IED como parâmetro, foram 34°C; 56°Brix; 210 minutos e 40°C; 50°Brix; 165 minutos. O produto elaborado à 40°C; 50°Brix; 165 minutos obteve maiores notas nos atributos sensoriais e conformidade com os padrões microbiológicos; a desidratação gerou redução de turgor e ruptura das paredes celulares do sapoti.
74

Comportamento dos perfis de cloreto em tetrápodes localizados nos molhes da Barra. (Rio Grande – RS –. Brasil)

Silva, Cristiane Arpino January 2010 (has links)
Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2010. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-18T00:14:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Comportamento Dos Perfis De Cloreto Em Tetrápodes Localizados Nos Molhes Da Barra. (Rio Grande – RS –. Brasil)..pdf: 8213108 bytes, checksum: 3de71990a8d41cc4d48f12c77b892ecb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-10T18:28:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Comportamento Dos Perfis De Cloreto Em Tetrápodes Localizados Nos Molhes Da Barra. (Rio Grande – RS –. Brasil)..pdf: 8213108 bytes, checksum: 3de71990a8d41cc4d48f12c77b892ecb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-10T18:28:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Comportamento Dos Perfis De Cloreto Em Tetrápodes Localizados Nos Molhes Da Barra. (Rio Grande – RS –. Brasil)..pdf: 8213108 bytes, checksum: 3de71990a8d41cc4d48f12c77b892ecb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / A vida útil de estruturas de concreto armado tem sido motivo de preocupação entre os diversos pesquisadores da área. Com o objetivo de melhor compreender o comportamento de uma estrutura de concreto armado, exposta ao ambiente marítimo, foi realizada uma avaliação dos tetrápodes dos molhes da Barra do Rio Grande à 5 anos de exposição (Guimarães, 2003) com a retirada de amostras e o traçado dos perfis de cloreto. Após essa avaliação, fora identificado um alto teor de cloretos no interior dos tetrápodes, que atribui-se a uma possível contaminação desses elementos durante a sua confecção. O presente trabalho teve com o objetivo avaliar o desempenho dos tetrápodes quanto a penetração de íons cloreto ao longo do tempo, e para tal foi realizada uma comparação entre os perfis de cloreto aos 5 anos e aos 9,5 anos. Com as equações de Cranck (1975) foi obtido um modelo no qual se considerou a variação da concentração de cloretos na superfície (Cs), pois esse parâmetro aumentou significativamente dos 5 para 9,5 anos. O referido modelo apresentou bons resultados, pois os perfis estimados demonstraram semelhança com os perfis de medição de cloreto dos tetrápodes, principalmente na idade de 9,5 anos e com o uso de keq, demonstrando a importância de sua aplicabilidade na prática. A partir do coeficiente de difusão estimado aos 9,5 anos, obteve-se os perfis de cloreto para Cs fixo de 0,588 %, aos 50 anos, aos 100 anos e aos 200 anos. De posse dos coeficientes de difusão aos 9,5 anos e com o uso de k e keq, foi estimado o grau de saturação, a partir de uma comparação com o estudo de Rodrigues (2009). Para confirmar o alto GS estimado para o ponto MLOI, foi realizado ensaio de GS dia nos tetrápodes. Os resultados foram satisfatórios e apresentaram coerência com as estimativas. Enfim, os ambientes dos tetrápodes demonstraram grande agressividade com altos teores de cloreto em profundidades consideráveis. Portanto, para o caso de uma estrutura de concreto armado, inserida em ambiente semelhante aos tetrápodes, não só as recomendações da NBR 6118/2003 são suficientes para garantir a durabilidade da estrutura, principalmente no que se refere ao cobrimento do concreto, devendo principalmente ser considerado o tipo de cimento a ser utilizado. / The useful life of structures made of reinforced concrete has been a matter of concern to researchers in this field. An evaluation of the tetrapods at the jetties located in Rio Grande, RS, was carried out after their five-year exposure to a marine environment (Guimarães, 2003)with the aim of understanding the behavior of a structure made of reinforced concrete under such conditions. Samples were collected and the chloride profiles were executed. After this evaluation, a high concentration of chloride was found in the interior of the tetrapods; this fact may be attributed to contamination during their manufacturing. This paper aims at evaluating the behavior of tetrapods regarding the penetration of chloride ions throughout some time. Therefore, a comparison between the chloride profiles at the age of 5 and at the age of 9.5 was made. Cranck’s equations (1975) led to a model in which the variation of the surface chloride concentration (CS) was taken into account, since this parameter has significantly increased from 5 year-old tetrapods to 9.5 year-old ones. This model showed good results: the estimated profiles were similar to the measurement profiles of the chloride of the tetrapods, mainly at 9.5 and with the use of keq. This is an evidence of the importance of its practical applicability. Based on the diffusion coefficient which was estimated for 9.5 year-old tetrapods, 0.588% was obtained as a fixed profile of CS at 50, 100 and 200 years old. Based on the diffusion coefficients at 9.5 and with the use of k and keq, the saturation degree (SD) was estimated after a comparison with Rodrigues’ study (2009). To confirm the high SD which was estimated for the MOIL point, a SDday test was carried out with the tetrapods. Results were satisfactory and coherent with the estimates. Finally, the environment, in which the tetrapods were, showed a high level of aggressiveness with high concentration of chloride at considerable depths. Therefore, in the case of a structure made of reinforced concrete which is an environment that is similar to the one in which tetrapods are, the NBR 6118/2003 recommendations alone are not enough to assure the durability of the structure, mainly regarding the concrete cover, i.e., the type of cement must also be chosen accordingly.
75

Estudo da dispersão de risco de epizootias em animais = o caso da influenza aviária / A risk dispersion study of animal diseases : the avian influenza case

Souza, Juliana Marta Rodrigues de, 1985- 15 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: João Frederico da Costa Azevedo Meyer / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T23:20:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_JulianaMartaRodriguesde_M.pdf: 3448446 bytes, checksum: c0a56c82b26926f022b1fbbb4b9e4fbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado do grupo de biomatemática do Instituto de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional da UNICAMP, com auxílio de Bolsa de mestrado da CNPq, é resultado de dois anos, 2008 e 2009, de estudo a respeito da dispersão do risco de contágio do H5N1. Após tratar brevemente da estrutura viral; do papel das aves que sofrem sua ação; dos problemas financeiros que o H5N1 traria ao Brasil e já inflingiu em outras nações; o trabalho concentra-se em modelar e simular um ambiente formado de duas populações de comportamento distinto. A primeira, de aves silvestre, livres, que podem migrar. A segunda população consiste de aves restritas ao controle de um criador; não voam, não se espalham além dos limites da pequena localidade onde são criadas para fins de subsistência. Cada uma das três subdivisões destas populações, de acordo com o status em relação à doença, é modelada por uma equação diferencial parcial, compondo um sistema cuja solução numérica, necessária por conta das descontinuidades das condições iniciais, prediz o comportamentos da infecção em função do tempo e do espaço. Dentre os resultados alcançados, destaca-se: o homem parece ter chance de conter o espalhamento do vírus. Para isso teria de sacrificar todos os animais de pequenas criações e, então indivíduos da população silvestre, mas a uma taxa menor do que eles são capazes de se reproduzir, ou seriam levados a extinção. Também estão contidos neste trabalho, o estudo dos estados estacionários do sistema e a estimativa de que o coeficiente de difusão do H5N1 assumiria valores entre 0,025 e 0,5 km²/dia / Abstract: This dissertation from the IMECC, UNICAMP, Biomathematical Group, with funds offered by CNPq, is the result of two years, 2008 and 2009, of study about the spreading of H5N1 risk of infection. After treating briefly the viral structure; the birds that suffer the virus; the financial problems that the disease would bring to Brazil and has already inflicted to other nations; this paper concentrates in modeling and simulating an environment composed by two distinct behaviour population. The first one is free wild birds, that migrate. The second population consists of birds restricted to a farmer control; they don't fly, don't spread beyond little farms limits where they are raised to subsistence purposes. After dividing each of these two populations in order three, acording to their status in relation to the H5N1 infection, they are modeled by means of Partial Differential Equation, composing a non-linear system which requires numerical solution because of descontinuous inicial conditions and predicts the infection behaviour in spatial and temporal terms. Among the results figure: Humans, by completely sacrifing small farms birds and, then, wild birds in smaller rate than they reproduce themselves, seems to have a chance of prevent the virus to spread even further. This paper also study stationary states and determine, through computational methods, the H5N1 coefficient range, among 0.025 and 0.5 km²/day / Mestrado / Biomatematica / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada
76

Diffusion and swelling of CO2/light oil mixtures using pressure decay and CT-scan = Difusão e inchamento de misturas de CO2/óleo leve usando as técnicas de queda de pressão e de tomografia computadorizada / Difusão e inchamento de misturas de CO2/óleo leve usando as técnicas de queda de pressão e de tomografia computadorizada

Araújo, Susana Vasconcelos, 1984- 25 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Osvair Vidal Trevisan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T01:17:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_SusanaVasconcelos_M.pdf: 2255387 bytes, checksum: dda0bb2a99db1fae70648bf6282ce8f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O CO2 utilizado na recuperação avançada em reservatórios de petróleo é um importante agente de injeção devido a suas características de miscibilidade e de inchamento. No que tange a miscibilidade, a difusão molecular é o processo que descreve a mistura natural de fluidos miscíveis, e seu principal parâmetro é o coeficiente de difusão molecular. O objetivo deste estudo é medir o coeficiente de difusão bem como o fator de inchamento do CO2 em óleos leves em diferentes condições experimentais envolvendo pressão, temperatura e composição do óleo. Com intuito de obter o coeficiente de difusão, duas técnicas experimentais foram realizadas em paralelo: uma primeira técnica conhecida como decaimento de pressão e outra chamada de tomografia computadorizada. Esta última, apesar de ainda estar em processo de investigação, permitiu também a obtenção do fator de inchamento nas condições experimentais selecionadas. O óleo estudado é um óleo leve proveniente dos reservatórios do pré-sal no Brasil. Os testes foram efetuados em uma célula para altas pressões especialmente desenvolvida para esses ensaios que envolvem tomografia computadorizada. As pressões e temperatura variaram de 2.76 MPa a 28.96 MPa a 293.15 K e somente 10.34 MPa a 341.15 K. A difusão molecular é considerada um mecanismo chave que controla a miscibilidade entre o óleo e o gás. Sabendo que o coeficiente de difusão determina a taxa de transferência de massa durante o processo, a difusão de solventes em óleo leve dentro de um meio poroso se tornou de grande importância na engenharia de petróleo. Em paralelo, o inchamento do óleo bruto com CO2 aumenta o fator de volume de formação do óleo a tal ponto que o óleo residual remanescente após a injeção de água é menor em volume nas condições de superfície. A extensão do aumento ou do inchamento é medida pelo fator de inchamento. Nos últimos anos a difusão do CO2 em óleo pesado tem atraído uma maior atenção, enquanto que a difusão em óleo leve tem sido pouco estudada na literatura. Com foco nos reservatórios do pré-sal no litoral brasileiro, onde o óleo tem entre 28 a 30 graus API e concentrações variadas de CO2, diferentes modelos de difusão envolvendo as condições de fronteira na interface e a termodinâmica do CO2-óleo volátil precisam ser levados em consideração. No presente trabalho, os coeficientes de difusão puderam ser obtidos somente através da técnica experimental de decaimento de pressão por meio do modelo de resistência na interface proposto por Etminan et al. (2013). Os coeficientes de difusão estavam dentro dos intervalos reportados previamente na literatura. Além disso, um outro parâmetro, o coeficiente de transferência de massa, permitiu identificar que a resistência à transferência de massa na interface era praticamente insignificante no óleo original. Apesar das limitações do método de tomografia computadorizada na obtenção das concentrações de CO2 no óleo, a investigação desse método ofereceu uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno da difusão do CO2 dentro da coluna de óleo. Em contrapartida, o inchamento pôde ser claramente observado e caracterizado através desse método / Abstract: CO2-EOR is an important injection agent in oil reservoir due to its miscibility and swelling effects. Concerning the miscibility effect, molecular diffusion is the process describing the natural mixture of miscible fluids, whose main modeling parameter is the molecular diffusion coefficient. The aim of this study is to measure the diffusion coefficient and swelling factor of CO2 in light crude oil under different experimental conditions concerning pressure, temperature and oil composition. In order to obtain the diffusion coefficient, two experimental techniques were run in parallel: the well-established and so-called pressure decay method and a CT scan method that was still under investigation. The later method was also used to obtain the swelling factor in the selected experimental conditions. The oil studied was light oil from Brazilian subsalt oil reservoirs. Tests were carried on a specially constructed vertical high pressure cell, from 2.76 MPa to 28.96 MPa (400 psi to 4200 psi) at 293.15 K (20oC) and just 10.34 MPa (1500 psi) at 341.15 K (65oC). Molecular diffusion is particularly important for miscible gas flooding processes, as diffusion is a key mechanism controlling the miscibility between oil and gas. The diffusion coefficient determines the rate of mass transfer during the diffusive process that will result in a miscible system. The diffusivity of solvents into light oil in porous media has become of great significance in petroleum engineering, since CO2 injection has been proposed more and more as the enhanced oil recovery method to be applied in the reserves of conventional oils. The swelling effect of crude oil with CO2 increases the oil formation volume factor so that residual oil after waterflooding is smaller in volume at surface conditions. The extent of the expansion or swelling is measured by the swelling factor. While diffusion in CO2-heavy oils systems has attracted some attention, the subject in light crude oils is scarcely described in the public literature. Such prospect needs therefore to be thoroughly investigated for the pre-salt reservoirs offshore Brazil, where oil has an API gravity between 28 and 30 and a variable contents of CO2. Due to such properties, differences in the models regarding boundary conditions at the interface and in the thermodynamics of the CO2-volatile oil must be taken into consideration. Diffusion coefficients were obtained using only the pressure decay technique throughout Etminan et al. (2013) interface resistance model. The obtained diffusion coefficients were within the ranges previously reported in the literature. Furthermore, another parameter obtained with the model, namely the mass transfer coefficient, allowed identifying that there was almost no mass transfer resistance in the interface in original oil. Despite the CT limitations to obtain CO2 concentration, CT investigation could offer an important insight on CO2 diffusion inside the oil column. In contrast the swelling effect could be clearly observed and characterized through this method / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestra em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
77

Caractérisations de matériaux pour la réalisation de supercondensateurs pour des applications automobiles / Characterization for materials for electrochemical capacitor and its further use in automotive applications

Liu, Yinghui 03 May 2018 (has links)
Dans le cadre d’une Convention CIFRE, la thèse est financée par la société Renault, ce travail vise à développer un supercondensateur carbone-carbone dont le coût de fabrication est compatible avec le marché automobile ; c’est en effet leur coût élevé qui constitue encore à l’heure actuelle un frein à leur développement. Dans une première partie de ce travail, il a été montré que l’essentiel du coût repose en grande partie sur la purification de l’électrolyte utilisé mais surtout du carbone activé, qui est le matériau actif d’électrode. Notre travail s’est donc focalisé sur l’étude du vieillissement électrochimique de cellules de supercondensateurs de laboratoire assemblées avec différents carbones, afin d’essayer d’identifier les phénomènes responsables du vieillissement. Un autre objectif a été d’identifier les caractéristiques que doivent présenter les carbones alternatifs candidats au remplacement des carbones commerciaux. L’étude réalisée dans ce travail de thèse a permis de définir deux modes de vieillissement différents suivants les carbones utilisés. Un premier type de vieillissement entraîne l’augmentation conjointe de la résistance série équivalente et de la capacité, dû à une dégradation/oxydation du carbone à l’électrode positive. Un second mode de vieilissement mène à l’augmentation seule de la résistance série équivalente par la formation d’une couche d’interface solide conductrice ionique. Quelque soit le mode vieillissement, aucune corrélation directe n’a pu être établie avec les fonctions de surface des carbones activés. La piste la plus probable repose sur le taux et la nature des impuretés présentes dans le carbone activé, certaines étant électroactives, voire pouvant jouer un rôle catalytique. / In the context of a CIFRE Convention, the thesis is financed by Renault s.a.s., this work aims at developing a carbon-carbon supercapacitor whose manufacturing cost is compatible with the automotive market, which still hinders their development. In a first part of this work, it has been shown that the cost mainly depends on the purity of the materials used: electrolyte but also activated carbon, the electrode active material. Our work has therefore been focused on the study of the electrochemical aging of laboratory supercapacitor cells assembled with different carbons, to identify their ageing mechanisms and to define the key features alternative carbons must achieve to replace commercial carbons. This work has evidenced two different modes of aging, depending on the carbon used. A first ageing mode results in the joint increase of the equivalent series resistance as well as the capacity, due to a degradation / oxidation of the carbon at the positive electrode. A second mode leads to the sole increase in equivalent series resistance by the formation of an ionic conductive solid interface layer. Whatever the aging mode, no clear influence of the surface functions of activated carbons could be evidenced. The most likely assumption is based on the content and the nature of the impurities present in the activated carbon, some of which are electroactive and can even play a catalytic role.
78

Ammonia Sampling using Ogawa® Passive Samplers

Tate, Paul 01 March 2002 (has links)
The purposes of this research were to determine the efficacy of using the Ogawa® passive sampling device (PSD) to measure ammonia and to identify significant ammonia sources adjacent to Hillsborough and Tampa Bay. Ninety-four samplers were deployed over a 180-km2 area for two weeks in October 2001. Within the area sampled were located suburbs, an urban center, major highways, port activities, fertilizer manufacturing, wastewater treatment, coal-combustion power plants, warehousing and dairy farming. The sampled locations were arranged in a triangular grid pattern spaced 1.5 km apart. The pattern was designed to locate circular hot spots with a minimum radius of 0.75 km. The minimum, maximum, mean, and median ammonia concentrations were 0.06, 15, 2.0, and 1.5 mg/m3, respectively, and the estimated precision was 16%. Hot spots identified from kriged concentration data coincided with inventoried ammonia sources. The relative bias and precision of the PSD based on collocation with an annular denuder system were (plus or minus) 30 % and 20 %.
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Studium reaktivity biopolymerů v gelové fázi / Reactivity-mapping studies on biopolymers in hydrogel forms

Smilek, Jiří January 2012 (has links)
The diploma thesis is focused on the study of interactions between biopolymers and model probes in a hydrogel media utilizing diffusion processes. The main aim was to test and to optimize selected combination of diffusion methods (diffusion cells and unsteady diffusion) in study of interactions between biopolymers and organic dyes. Anionic (humic acids) and cationic (chitosan) representatives of biopolymers were utilized and methylene blue and methylene orange were used as a reactivity probe in the case of humic acids and chitosan, respectively. Another appreciable part of the work is represented by in-depth characterization of applied biopolymers and hydrogel samples by a wide range of analytical and physico-chemical methods (rheometry, UV-VIS, FT-IR etc.). Besides particular experimental results on studied systems, the diploma thesis provides both theoretical and practical background for subsequent applications of the innovative and full-automated method for reactivity mapping of biopolymers.
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Efficiency Measures of Superabsorbent Polymers as Internal Curing of Cement Paste

Mihaljevic, Sylvia Nicole January 2021 (has links)
Mixes with lower water to cement (w/c) ratio and supplementary cementing materials produce strong and durable concrete. The consequence of lowering w/c is an increase in autogenous shrinkage (AS), which contributes to concrete cracking. Internal curing (IC) is shown to mitigate AS, however improper dosing of IC material can negatively affect the concrete properties. The effectiveness of IC material, such as superabsorbent polymer (SAP), depends on the 1) amount of water stored, 2) particle distribution, and 3) ability to deliver water. The objective of this research is to quantify the in-situ efficiency of SAP by investigating its effect on the cement chemical reaction using non-destructive testing methods, specifically isothermal calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). IC was tested with varying quantities of SAP in plain cement paste using white Portland cement and three w/c (0.30, 0.32, 0.35). Overdosing of the SAP material was found to significantly affect the hydration reaction and reduce the efficiency of the material. The initial porosity of the paste influences the ability of IC to provide water. However, the extra porosity provided by SAP needs to be considered when calculating the degree of hydration. Particle agglomeration occurs when the mass of SAP to IC water is greater than 5% and is the main factor causing loss of efficiency. A new geometric model was developed to estimate the SAP distribution within the cement paste. The model employs the SAP absorption determined by NMR and assumes that the SAP particles are spherical, of equal diameter, and individual particles absorb the same amount of pore solution. The results reveal that particle spacing increases with agglomeration and reduces the IC efficiency. A hybrid 1-D finite element transient flow model was developed to reverse engineer the effective diffusion coefficient from the NMR water distribution. The gel solid volume fraction and its impedance to water transfer were accounted for through the cement degree of hydration and tortuosity factor, respectively. Model results reveal that the effective water diffusion coefficient depends on w/c, gel volume fraction, and tortuosity once the cement gel fractions start to connect, i.e., after 20% cement degree of hydration. The diffusion length quantifies the distance water can transfer from the SAP to the cement paste. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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