Abrasive wear occurs when a contact associated with stress between a metal surface and a herd particle (frequently of mineral origin) leads to friction between the two. In a very wide range of industrial applications, abrasive wear is the main reason for component and equipment repair or replacement. In most of these applications, especially those of earth moving, construction and mining equipment, digger teeth are used to improve equipment performance. Digger teeth can be produced in different shapes and sizes (mainly by casting) and a wide range of materials are used. This project is concerned with both a field trial of the wear of digger teeth fixed to the front of a bucket used in a gravel pit, and also a laboratory investigation of abrasive wear mechanisms. It was found that the wear of digger teeth increased with increasing working hours, but the wear rate eventually decreased. The dimensions and shape of the front of the tooth changed and gravel removal became more inefficient. Plastic deformation and phase transformation were observed in the worn surfaces of the teeth. In the laboratory study, many parameters were investigated utilising a pin-on disc technique. Wear rate increases linearly with load and decreases with sliding distance. The effect of attack angle on abrasive wear showed that wear volume increases with increasing attack angle up to a certain value (90°) and then decreases. Corrosion increases the initial wear rate, and the amount of material removed in the wet corrosive test was higher than the corresponding dry test. It was difficult to reproduce the same results from the field trial in the laboratory because of the difference in the conditions in the two cases. Optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the worn surfaces, abrasive papers and wear debris. Different abrasive wear mechanisms were observed throughout this investigation. A cutting mechanism associated with spiral debris was observed during short pin-on disc tests and with higher attack angles. A ploughing action associated with plate-like debris was observed during longer tests and at lower attack angles. Fragmentation was observed in brittle materials.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Some African mole-rats of the family Bathyergidea have dramatically different ecological niches which may cause selective anatomical adaptations. Bathyergus suillus lives in sandy soil and eats a wide range of food whereas Georychus capensis is restricted to the mountainous hard soil and eats mainly geophytes. Georychus capensis is considered a chisel-tooth digger in that it uses its incisors to dislodge soil while Bathyergus suillus is a scratch-digger that uses both its incisors and large front paws to dislodge soil. The purpose of this study was to compare certain aspects of the masticatory anatomy of Bathyergus suillus and Georychus capensis. In particular the question that drives this study is: Do the differences in ecology of the two species reflect in the anatomical adaptation of their masticatory apparatus? Nine whole body specimens of each species were obtained for this study. The masticatory apparatus of each specimen was dissected, examined and analysed.Selected bones of their skulls were investigated to determine their gross morphology. Digitalized images were captured by a high-resolution Olympus digital camera and were analysed by DOCU analysis software, in order to determine the morphometric parameters. In addition, the cleaned skulls of each species were weighed with a chemical balance. In order to make the comparison of the four muscles of mastication more effective than when using only their linear measurements, the mass (in grams) of each skull was divided by the length of each metric traits squared in order to yield their respective indices. Various statistical tests were used.This study has thus revealed some dissimilarities between the two species.Comparison of the two species reveals that one of the more distinguishing differences between the two is their upper incisors. There are also significant differences in the morphology and dimensions of their angular plates. And the external pterygoid muscle is significantly larger in Georychus capensis than in Bathyergus suillus, there are no significant differences between the others of the masticatory muscles of the two species.The feeding and foraging activities of Bathyergus suillus as well as Georychus capensis have close relationship with their lifestyles (digging abilities and adaptations). Bathyergus suillus is predisposed to dig with its incisors as well as its large front paws, and the range of food is large, whereas Georychus capensis uses its incisors only to dig, and the range of food is limited. Subsequently the skull of Bathyergus suillus is bigger than Georychus capensis. But, due to the environment of the latter, strong incisors are needed to perform its feeding and digging activities. The investigation thus reveals that the two selected species have successfully adapted their anatomical masticatory elements to their environments.

Resumo: O experimento foi conduzido na área da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Produção e nos Laboratórios de Análises de Sementes e Fitopatologia da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. O objetivo foi verificar as perdas quantitativas e qualitativas da cultura do amendoim, cultivar Runner IAC 886, em função das velocidades de arranquio e recolhimento. Foram utilizadas duas velocidades de arranquio (4,3 e 5,0 km h-1) e três de recolhimento (3,5; 4,6 e 6,2 km h-1). Foram avaliadas as perdas visíveis (PVA), perdas invisíveis (PIA), as perdas totais (PTA), perdas visíveis totais (PVT) e perdas totais na colheita (PTC), dimensionamento das leiras, distribuição de palhas e produtividade real. Para a qualidade fisiológica foram utilizados os seguintes testes: germinação em areia e em papel, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência, massa seca de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, emergência de plântulas em campo e tetrazólio. Para análise estatística no arranquio, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com duas velocidades de arranquio. No recolhimento foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados em parcelas sub-divididas. As parcelas foram compostas por duas velocidades de arranquio, e as sub-parcelas por três velocidades de recolhimento Para a qualidade fisiológica os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk e após foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F juntamente com os dados de sanidade, e as médias comparadas por meio do teste de Tukey com nível 5% de significância. As velocidades máximas e mínimas não influenciaram nas perdas quali-quantitativas das sementes de amendoim. / Abstract: The experiment was carried out in the experimental FARM and in the Analysis and in the Phytopatology Laboratories belonging to College of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Campus of Jaboticabal. The objective of this research was to quantify the losses of peanut crop harvesting and, also the qualitative, it was used a cultivar Runner IAC 886, and was analyzed the effect of the groundnut digger and the harvesting combine speeds. Were used two groundnut digger speeds (4.3 and 5.0 km h-1) and three harvesting combine speeds (3.5; 4.6 and 6.2 km h-1). In the digging process were evaluated the visible losses (PVA), the invisible losses (PIA), total losses groundnut digger (PTA), total visible losses (PVT), total losses in the crop (PTC), design of piles, distribution of straws and the real production. To the physiological quality were used the germination percentage (in sand and paper), first germination count, speed of emergence, seedling dry matter, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling emergence at field conditions and tetrazolium. For the statistical analysis it was used a completely randomized design consisting of two groundnut digger speed. In the combined harvesting was used a randomized block design in a split plot scheme. The plots were composed by two digger speeds and the split split plot by three combine harvesting speeds. The physiological seed quality were analized by the Shapiro-Will test and after were submitted to the analys of variance together with the sanity data, and the means compared by the Tukey test at 5% level of probability. The maximum and minimum speeds didn't influence in the qualitatife and quantitative losses of the peanut seeds. / Orientador: Rubens Sader / Coorientador: Roberval Daiton Vieira / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Denise Mahl / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barrozo_lm_me_jabo.pdf: 1167406 bytes, checksum: a14ce668242f0784c3da533068d2476d (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O experimento foi conduzido na área da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Produção e nos Laboratórios de Análises de Sementes e Fitopatologia da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias – FCAV/UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. O objetivo foi verificar as perdas quantitativas e qualitativas da cultura do amendoim, cultivar Runner IAC 886, em função das velocidades de arranquio e recolhimento. Foram utilizadas duas velocidades de arranquio (4,3 e 5,0 km h-1) e três de recolhimento (3,5; 4,6 e 6,2 km h-1). Foram avaliadas as perdas visíveis (PVA), perdas invisíveis (PIA), as perdas totais (PTA), perdas visíveis totais (PVT) e perdas totais na colheita (PTC), dimensionamento das leiras, distribuição de palhas e produtividade real. Para a qualidade fisiológica foram utilizados os seguintes testes: germinação em areia e em papel, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência, massa seca de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, emergência de plântulas em campo e tetrazólio. Para análise estatística no arranquio, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com duas velocidades de arranquio. No recolhimento foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados em parcelas sub-divididas. As parcelas foram compostas por duas velocidades de arranquio, e as sub-parcelas por três velocidades de recolhimento Para a qualidade fisiológica os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk e após foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F juntamente com os dados de sanidade, e as médias comparadas por meio do teste de Tukey com nível 5% de significância. As velocidades máximas e mínimas não influenciaram nas perdas quali-quantitativas das sementes de amendoim. / The experiment was carried out in the experimental FARM and in the Analysis and in the Phytopatology Laboratories belonging to College of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Campus of Jaboticabal. The objective of this research was to quantify the losses of peanut crop harvesting and, also the qualitative, it was used a cultivar Runner IAC 886, and was analyzed the effect of the groundnut digger and the harvesting combine speeds. Were used two groundnut digger speeds (4.3 and 5.0 km h-1) and three harvesting combine speeds (3.5; 4.6 and 6.2 km h-1). In the digging process were evaluated the visible losses (PVA), the invisible losses (PIA), total losses groundnut digger (PTA), total visible losses (PVT), total losses in the crop (PTC), design of piles, distribution of straws and the real production. To the physiological quality were used the germination percentage (in sand and paper), first germination count, speed of emergence, seedling dry matter, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling emergence at field conditions and tetrazolium. For the statistical analysis it was used a completely randomized design consisting of two groundnut digger speed. In the combined harvesting was used a randomized block design in a split plot scheme. The plots were composed by two digger speeds and the split split plot by three combine harvesting speeds. The physiological seed quality were analized by the Shapiro-Will test and after were submitted to the analys of variance together with the sanity data, and the means compared by the Tukey test at 5% level of probability. The maximum and minimum speeds didn't influence in the qualitatife and quantitative losses of the peanut seeds.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bertonha_rs_me_jabo.pdf: 766185 bytes, checksum: 1bba1f554b1e5b1fa847d160bfee9332 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Copercana / A mecanização na colheita de amendoim destaca-se como uma operação crítica, na qual as dificuldades advêm de fatores inerentes à cultura e ao solo, como por exemplo, o teor de água do solo e das vagens, a compactação do solo e a maturação da cultura, sendo esses fatores também relacionados ao tempo decorrido da semeadura ao arranquio. Considerando-se que na colheita de amendoim as maiores perdas têm sido observadas na operação de arranquio, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a variabilidade das perdas no arranquio mecanizado de amendoim em quatro propriedades da região de Ribeirão Preto – SP. Os momentos de arranquio foram: 118, 120, 130 e 135 dias após semeadura (DAS) em propriedades diferentes com 36 repetições cada área. Foi utilizado arrancadores-invertedores de amendoim, modelo AIA 2, da marca Santal, tracionados por tratores de marcas e potências diferentes. As variáveis avaliadas foram: perdas visíveis, invisíveis e totais do amendoim, maturação, teor de água das vagens e do solo, resistência mecânica do solo à penetração e produtividade. Os resultados permitiram concluir que as variáveis analisadas apresentaram comportamento aleatório quanto à variabilidade, exceto para teor de água do solo e resistência mecânica do solo à penetração aos 118 e 135 DAS, produtividade real e perdas visíveis aos 135 DAS, teor de água das vagens aos 130 DAS e perdas totais no arranquio aos 118 DAS. As cartas de controle, em sua maioria, resultaram em processos instáveis, indicando que houve pontos fora de controle devido a diversos fatores como, por exemplo, os 6 M’s, sendo mais apresentado os fatores meio ambiente e mão-de-obra. As maiores perdas foram encontradas na área arrancada aos 130 DAS / The mechanized harvest of peanut stands out as a critical operation in which the difficulties stem from factors inherent to the culture and soil, such as the water content of soil and pods, soil compaction and crop maturation, and these factors also relate to the time elapsed from seeder to digging. Considering that the peanut harvest the biggest losses have been observed in digging operation, this study aimed to evaluate the losses variability to peanut mechanical digging in four properties in the region of Ribeirão Preto - SP. The moments of digging were: 118, 120, 130 and 135 days after sowing (DAS) on different properties with 36 repetitions each area. It was used the digger, the AIA 2 model Santal brand pulled by tractors of brands and different strengths. The variables were: losses visible, invisible and total peanut maturity, water content of the pods and soil mechanical resistance to penetration and productivity. The results showed that the variables analyzed showed variability as to conduct random, except for water content of soil and soil resistance to penetration at 118 and 135 DAS, and real productivity losses visible to 135 DAS, the water content of pods at 130 DAS and total losses in the digging at 118 DAS. The control charts, most of them resulted in unstable cases, indicating that there were points out of control due to several factors such as the 6 M's, is more lodged the environmental factors and manpower. The greatest losses were found in the area with 130 DAS digging

Susan Friedman's recent theory of planetary modernisms, from her book Planetary Modernisms: Provocations on Modernity Across Time, holds that modernism as a distinguishable period, and modernity, as the characteristics of said period, can take place at any point in time and in any place that is experiencing rupture and upheaval. Planetary modernisms studies de-colonizes and de-centralizes traditional modernism and opens it up to logical and important new horizons. It encompasses not only literary output, but all forms of cultural production, including theatre and film. I use this theory to identify and compare two unique moments of modernism which until now have been neglected by modernism studies. Friedman suggests that the side-by-side comparison or "collage" of two disparate instances of modernism throughout history elucidates each respective moment and creates additional meaning.I examine on one hand the "gold digger" showgirl musical film subgenre of the early 1930s, a product of the intense social upheaval of the Great Depression, in which aspiring actresses desperate for jobs are forced to come to illicit agreements with the rich male producers of the shows. I juxtapose this with the #MeToo movement of the 2010s, wherein women speak out en masse against men who have exploited their influence over them to sexually harass them. Both center around women uniting in physical and/or online spaces to work against the abuse committed against them within the entertainment industry. In each case, men have wealth and power on one hand, while on the other hand women in need of jobs have little or no power. This power imbalance creates an environment in which predatory sexual behavior thrives. Furthermore, both time periods, past and present, are marked by rapid social and economic change, which serves both to exacerbate these power imbalances as well as accelerate the need for women to defend themselves despite possible retribution. The pressures of each period vary as do the potential outlets for women to voice their concerns and seek relief. I highlight the effects of women's solidarity in resistance to harassment and abuse and note how far society has yet to go when women today pushing for fairness and change continue to face intense opposition which at times belittles, disregards, and fights back against them.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T15:18:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosalbertodossantossouza.pdf: 1765667 bytes, checksum: 50df1c267e4657d7cc09cb359cc8f9ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T11:24:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosalbertodossantossouza.pdf: 1765667 bytes, checksum: 50df1c267e4657d7cc09cb359cc8f9ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T11:24:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosalbertodossantossouza.pdf: 1765667 bytes, checksum: 50df1c267e4657d7cc09cb359cc8f9ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / A vespa escavadora Sphex ingens apresenta distribuição conhecida na Bahia e no litoral Atlântico do Sudeste brasileiro representando uma espécie pouco compreendida em termos comportamentais, ecológicos e biológicos. O estudo visou descrever o comportamento sexual in natura da espécie e avaliar as estratégias comportamentais e padrões morfológicos sujeitos a seleção sexual, sendo conduzido nas praias dos Meros e do Aventureiro entre a 2ª quinzena de 2010 e a 1ª e 2ª quinzena de 2011 através da tabulação e filmagem dos comportamentos de acasalamento de indivíduos em ambas fisionomias. O etograma foi elaborado pelos métodos ad libitum e sequence samples. Diagramas de fluxos foram construídos a partir do estado atual e das probabilidades estocásticas dos comportamentos. O acasalamento foi constituído por 4 etapas seqüenciais através de um sistema promíscuo. Um total de 10 comportamentos foram exclusivos para as fêmeas e 9 para os machos. Sete comportamentos foram comuns entre os sexos não havendo diferença significativa (x2=16,622; Gl=n-1; p<0,01). Comportamentos de comunicação constituíram maior freqüência de estado entre os sexos no acasalamento, entretanto, as predições registradas pelo Diagrama de Cadeia de Markov indicaram que estes comportamentos pouco influenciam no acasalamento, sendo mais relevante a permanência da monta pelos machos e os comportamentos agonísticos e de insociabilidade das fêmeas. O número de tentativas de cópulas entre machos patrulheiros e residentes foram significativamente diferentes na 2ª quinzena de 2010 e na 1ª quinzena de 2011, respectivamente, t=3,767; Gl=n-1; p<0,01 e t=12,780; Gl=n-1; p<0,01. Embora, não tenha existido diferença significativa para o número de cópulas entre machos patrulheiros e residentes na 2ª quinzena de 2011 (t=0,285; Gl=n-1; p<0,01), os resultados sugerem que o sucesso copulatório entre estes padrões se mostra variável ao longo da estação reprodutiva. O número de toques de antenas e o tempo de investimento entre cópula bem sucedidas e mal sucedidas foram significativamente correlacionados (rs=0,838; t=14,127; p<0,001 e rs=0,847; t=14,083; p<0,001), porém, o número de toques de antenas entre cópulas bem sucedidas e mal-sucedidas não houve diferiram significativamente (t=0,607; Gl=n-1; p<0,01), ao contrário do tempo de investimento entre as respectivas cópulas (t=4,236; Gl=n-1; p<0,01). Análises de variância demonstraram diferenças significativas nos caracteres morfológicos mensurados, enquanto as análises multivariadas predisseram a existência de assimetria entre fêmeas, machos residentes e patrulheiros. A assimetria entre machos residente e patrulheiro indica maior adaptação ao territorialismo do que a seleção das fêmeas para este padrão, enquanto a promiscuidade e a agressividade das fêmeas interferem no esforço de corte dos machos e fomenta o aparecimento de coercividade copulatória. / Wasps of the genus Sphex ingens (commonly known as digger wasps) are widely distributed in Bahia and in Brazil’s southeast Atlantic coast, representing a poorly understood species in terms of behavior, ecology and biology. The present study aims to describe the sexual behaviour in natura of the species, as well as to evaluate behavioral strategies and morphological patterns subject to sexual selection. The study was conducted on Meros and Aventureiro beaches, between the 2nd fortnight of 2010 and the 1st and 2nd fortnights of 2011, using tabulation and footage of the mating behaviors of individuals in both faces. The ethogram was developed using ad libitum and sequence samples methods. Flow diagrams were drawn based on the current state and on the stochastic probabilities of the behaviors. The mating was composed of four sequential steps of a promiscuous mating system. There were 10 types of behavior which were exclusive to females and 9 other types which were exclusive of males. Seven behaviors were common between the sexes, with no significant difference (x2=16,622; Gl=n-1; p<0,01). Communication behaviors were more frequent between the sexes during the mating process, however, the recorded predictions in the Markov chain diagram indicated that these behaviors have little influence on mating, being the males’ permanency and the females’ agonistic & intractability behaviors much more relevant. The number of attempted copulations between patrol and resident males were significantly different in the 2nd fortnight of 2010 and 1st fortnight of 2011, respectively, t=3,767; n=Gl-1; p<0,01 and t=12,780; Gl=n-1, p<0,01. Although no significant differences existed for the quantities of mating between patrol x residents males in the 2nd fortnight of 2011 (t=0,285, Gl=n-1, p<0,01), the results suggest that the copulatory success between these patterns is variable along the reproductive season. The number of touches on each other antennas and the investment time between successful x unsuccessful mating were significantly correlated (rs=0,838; t=14,127, p<0,001 and rs=0,847; t=14,083; p<0,001), however, the number of antennas touches occurring between successful x unsuccessful copulations did not differ significantly (t=0,607; Gl=n-1; p<0,01), unlike the investment period between the matings (t=4,236; Gl=n-1; p<0,01). A variance analysis demonstrated significant differences in measured morphological traits, while a multivariate analysis predicted an asymmetry between females, patrol males and resident males. The asymmetry between resident and trooper males indicates a greater adaptation to the territorialism than the females selection for this pattern. Meanwhile, the females aggression and promiscuity may interfere on the males' courtship behaviour and fosters the development of copulatory coercivity.

No description available.