La question de l’aménagement du territoire est constitutive de toute étude portant sur le tourisme. Elle légitime d’une part la prise en considération d’un secteur sous-estimé, et ouvre par ailleurs à la recherche académique un champ d’application privilégié de par ses effets socioculturel, esthétique, technologique et économique tangibles, et sa portée géopolitique. Ainsi notre projet se situe à la confluence de deux orientations complémentaires. La première s’intéresse au développement des connaissances en tourisme, ainsi qu’à celle des schèmes qui progressivement les façonnent, et vise à en dégager un essai de redéfinition du tourisme, à la fois objet et outil de notre réflexion. Le second vecteur de notre recherche est l’application de cet essai de lecture épistémologique à l’étude des évolutions de l’aménagement touristique du territoire, issues des mutations de l’industrie du tourisme, réflexion en prise directe avec l’actualité touristique et aiguillage possible de politiques d’aménagement. À une synthèse des fondements de l’aménagement du territoire, succède une analyse de l’essor de clientèles émergentes dans le contexte positif du tourisme international. Cette occurrence se double de la mutation numérique du marché touristique qui, de par l’expansion des agences et comparateurs de voyages en ligne, réorganise et diversifie les rôles en redéfinissant la chaîne de valeur entre producteurs et distributeurs. Une analyse des évolutions de la station touristique et des stratégies des nouvelles métropoles touristiques finalise notre recherche. L’ensemble cible dorénavant une clientèle aisée, et requalifie le devenir de l’industrie touristique, activité de classe. / The issue of land-use planning is constitutive of any study on tourism. It legitimates consideration of an underrated sector on the one hand, and moreover opens up a field of application to academic research through its tangible sociocultural, aesthetic, technological and economic effects, and geopolitical impact. So our project is located at the confluence of two complementary orientations. The first focuses on the development of tourism knowledge as well as on the patterns that gradually shape them. It aims to highlight a redefinition attempt of tourism both subject and tool of our reflection. The second vector of our research is the application of this attempt of epistemological reading to the study of the developments in the tourist land-use planning, resulting from the changes in the tourism industry, a reflection in tune with the tourist news and possible switchpoint of land-use planning policies. An analysis of the rise of emerging clienteles in the positive context of international tourism succeeds to a summary of the basis for land-use planning. This instance is coupled with the digital mutation of the tourist market which, due to the expansion of agencies and online travel comparators, reorganizes and diversifies roles by redefining the value chain between producers and distributors. An analysis of the tourist resorts developments and of the new tourist metropolis strategies finalizes our research. The whole targets a wealthy clientele, and classifies the fate of the tourism industry as a class activity.

This thesis deals with comprehensive proposal of change that will increase the efficiency of information system and its benefits for the company. The proposal is built on the strategic business analysis and identification of key needs and possibilities for improvement of the current state of information system. The emphasis is on practical use and benefits of proposed solutions.

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<p>\textbf{Chapter 1}\\</p> <p>This paper explores the implications of the mismatch hypothesis in the context of the labor market using a survey on newly licensed US lawyers called the After the JD Study. Using a triple difference approach, I measure the impact of diversity quotas on marginal minority workers’ future salaries, promotion rates, and leaving rates for occupation and job. With middling statistical power, my findings are in line with the mismatch hypothesis in that beneficiaries of the diversity quota policy are made ex-ante worse off. My findings are also in line with recent literature on diminishing racial outcome gaps by skill.</p> <p><br></p> <p>\textbf{Chapter 2}\\</p> <p>In this paper, we provide theoretical framework for three models of Digital Media Firm behavior called \textit{Premium}, \textit{Free-to-Play}, and \textit{Play-to-Earn} as well as suggest an empirical measure of firm ponzi-likeness. First, we study a baseline model optimal price and quality of a digital product, the premium model. Second, we extend the baseline model where some customers, called minnows, receive the product for free and other customers, called whales, pay a price for a better version of the product, this is the free-to-play model. Finally, we explore a model where customers receive a security-like asset from the firm and this asset acts like a negative price while also subsidizing the firm's revenue. This final model provides an environment for much research. We show that, even when firms are ponzi-schemes in this final model, quality of the product need not be at a minimum. We also briefly discuss how one would measure the ponzi-likeness of a digital media firm in the third model setting. </p> <p><br></p> <p>\textbf{Chapter 3}\\</p> <p>In this paper, I explore unique measures of racial prejudice and their impact on black wages in the labor market using the General Social Survey, Current Population Survey and the NLSY79. I generate two variables to proxy for racial prejudice which are extracted from the GSS and the NLSY79. The first variable, drawn from the GSS, measures prejudice sentiment towards blacks and the second, drawn from the NLSY79, measures individual experience with racial discrimination. I use these measurements to proxy for racial prejudice and its impact on the black-white wage gap. I find that these variables are two distinctly different measures of racial discrimination in the labor market, providing a powerful instrument for measuring racial discrimination in the labor market. They also provide the insight that, while racial prejudice may be high in certain occupations and regions, this sentiment does not directly impact black outcomes. Specifically, wages are more sensitive to racial prejudice in WC jobs than in BC jobs. </p>

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La financiación es uno de los aspectos más importantes, y muchas veces problemáticos, a la hora de crear una empresa. Hay distintas formas de financiarse, con fondos propios o ajenos. El crowdfunding es una forma, relativamente reciente de financiación, con fondos ajenos al capital del promotor del negocio y basada en el uso de plataformas tecnológicas. Existen distintas formas de crowdfunding. Algunas se pueden basar en donaciones, como por ejemplo para financiar proyectos comunitarios, músicos y artísticos. Otras pueden basarse en la recaudación y contribuciones de individuos que buscan recompensas no monetarias. Otras pueden formar parte del sistema de financiación alternativa para los empresarios y emprendedores. Dentro de estas podemos diferenciar, por un lado las aportaciones de los inversores a cambio de acciones de las empresas financiadas, más conocido como crowdfunding basado en acciones (crowdequity), Y por otro lado, las que se basan en la solicitud de crédito, donde los inversores esperan recibir el principal aportado más intereses siguiendo un modelo de préstamo tradicional (crowdlending). El objetivo de esta tesis es focalizarlo en este último: el crowdlending. Para ello hemos realizado cuatro trabajos de investigación que se han publicado en cuatro diferentes journals indexados en Web of Science de Clarivate (con JCR). En primer lugar, se estudia el estado del arte del crowdlending dentro del crowdfunding. En segundo lugar, se analizan dos casos importantes de crowdlending en dos sectores distintos (relojes como complemento de moda y el sector del vino). En tercer lugar, se analizan 17 plataformas activas de crowdlending para ver la actividad de las mismas en relación a los inversores. En cuarto y último lugar, se estudian los factores en la gestión de la información que se asocian a una plataforma de proyectos de crowdlending. El crowdlending es una herramienta de financiación que surge de la economía colaborativa. Se emplea una plataforma online para poner en común inversores que ofrecen recursos económicos, con empresas/individuos emprendedores que necesitan y demandan recursos monetarios. Para ello, lo primero que hemos realizado ha sido una revisión de la literatura previa en el topic (plasmado en el primer artículo). Luego hemos realizado un estudio cualitativo, centrado en dos casos de crowdlending a nivel nacional (plasmado en el segundo artículo). Con posterioridad realizamos un estudio cuantitativo de plataformas con el propósito de crear un indicador sintético definido por una serie de variables influyentes: importe total de los préstamos intermediados en la plataforma, variación anual de este importe, número de inversores y su variación anual, rentabilidad media, préstamos por inversor y su variación anual, y por último la oferta y la demanda de este modelo de financiación (plasmado en el tercer artículo). Finalmente acabamos la investigación de la tesis con un análisis cualitativo comparativo (QCA) utilizando tanto componentes numéricos como cualitativos (plasmado en el cuarto artículo). / [CA] La finançació és un dels aspectes més importants, i moltes voltes problemàtics, a l'hora de crear una empresa. Hi ha distintes formes de finançar-se, en fondos propis o aliens. El crowdfunding és una forma, relativament recent de finançació, en fondos aliens al capital del promotor del negoci i basada en l'us de plataformes tecnològiques. Existixen distintes formes de crowdfunding. Algunes es poden basar en donacions, com per eixemple per a finançar proyectes comunitaris, músics i artístics. Unes atres poden basar-se en la recaptació i contribucions d'individus que busquen recompenses no monetàries. Unes atres poden formar part del sistema de finançació alternativa per als empresaris i mamprenedors. Dins d'estes podem diferenciar, per un costat les aportacions dels inversors a canvi d'accions de les empreses finançades, més conegut com crowdfunding basat en accions (crowdequity), I per un atre costat, les que es basen en la solicitut de crèdit, a on els inversors esperen rebre el principal aportat més interessos seguint un model de préstam tradicional (crowdlending). L'objectiu d'esta tesis és focalizarlo en este últim: el crowdlending. Per a això hem realisat quatre treballs d'investigació que s'han publicat en quatre diferents journals indexats en Web of Science de Clarivate (en JCR). En primer lloc, s'estudiarà l'estat de l'art del crowdlending dins del crowdfunding. En segon lloc, s'analisaran dos casos importants de crowdlending en dos sectors distints (rellonges com a complement de moda i el sector del vi). En tercer lloc, s'analisaran 17 plataformes actives de crowdlending per a vore l'activitat de les mateixes en relació als inversors. En quarto i últim lloc, s'estudien els factors en la gestió de l'informació que s'associen a una plataforma de proyectes de crowdlending. El crowdlending és una ferramenta de finançació que sorgix de l'economia colaborativa. S'ampra una plataforma online per a posar en comú inversors que oferixen recursos econòmics, en empreses/individus mamprenedors que necessiten i demanden recursos monetaris. Per a això, lo primer que hem realisat ha segut una revisió de la lliteratura prèvia en el topic (plasmat en el primer artícul). Després hem realisat un estudi qualitatiu, centrat en dos casos de crowdlending a nivell nacional (plasmat en el segon artícul). En posterioritat realisem un estudi quantitatiu de plataformes en el propòsit de crear un indicador sintètic definit per una série de variables influents: import total dels préstams intermediats en la plataforma, variació anual d'este import, número d'inversors i la seua variació anual, rendabilitat mitjana, préstams per inversor i la seua variació anual, i per últim l'oferta i la demanda d'este model de finançació (plasmat en el tercer artícul). Finalment acabem l'investigació de la tesis en un anàlisis qualitatiu comparatiu (QCA) utilisant tant components numèrics com a qualitatius (plasmat en el quart artícul). / [EN] Financing is one of the most important, and often problematic, aspects of starting a business. There are different ways of financing, with own or third party funds. Crowdfunding is a relatively recent form of financing, with funds outside the capital of the business promoter and based on the use of technological platforms. There are different forms of crowdfunding. Some may be based on donations, for example to finance community, music and art projects. Others may be based on fundraising and contributions from individuals seeking non-monetary rewards. Others may be part of the alternative financing system for entrepreneurs and business people. Within these we can differentiate, on the one hand the contributions of investors in exchange for shares of the funded companies, better known as crowdfunding based on shares (crowdequity), and on the other hand, those based on the application for credit, where investors expect to receive the principal contributed plus interest following a traditional lending model (crowdlending). The objective of this thesis is to focus on the latter: crowdlending. To this end, we have carried out four research papers that have been published in four different journals indexed in Clarivate's Web of Science (with JCR). First, the state of the art of crowdlending within crowdfunding will be studied. Secondly, two important cases of crowdlending in two different sectors will be analyzed (watches as a fashion accessory and the wine sector). Thirdly, 17 active crowdlending platforms will be analyzed to see their activity in relation to investors. Fourthly and finally, the factors in information management associated with a crowdlending project platform are studied. Crowdlending is a financing tool that arises from the collaborative economy. An online platform is used to match investors who offer economic resources with entrepreneurial companies/individuals who need and demand monetary resources. To do this, the first thing we have done has been a review of previous literature on the topic (reflected in the first article). Then we conducted a qualitative study, focused on two cases of crowdlending at national level (shown in the second article). Subsequently, we conducted a quantitative study of platforms in order to create a synthetic indicator defined by a series of influential variables: total amount of loans intermediated on the platform, annual variation of this amount, number of investors and their annual variation, average profitability, loans per investor and their annual variation, and finally the supply and demand of this financing model (reflected in the third article). Finally, we finish the thesis research with a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) using both numerical and qualitative components (presented in the fourth article). ¿ / Ribeiro Navarrete, S. (2022). El crowd o multitud como método de financiación de proyectos empresariales. Referencia al crowdlending o préstamo de multitud [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/186242 / Compendio

L’information des opérateurs, professionnels ou non, est l’outil le plus important de la confiance dans l’économie numérique et les textes européens et nationaux se sont multipliés pour l’assurer de manière de plus en plus complète. L’étude s’attachera à inventorier selon les sources (droit commun, code de la consommation, législations spéciales) et classer les différentes obligations d’information en proposant diverses typologies selon leur nature, leur objet (la chose et le prix, la durée, les modalités) et leur rôle dans le processus contractuel (information précontractuelle, information sur la formalisation du contrat, la rétractation). Elle évoquera les difficultés liées à la combinaison des règles spéciales et des règles de droit commun (contradictions, variations, chevauchements). Dans le silence des textes spéciaux, elle traitera enfin des sanctions du non-respect de l’obligation d’information selon qu’il met en cause, ou non, la validité du consentement (nullité du contrat, inopposabilité). / Information for operators, professionals or not, is the main tool of confidence in the digital economy and the European and national texts have proliferated to reinforce this in a more and more comprehensive way. Based on its origins (common law, the Consumer Code, special laws), the study will seek to make an inventory and classify the different sources of information obligations by providing different typologies adapted to their nature or purpose (the object and its price, duration, terms) and their role in the contract process (pre-contractual information, information on the formalization of the contract, the withdrawal). It will discuss the difficulties associated with the combination of special rules and common law (contradictions, variations, overlapping). In the silence of specific texts, it will also cover the penalties for non compliance with the obligation of information depending on whether it questions or not the validity of the consent (void contract, unenforceable).