¡@It has been a world wide focus on applying information technology (IT) to learning, and a principal educational policy on integrating IT with teaching. The application of IT to teaching and learning relies on teachers¡¦ and students¡¦ adaptation to digitalized teaching materials. Exploring the factors affecting teachers¡¦ attitude and tendency of using digitalized teaching materials will, beyond doubt, assist the promotion of diffusing IT to teaching. A related research of technology acceptance model (TAM) indicates that the availability and easiness of using scientific and technical products are the leading factors whether a user will accept the product. As digitalized teaching materials can be considered as a kind of scientific and technical products, the availability and easiness of using the products should be also the critical factors when teachers and students choose and apply the digitalized teaching materials. This study adopts TAM to verify the exploration results of teachers¡¦ and student¡¦attitude about digitalized teaching materials. Since the unbalance of frequency in using digital material for teaching between teachers, we separate samples into two groups, i.e. fresh users and advanced users. Fresh users are teachers who have never actually used digital materials in teaching but ever practiced them; Advanced users are those who sometimes or often apply them in instruction activities. For students, we choose students who are taking courses through network as the sample space. According to literatures and practical experience, the external factors are the characteristics of digitalized teaching materials, teachers¡¦ and students¡¦ information literacy, and the interaction between teachers or between learners respectively. This study takes the aforementioned three factors as independent variables to analyze the relationship between usefulness and easy-of-use (dependent variables), and, in addition, takes usefulness and easy-of-use to inquire the acceptance attitude. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses are conducted to obtain their relationships. The research proceeds with questionnaires. Subjects for filling out questionnaires are selected from teachers participating workshops on integration IT with teaching or digitalized teaching material announcement. The results show that the fresh user teachers with three external factors conform with the TAM, while the advanced user teachers do not conform with TAM at all. Furthermore, students in these three external factors have the same result with that of fresh user teachers. These results improve our understanding of the external factors affecting the acceptance of digitized teaching materials, which can be used for developing the promotion campaign of digitized teaching materials. Keyword: Integration of Information Technology with Teaching, digitalized teaching materials, technology acceptance model

La production et la diffusion de musique numérisée ont explosé ces dernières années. Une telle quantité de données à traiter nécessite des méthodes efficaces et rapides pour l’analyse et la recherche automatique de musique. Cette thèse s’attache donc à proposer des contributions pour l’analyse sémantique de la musique, et en particulier pour la reconnaissance du genre musical et de l’émotion induite (ressentie par l’auditoire), à l’aide de descripteurs de bas-niveau sémantique mais également de niveau intermédiaire. En effet, le genre musical et l’émotion comptent parmi les concepts sémantiques les plus naturels perçus par les auditoires. Afin d’accéder aux propriétés sémantiques à partir des descripteurs bas-niveau, des modélisations basées sur des algorithmes de types K-means et GMM utilisant des BoW et Gaussian super vectors ont été envisagées pour générer des dictionnaires. Compte-tenu de la très importante quantité de données à traiter, l’efficacité temporelle ainsi que la précision de la reconnaissance sont des points critiques pour la modélisation des descripteurs de bas-niveau. Ainsi, notre première contribution concerne l’accélération des méthodes K-means, GMM et UMB-MAP, non seulement sur des machines indépendantes, mais également sur des clusters de machines. Afin d’atteindre une vitesse d’exécution la plus importante possible sur une machine unique, nous avons montré que les procédures d’apprentissage des dictionnaires peuvent être réécrites sous forme matricielle pouvant être accélérée efficacement grâce à des infrastructures de calcul parallèle hautement performantes telle que les multi-core CPU ou GPU. En particulier, en s’appuyant sur GPU et un paramétrage adapté, nous avons obtenu une accélération de facteur deux par rapport à une implémentation single thread. Concernant le problème lié au fait que les données ne peuvent pas être stockées dans la mémoire d’une seul ordinateur, nous avons montré que les procédures d’apprentissage des K-means et GMM pouvaient être divisées par un schéma Map-Reduce pouvant être exécuté sur des clusters Hadoop et Spark. En utilisant notre format matriciel sur ce type de clusters, une accélération de 5 à 10 fois a pu être obtenue par rapport aux librairies d’accélération de l’état de l’art. En complément des descripteurs audio bas-niveau, des descripteurs de niveau sémantique intermédiaire tels que l’harmonie de la musique sont également très importants puisqu’ils intègrent des informations d’un niveau d’abstraction supérieur à celles obtenues à partir de la simple forme d’onde. Ainsi, notre seconde contribution consiste en la modélisation de l’information liée aux notes détectées au sein du signal musical, en utilisant des connaissances sur les propriétés de la musique. Cette contribution s’appuie sur deux niveaux de connaissance musicale : le son des notes des instruments ainsi que les statistiques de co-occurrence et de transitions entre notes. Pour le premier niveau, un dictionnaire musical constitué de notes d’instruments a été élaboré à partir du synthétiseur Midi de Logic Pro 9. Basé sur ce dictionnaire, nous avons proposé un algorithme « Positive Constraint Matching Pursuit » (PCMP) pour réaliser la décomposition de la musique. Pour le second niveau, nous avons proposé une décomposition parcimonieuse intégrant les informations de statistiques d’occurrence des notes ainsi que les probabilités de co-occurrence pour guider la sélection des atomes du dictionnaire musical et pour construire un graphe à candidats multiples pour proposer des choix alternatifs lors des sélections successives. Pour la recherche du chemin global optimal de succession des notes, les probabilités de transitions entre notes ont également été incorporées. […] / Digitalized music production exploded in the past decade. Huge amount of data drives the development of effective and efficient methods for automatic music analysis and retrieval. This thesis focuses on performing semantic analysis of music, in particular mood and genre classification, with low level and mid level features since the mood and genre are among the most natural semantic concepts expressed by music perceivable by audiences. In order to delve semantics from low level features, feature modeling techniques like K-means and GMM based BoW and Gaussian super vector have to be applied. In this big data era, the time and accuracy efficiency becomes a main issue in the low level feature modeling. Our first contribution thus focuses on accelerating k-means, GMM and UBM-MAP frameworks, involving the acceleration on single machine and on cluster of workstations. To achieve the maximum speed on single machine, we show that dictionary learning procedures can elegantly be rewritten in matrix format that can be accelerated efficiently by high performance parallel computational infrastructures like multi-core CPU, GPU. In particular with GPU support and careful tuning, we have achieved two magnitudes speed up compared with single thread implementation. Regarding data set which cannot fit into the memory of individual computer, we show that the k-means and GMM training procedures can be divided into map-reduce pattern which can be executed on Hadoop and Spark cluster. Our matrix format version executes 5 to 10 times faster on Hadoop and Spark clusters than the state-of-the-art libraries. Beside signal level features, mid-level features like harmony of music, the most natural semantic given by the composer, are also important since it contains higher level of abstraction of meaning beyond physical oscillation. Our second contribution thus focuses on recovering note information from music signal with musical knowledge. This contribution relies on two levels of musical knowledge: instrument note sound and note co-occurrence/transition statistics. In the instrument note sound level, a note dictionary is firstly built i from Logic Pro 9. With the musical dictionary in hand, we propose a positive constraint matching pursuit (PCMP) algorithm to perform the decomposition. In the inter-note level, we propose a two stage sparse decomposition approach integrated with note statistical information. In frame level decomposition stage, note co-occurrence probabilities are embedded to guide atom selection and to build sparse multiple candidate graph providing backup choices for later selections. In the global optimal path searching stage, note transition probabilities are incorporated. Experiments on multiple data sets show that our proposed approaches outperform the state-of-the-art in terms of accuracy and recall for note recovery and music mood/genre classification.

The digitalization of products has become an important driver for service innovation in manufacturing firms. The embedding of digital technology in previously non-digital products creates digitalized product platforms that enable digital service innovation. Digital service innovation offers new business opportunities for manufacturing industries, as well as challenges established premises for value creation.  While digital service innovation can be found in many manufacturing industries, this thesis studies service logic in digitalized product platforms in the vehicle industry. Existing Information Systems (IS) literature presents challenges in digital service innovation relating to value, architecture, and generativity. The design of the architecture of digitalized product platforms requires the identification and combination of digital and non-digital assets. Understanding the architectural aspects is useful in digital service innovation. Moreover, with growing instances of generative digital technologies, it is challenging to develop strategies to leverage generativity for service design in digitalized product platforms. While digital technologies are embedded in products, the role of technology-embeddedness in value creation of digital services is relatively unexplored. Drawing on these challenges, this thesis describes and conceptualizes the underlying premises brought by the architecture and generativity to the value creation of services in digitalized product platforms. The research question addressed in this thesis is: What are the underlying premises for services in digitalized product platforms? To address the question, an interpretive qualitative research approach was adopted in a collaborative research project concerning services enabled by digitalization of vehicles. Drawing on digital innovation and service literature, this thesis presents a theoretical perspective on the role of the architecture and generativity of digitalized product platforms for value creation of digital services. This perspective is conceptualized as underlying premises for this specific class of services. The premises frame the service logic in digitalized product platforms and provide a ground for understanding services in digitalized product platforms in relation to value dimensions, architecture and generativity. The premises are based on five concepts: value-in-architecture, value-in-connectivity, fundamental asset for value creation, mutual dependence of modular and layered modular assets, and re-evaluation of value propositions. The proposed premises offer a basis for understanding value creation of this class of services, and guidance for manufacturing firms designing digitalized product platforms.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the period of antiquity is portrayed in the Swedish upper secondary school material in the course History 1bfrom a gender perspective, by examining digitalized study materials that claims to follow the specifiedcurriculum. The course curriculum for History 1bstates the importance of including female groups in the historic narrative, as well as that ideas of equality between sexes should permeate everything connected to teaching, among other things. The paper aims to analyse how gender is portrayed by examining the digitalized study material of DigilärHistoria 1 100 poäng, Nationalencyklopedin, NE, Historia 1 and Gleerups Möt historien 1b. The analysis was done using theories of gender from Yvonne Hirdman and Joann Scott to put historical power structures in relation to gender. The questions considered were (1)Which male and female characters are included and (2)how are they portrayed? (3)Lastly, how are social differences between them explained?The results showan overrepresentation of men. In the Gleerups material no specific female character was represented. NE’s material had 26 % and Digilär’s 20 % representation of women. The female characters are portrayed with stereotypical female characteristics such as their body, seduction and their ability to bear children. Female leaders are shown only to influence issues regarding equality and other women, whereas all mentioned men are portrayed as changing society especially as conquerors and warriors. Masculinity and femininity are portrayed as counterparts and men’s greatest weakness is any inability to control their wives and daughters. There are some exceptions that blurs the line such as Athene, Apollon and to some extent Cleopatra which are portrayed by showing characteristics associated with the other gender. The writers of the study materials are limited by the limited number of available historical sources and the picture they betray but only NE points out the problems with this. Neither Digilär nor Gleerups mention the skewed picture as a problem but Digilär shows to some extent how people in Greece legitimized the patriarchal structures.

Uppsatsens titel: Kommer den kommersiella fastighetsvärderingsprocessen automatiseras? En studie i uppfattningarna hos verksamma aktörer inom den svenska kommersiella fastighetsbranschen. Författare: Victoria Fristedt Handledare: Peter Palm Problemformulering: Digitaliseringen av den kommersiella fastighetvärderingsprocessen är på framfart. Genom allt snabbare utvecklad teknologi uppstår nya möjligheter att implementera effektiviserande tekniska lösningar. Det verkar kunna bli tekniskt möjligt att gå från en manuell till en automatiserad värderingsprocess för kommersiella fastigheter. Ingen tidigare forskning har genomförts med syfte att undersöka vad verksamma inom den svenska värderingsbranschen förutspår för framtiden. Således förefaller det relevant att undersöka vilka uppfattningar angående automatisering som finns hos personer som är verksamma inom kommersiell fastighetsvärdering. Dessutom är det intressant att undersöka på vilket sätt teknologi kan effektivisera värderingsprocessen. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka uppfattningar verksamma aktörer inom den kommersiella fastighetsvärderingsbranschen har rörande automatisering samt framväxande teknologi. I tillägg syftar studien till att undersöka vilka fördelar respektive nackdelar det kan medföra att gå från en manuell till en mer automatiserad värderingsprocess. Frågeställningar: - Vilka uppfattningar finns kring en automatiserad värderingsprocess hos verksamma aktörer inom den kommersiella fastighetsvärderingsbranschen? - Skulle värderingsprocessen kunna effektiviseras med hjälp av teknologi, och om så är fallet, hur? Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med professionella som är verksamma inom olika delar av den kommersiella fastighetsvärderingsbranschen. Syftet med detta var att få ett så nyanserat resultat som möjligt. Respondenternas svar har blivit analyserade med avstamp i tidigare forskning för att nå rimliga slutsatser. Slutsatser: Fastighetsbranschens inställning till en automatiserad värderingsprocess är vad som kommer avgöra om processen blir automatiserad eller ej. Det verkar troligt att teknologin kommer att vara tillgänglig innan branschen är övertygad om att den är pålitlig nog. Nyckelord: Kommersiella fastigheter, Fastighetsvärdering, Automatisering, Digitalisering / Title: Will the Appraisal Process for Commercial Real Estate be Automated? A Study on the Perceptions Amongst Professionals Operating Within the Swedish CRE Industry Author: Victoria Fristedt Supervisor: Peter Palm Problem: The digitalization of the appraisal process for commercial real estate is emerging. With rapid development of technologies, the opportunities to implement new efficient solutions arises. There seems to be a possibility that the process of appraising CRE can transfer from manual to automated. It has not yet been researched what professionals operating within the CRE appraisal industry in Sweden predict about the future. Thus, a study that aims to research what the perceptions of implementing automated systems are, as well as looking into how the appraisal process can become more efficient with help from technology, can be considered relevant. Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the perceptions of automation and emerging technologies amongst Swedish appraisers, system developers, banks and CRE owners. Furthermore, the aim is to investigate potential advantages and disadvantages of going from a manual appraisal process to a more automated one. Research questions: - What is the perception of automation amongst people operating in the CRE appraisal industry in Sweden? - Could technology make the appraisal process for CRE more efficient and if so, then how? Method: The study is performed with a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews have been performed with professionals operating within different parts of the CRE appraisal industry in order to achieve an as nuanced results as possible. The respondents’ answers have been analyzed along with what previous research has shown in order to reach reasonable conclusions. Conclusion: The mindset of the industry is likely to determine the future of the automated appraisal process for CRE. The technology is most likely to be accessible long before the industry is convinced of its trustworthiness. Keywords: Commercial Real Estate, Automation, Appraisal, Digitalization

As digital technology becomes increasingly integrated into educational systems worldwide, it is crucial to examine its impact on teaching methods and assessment practices. This study focuses on the views of English teachers in Swedish compulsory schools regarding the digitalization of national tests, providing valuable insights into their attitudes, preferences, and concerns. Surveys conducted with 66 teachers revealed a diverse range of perspectives on digitalization. While many educators expressed reservations about the ongoing efforts to digitize schools, particularly in relation to their alignment with educational goals in English language instruction, there was also a more positive outlook towards the digitalization of national tests. Teachers acknowledged potential benefits, such as the use of artificial intelligence for grading to reduce their workload, but also had concerns about how digitalization may affect student learning outcomes. Some teachers worried that students may comprehend texts more effectively in traditional paper-based formats than in digital mediums and expressed concerns about potential distractions during digital assessments. Preferences for the use of digital tools varied among teachers, with some advocating for minimal reliance on such tools to mitigate distractions and challenges related to time management. This research highlights the complex relationship between digitalization and teaching practices in Swedish schools, emphasizing the need for further research and targeted professional development. By addressing teachers' concerns and utilizing the insights gained from this study, educational stakeholders can effectively integrate digital tools to enhance teaching and learning outcomes in Swedish English classrooms.

In recent years, the growth of Internet¡¦s popularity and prosperity not only brings about people¡¦s intention to utilize Internet service, but also enhances the attractiveness of e-commerce. Many entrepreneurs spot how usages of Internet can benefit their business due to its main advantages, such as low cost and fast reaction. As the result, besides the traditional retail sales and leaguers, many other businesses gradually started to adopt Internet as a mean to interact with their customers, including online shopping and other services. On the other hand, for customers, it is extremely convenient to simply sit in front of their desktops, look through catalogs, and buy what they like with several simple clicks on their computer screens. Because of the convenience of online store, more and more people started trying this modern way of shopping. The purpose of this study is to investigate what external factors would affect online shoppers¡¦ intention to purchase items online, and how various available items influence shoppers¡¦ intention to buy things through Internet. The result of the study shows that internet shoppers¡¦ intention to purchase items online is directly proportional to the products¡¦ digitalized degree, network readiness index, and geographical factors; inverse related to the information richness and technology acceptance. Moreover, there are also significant differences in ratios of online shopping among various countries and products.

This master thesis has been performed for Deloitte AB in their pursuit of increasing their knowledge about how digitalization of end products is affecting the Swedish manufacturing industry. The general issue of this thesis is to understand how the business environment of the Swedish manufacturing companies is affected by the introduction of digitalized products and how they are changing in order to be successful in the upcoming digital era. Once these changes are understood, this thesis seeks to analyse how they are affecting the organization and management of innovation. Additionally, this thesis aims to explain the business opportunities that emerge with the rise of the digital user-centered innovation practices that are enabled by digitalized end products. This thesis combined interview data with survey data from people within managerial positions at several Swedish manufacturing companies. It was identified that a stronger focus in innovation around digitalization of end products is needed and that companies will have to rethink the organization of innovation in a cross functional, integrated, and agile way. As digitalization is triggering innovation, more resources to innovate around digitalized end products should be allocated. Digitalization should hence be included in the normal business strategy of the companies. Many different business opportunities that emerge from the data that is enabled by the digital user-centered practices were identified. Data collected from this new way for companies to interact with their end-users will be available at any time and everywhere throughout the whole industrial value-chain. In order for this data to be of use, companies have to transform it into business outcomes by analysing it. Traditional manufacturing companies are just at the earliest stage of analysing the gathered data and they believe that the business opportunities from it only show the tip of the iceberg. / Detta examensarbete har utförts på uppdrag av Deloitte AB i deras strävan att utöka sin kunskap om hur digitaliseringen av slutprodukter påverkar den svenska tillverkningsindustrin. Det generella syftet med examensarbetet är att skapa en förståelse för hur de svenska tillverkningsföretagens affärsmiljö påverkas av digitaliserade slutprodukter och hur företagen anpassar sig och förändrar sig för att vara framgångsrika i den framtida digitala eran. Examensarbetets mål är att analysera hur dessa förändringar påverkar organisationen och förvaltningen av innovation. Examensarbetet har även som mål att förklara de affärsmöjligheter som uppstår i samband med uppkomsten av digitala användarcentrerade innovationsmetoder, som möjliggörs av digitaliserade slutprodukter. Examensarbetet kombinerade data från intervjuer och undersökningar, med personer i chefspositioner inom flera svenska tillverkningsföretag. Det framgick att ett starkare fokus på innovation inom digitaliserade slutprodukter behövs och att företag omvärderar sin organisationsstruktur för att bli mer tvärfunktionella, integrerade, och agila. Då digitalisering triggar innovation, behövs fler resurser tillsättas till innovation kring digitaliserade slutprodukter. Digitalisering bör också inkluderas i företagens affärsstrategi. Flera olika affärsmöjligheter möjliggörs av digitala användarcentrerade innovationsmetoder. Insamlad data som generas av detta nya sätt för företag att interagera med sina slutanvändare på kommer att finnas tillgängligt överallt och när som helst genom hela den industriella värdekedjan. För att kunna använda datan måste företagen identifiera nya sätt att analysera den på för att kunna omvandla den till affärsresultat. Traditionella tillverkningsföretag har precis börjat att inhämta och att analysera insamlad data och de tror att affärsmöjligheterna som genereras enbart visar toppen av ett isberg.

Digitaliseringen har haft en stark inverkan på banksektorn de senaste decennierna. Med hjälp av den digitala tekniken kan bankkunder numera utföra ett flertal bankärenden på egen hand utan att behöva besöka ett bankkontor, vilket resulterat i en minskad interaktion mellan bankmedarbetare och kunder. Till följd av den ökande digitaliseringstrenden har studien därmed undersökt hur det digitaliserade kundmötet påverkat bankmedarbetares arbetstillfredsställelse. En kvalitativ forskningsmetod har använts för föreliggande studie där intervjuer genomfördes med åtta bankmedarbetare inom utvald bank. Studien kom fram till att de åtta intervjuade bankmedarbetarnas upplevda arbetstillfredsställelse har både ökat och minskat till följd av det digitaliserade kundmötet. Arbetstillfredsställelsen ökar vid hantering av mer komplicerade bankärenden samt bekräftelse och feedback som de får av omgivningen. Tillfredsställelsen i arbetet minskar hos bankmedarbetarna när digitaliseringen påverkar skapandet av kundrelationer samt vid svårigheter att hantera digital teknik. Studien visar även att kundernas tillfredsställelse i mötet har en stor påverkan på bankmedarbetarnas tillfredsställelse i arbete. / Digitalization has had a strong impact on the banking sector in the recent decades. With the help of digital technology, bank customers can now handle several banking errands on their own, without visiting a bank office. This, in turn, has led to less interaction between bank employees and customers. Following the increasing digitalization, thisstudy examines how the digitalized customer meetings have affected bank employees’ job satisfaction. A qualitative research method has been used, drawing on interviews with eight bank employees, working in a selected bank. The study concludes that the perceived job satisfaction of the eight interviewed bank employees has both increased and decreased due to the digitalized customer meeting. Job satisfaction increases when handling more complicated banking errands and also because of the confirmation and feedback they receive. Job satisfaction decreases when digitalization affects the employee- customer relationships and in case of difficulties in managing digital technology. The study also shows that customers’ satisfaction has a major impact on bank employees’ satisfaction at work.

Master´s thesis deals with creation of digitalized cadastral map in cadastral district Šošůvka. Analog maps in the old cadastral scale 1 : 2880 in the urban part of cadastral territory is revised. Externals was revised on the basis of comprehensive landscaping to digital cadastral map. Creation of digitalized is processed according to the current Instructions for Reconstruction cadastral including both amendments. The first part is devoted to the theory of cadastral and development and course of digitization. The main part of the thesis consists of the processing of the measured data and provided data by land registry.