Essa dissertação apresenta um conjunto de Objetos Digitais de Aprendizagem (ODAs) que foram desenvolvidos com o objetivo de promover a aprendizagem das operações com números positivos e negativos sob a perspectiva da teoria dos Campos Conceituais de Gerard Vergnaud. Além disso, também foi desenvolvida uma proposta didática para auxiliar o professor que desejar utilizá-lo nas suas aulas. Nossa pesquisa ainda apresenta a construção histórica do conjunto dos números positivos e negativos, uma discussão sobre o uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) em Educação e uma revisão de propostas voltadas para o ensino dos números positivos e negativos. De caráter experimental, nossa proposta foi aplicada em dois momentos diferentes: no final de 2008 numa turma de 6º série do Ensino Fundamental do Colégio de Aplicação da UFRGS e durante o primeiro semestre de 2010 numa escola da rede privada do município de Guaíba/RS. A análise dos resultados obtidos serviu como subsídio para a implementação de modificações no ODA e na proposta didática, bem como para a reflexão do desenvolvimento de ODAs que promovam o desenvolvimento do raciocínio aditivo e multiplicativo através de problemas que envolvam operações com números positivos e negativos. / This master's research shows a set of Digital Learning Objects (DLO) which were developed to promote learning of operations with whole numbers through Vergnaud's theory of conceptual fields. Furthermore, a didactical proposal was also developed in order to aid the teacher who wishes to use it in the classroom. Our research also presents the historical construction of the set of positive and negative numbers, a discussion of the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Education and a review of proposals aimed at whole numbers teaching. Having an experimental character, our proposal was applied on two different moments: in the end of 2008 on an 6th grade of Colégio de Aplicação da UFRGS in the city of Porto Alegre and during the first semester of 2010 in a private school in the district of Guaíba/RS. The analysis of the results gathered served as foundation to implement a few modifications on the DLO and on the didactical proposal, as well to reflect over the development of DLOs which can promote the development of the additive and multiplicative reasoning through problems involving operations with whole numbers.

The emergence of digitalization and its prevalence is constantly changing the environment inwhich business operates, and consequently the firm’s way of conducting business. Having theability to work with digital maturity is thus a prerequisite for a firm that wants to survive thecompetitive market that prevails today. Despite Sweden's strong infrastructure and greataccess to digitalization skills, Swedish manufacturing SMEs demonstrate an alarmingly lowdegree of digital maturity in their international work. Through a qualitative interview studywith an abductive research approach, this research has explored and unpacked existingtheories on digital maturity, to recommend a proposal for further development of existingframeworks and how Swedish SMEs can work with digital maturity to utilize digitalization intheir internationalization process through export. Furthermore, this study has throughsemi-structured interviews from eight companies, explored Swedish manufacturing SMEs’digital maturity to understand how they use digitalization in their export process.The findings of this study indicates that Swedish SMEs need to stay up to date with the latestdigitalization strategies for internationalizing through export and that the most critical keyfactor is to have human resources with the right competence and capabilities to managedigital change management and work with digital maturity. Hence, to enable Swedishmanufacturing SMEs to utilize digitalization in its export processes and consequently, gaincompetitive advantages necessary to survive in the fast-changing digitalized internationalenvironment.

Background: Three mega trends are profoundly changing today’s market dynamics; climate change, digitalization, and globalization. The increasing interconnectivity and omnipresence of digital technologies are blurring the boundaries of the physical and virtual reality, implying a shift in how digital companies create value and internationalize. Also, new policies and higher customer demand in greener and smarter technologies have created new opportunities for value creation to develop cleaner technologies that foster the growth of clean-technology firms. To be competitive and persist in a sustainable and digital economy, firms must be able to cope with changing market conditions. Strategic agility can support to avoid rigidity and benefit from change, which is fostered by strong dynamic capabilities. Knowledge gaps: The study aims to address shortcomings of digital sustainability business models and specifically characterize the emerging sector of sustainable software companies offering Cleantech-as-a-Service applications. The international potential of these ventures recognizes the need to elaborate on internationalization drivers. The globally competitive environment enforces the need to be strategically agile, whereby applying agile principles to an international context can bring a comprehensive view of internationalizing digital sustainability ventures’ critical capabilities and business model characteristics. The study will also assert the role of collaborative ecosystems in an entrepreneurial internationalization. Purpose: This study will explore the emergence of Cleantech-as-a-Service and investigate how these digital entrepreneurs achieve strategic agility in global pivoting and competitive environments. Our exploratory research aims to apply agile principles to entrepreneurial internationalization strategies, where we through six in-depth interviews will discover the role of digital cleantech firms’ dynamic business models, capabilities, and ecosystems when entering a foreign market. Theoretical framework: The conceptual frame of references is based on two major sections where the first considers the context of digital and sustainable firms and exhibits the essences of digital and sustainable business model designs and how to sustain competitiveness through the interrelation of dynamic capabilities and strategic agility. In the second section the study brings forward theory supporting the exploration of an agile internationalization for digital firms, such as virtual markets and ecosystems. The key theoretical forthcomings are summarized into a conceptual framework that combines the role and interplay of entrepreneurs, business models, as well as networks and ecosystems on the basis of strategic agility and dynamic capabilities, that jointly foster an agile and virtual internationalization. Methodology: The interpretive research used an explorative and abductive approach to perform a qualitative multiple case design. The empirical study was based on six Cleantech-as-a-Service companies where in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with the informants of significant positions. The thematic and content data analysis supported the identification of common patterns and themes through coding which guided the subsequent analysis chapter. Findings: Our study revealed characteristics and success factors of Cleantech-as-a-Service ventures operating on global volatile markets, which adopt a leagile approach. The findings supported a definition of the concept but also identified the dynamic capabilities and flexible business models leveraged to sustain international competitive agility. The key agile capabilities relate to networking, experimenting, and learning whereas business model characteristics confer resiliency, interdependency, and efficiency.

Els sistemes de gestió de drets digitals controlen l'ús del contingut multimèdia a través de tota la cadena de valor digital. Aquesta tesis contribueix als diferents aspectes de la gestió dels drets digitals i de la protecció de la propietat intel·lectual.La contribució d'aquest tesi és la definició de formats i mecanismes estàndards que permetin la gestió del contingut a través de la cadena de valor digital. Els formats i els mecanismes seran estàndards, de forma que permetran la interoperabilitat entre sistemes de DRM que segueixin l'estàndard MPEG-21.També s'han dissenyat mecanismes estàndards per governar continguts digitals, protegir la propietat intel·lectual i per a la gestió i protecció de les notificacions d'esdeveniments dins dels sistemes de gestió de drets digitals. / Los sistemas de gestión de derechos digitales controlan el uso del contenido multimedia a través de toda la cadena de valor digital. Esta tesis contribuye a diferentes aspectos de la gestión de los derechos digitales y de la protección de la propiedad intelectual.La contribución de esta tesis es la definición formatos y mecanismos estándares que permitan la gestión del contenido a través de la cadena de valor digital. Los formatos y mecanismos serán estándares, de forma que permitirán la interoperabilidad entre sistemas de DRM que sigan el estándar MPEG-21. También se han diseñado mecanismos estándares para gobernar contenidos digitales, proteger la propiedad intelectual y para la gestión y protección de las notificaciones de eventos dentro de los sistemas de gestión de derechos digitales. / Digital rights management systems control the use of multimedia content through the complete digital value chain. This thesis contributes in different aspects of the digital rights management and of the protection of the intellectual property.Main contribution of this thesis is the definition of standardised formats and mechanisms that enable the management of governed multimedia content through the digital value chain. The formats and mechanisms will be standard in order to enable interoperability between DRM systems compliant to the MPEG-21 standard.Different mechanisms have also been defined to govern digital content, protect the intellectual property and for the management and protection of the event reports within digital rights management systems.

[ES] La importante transformación digital a la que asistimos en nuestra sociedad ha tenido su impacto también en el ámbito cultural. Nos encontramos actualmente en una fase postdigital en la cual in-teractuamos diariamente con productos y servicios emergentes. Tras observar los cambios más significativos en torno al mundo del libro y las bibliotecas, destaca-mos como uno de los más notorios el de los audiolibros digitales, además de tratarse de un tema muy poco investigado, especialmente en España. En la tesis profundizamos en los factores que determinaron el crecimiento del formato, en particu-lar en el ámbito comercial, y esbozamos las posibles razones de su estancamiento desde entornos documentales. Para ello, y para tener una visión amplia de la situación actual, analizamos la oferta de los audiolibros en el mercado y sus modelos de distribución. Valiéndonos de esta experiencia, propusimos una metodología para evaluar aplicaciones de audio-lectura. Dicha metodología, tiene como objetivo ofrecer el punto de vista del área de las ciencias de la información y la documentación en un proyecto sonoro de esta índole. Desde esa perspectiva determinamos los aspectos de calidad indispensables en cualquier aplicación de audiolectura. La metodología servirá como base para futuras investigaciones, propias y ajenas, tanto en el ámbito documental como en el comercial. / [CA] La important transformació digital a la qual assistim en la nostra societat ha tingut el seu impacte també en l'àmbit cultural. Ens trobem actualment en una fase postdigital en la qual interactuem diàriament amb productes i serveis emergents. Després d'observar els canvis més significatius entorn del món del llibre i les biblioteques, Destaquem com un dels més notoris el dels audiollibres digitals, a més de tractar-se d'un tema molt poc investigat, especialment a Espanya. En la tesi aprofundim en els factors que van determinar el creixement del format, en particular en l'àmbit comercial, i esbossem les possibles raons del seu estancament des d'entorns documentals. Per a això, i per a tindre una visió àmplia de la situació actual, analitzem l'oferta dels audiollibres en el mercat i els seus models de distribució. Valent-nos d'aquesta experiència, vam proposar una metodologia per a avaluar aplicacions d'àudio-lectura. Aquesta metodologia, té com a objectiu oferir el punt de vista de l'àrea de les ciències de la informació i la documentació en un projecte sonor d'aquesta índole. Des d'aqueixa perspectiva determinem els aspectes de qualitat indispensables en qualsevol aplicació d' audiolectura. La metodologia servirà com a base per a futures investigacions, pròpies i alienes, tant en l'àmbit documental com en el comercial. / [EN] The important digital transformation that we are witnessing in our society has also had an impact in the cultural sphere. We are currently in a post-digital phase in which we interact daily with emer-ging products and services. After observing the most significant changes around the world of books and libraries, we stand out as one of the most notorious that of digital audiobooks, in addition to being a very little researched topic, especially in Spain. In the thesis we delve into the factors that determined the growth of the format, especially in the commercial sphere, and we outline the possible reasons for its stagnation of digital audiobooks in documentary environments. To do this, and to have a broad vision of the current situation, we analyze the supply of audiobooks on the market and their distribution models. Using this experience, we proposed a methodology to evaluate audio reading applications. This methodology aims to offer the point of view of the area of information sciences and documentati-on in a audio project of this nature. From this perspective, we determine the essential quality as-pects in any audio-reading application. This methodology will serve as a basis for future research, both in the documentary and commercial fields. / Fernández Rodríguez, PM. (2021). Oferta de audiolibros digitales en español: propuesta de análisis de aplicaciones de audiolectura [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/177354 / TESIS