Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are antimicrobial disinfectants commonly used in commercial and household settings. While these compounds have been used for decades, reproductive toxicity has not been thoroughly evaluated. Extensive use of QACs results in ubiquitous human exposure to potentially toxic compounds. Reproductive toxicity of two common QACs, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), was investigated to determine gender-specific toxicity with an emphasis on male reproductive function. Breeding pairs of mice exposed for six months to ADBAC+DDAC exhibited decreases in fertility and fecundity, with fewer pregnancies and decreased numbers of pups over a six month period. Females proceeded through significantly fewer estrus cycles, and both ovulation and implantation rates were reduced. Males exhibited declines in both sperm concentration and motility. Male reproductive toxicity was further assessed in a series of in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. ADBAC+DDAC were cytotoxic to testicular Sertoli cells in culture at concentrations greater than or equal to 0.0005%. Changes in blood-testis-barrier integrity (BTB) were observed at 0.01% ADBAC+DDAC using a two-compartment culture system that measures transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). Sertoli cell cytotoxicity correlated with decreased TER at ADBAC+DDAC concentrations above 0.001%. In-vitro fertilization capacity of epididymal sperm was reduced in males given a 10-day rest period following ADBAC+DDAC exposure. Multigenerational changes in sperm parameters and in mRNA expression of enzymes involved with epigenetic modifications were evaluated across three generations. Sperm concentration and motility were reduced in F0 males exposed directly to ADBAC+DDAC. In F1 males, sperm concentration was increased and motility decreased, while there was no change in the F2 progeny. Genes involved in epigenetic modifications were altered in the exposed F0, with upregulation of two histone acetyltransferases (Hat1 and Kat2b) and downregulation of one lysine-specific demethylase (Kdm6b). F1 and F2 generations were not different from controls except for downregulation of the methyltransferase Dnmt1 in F1 progeny. The reproductive toxicity of ADBAC+DDAC identified in these studies, particularly to the male, compels further investigation into the potential effects that these compounds may have on human reproduction. / Ph. D.

The use of polymer pipes is now very common in home plumbing and other parts of the drinking water distribution system. Many taste and odor complaints in drinking water are known to originate from contact of water with materials. The ability of polymer pipes used in home plumbing to affect drinking water quality and aesthetics was investigated using the Utility Quick Test (UQT). Analysis of water quality and aesthetics were conducted in the absence of disinfectant and the presence of either chlorine or chloramines. A Flavor Profile Analysis (FPA) panel was trained according to Standard Methods 2170B to evaluate the organoleptic characteristics of the samples. Laboratory analyses were performed to determine levels of total organic carbon (TOC), disinfectant residual, pH and to attempt to identify specific volatile organics. The first part of this study investigated HDPE, cPVC and epoxy lined copper pipes using the UQT method. Both HDPE and epoxy-lined copper had significant effects on water quality and aesthetics during the approximately 10 day exposure of the UQT. HDPE and epoxy-lined copper leached significant amounts of TOC and consumed more disinfectant than controls, but in different amounts. cPVC was the most inert of the materials tested and had the least impact on water quality and did not contribute any significant odor. None of the pipes tested appeared to contribute trihalomethanes to drinking water, but further analysis revealed that the compounds may actually be generated and subsequently sorbed into pipe walls. These data show the effects of newly installed polymeric pipe materials and their potential to impact water quality in differing capacities. The second part of this study compared the results of the UQT on HDPE, epoxy lined copper, cPVC, PEX-a and PEX-b with the goal of comparing and contrasting how five different polymeric plumbing materials can impact drinking water quality. Results demonstrated the short-term ability of all pipe materials except cPVC to impact water quality and aesthetics. This data could potentially be useful in generating selection criteria for homeowners and plumbing professionals regarding the impact of newly installed plumbing materials. / Master of Science

Water disinfection systems utilizing electrolytically generated copper:silver ions (200:20 to 400:40 ug/L) and low levels of free chlorine (0.1 to 0.4 mg/L) were evaluated at room (21-23°C) and elevated (39-40°C) temperatures in filtered well water (pH 7.3) for their efficacy in inactivating Legionella pneumophila (ATCC 33155). A contact time of 24 hr was necessary for copper:silver (400:40 ug/L) to achieve a 3 log₁₀ reduction in bacterial numbers at room temperature. As the copper:silver concentration increased to 800:80 ug/L (K = 7.50 x 10⁻³ log₁₀ reduction/min), the inactivation rate significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased. In water systems at room temperature with and without copper:silver (400:40 ug/L), the inactivation rates significantly increased as the free chlorine concentration increased from 0.1 mg/L (K = 0.397 log₁₀ reduction/min) to 0.4 mg/L (K = 1.047 log₁₀ reduction/min). All disinfection systems, regardless of temperature or free chlorine concentration, showed increased inactivation rates when 400:40 ug/L copper:silver was added; however, this trend was significant only at 0.4 mg/L free chlorine.

Surrogate organisms have been used to study highly pathogenic organisms, or organisms that cannot be cultured in the laboratory. Surrogates are selected based on multiple similarities to the pathogen, such as morphology, genome size and structure, and environmental characteristics. This dissertation utilized MS2 coliphage as a surrogate for norovirus and Ebola virus in three environments. MS2 is an icosahedral, single-stranded RNA bacteriophage. It is a male-specific coliphage that infects the bacteria Escherichia coli. Its properties, such as morphology and survival in the environment, have been likened to those of many enteric viruses. Because of this, it has been used as a surrogate for pathogenic enteric viruses for disinfection testing on surfaces, in water and in food; modeling the movement and survival of pathogens in different environments; and transfer properties from surfaces. This dissertation utilized MS2 as a surrogate in three different studies. In the first, MS2 is used as a surrogate for human enteric viruses in irrigation canals to predict the re-suspension of pathogenic viruses from bed sediment into overlying irrigation water using a flume to re-create field conditions in the laboratory. MS2 re-suspension into the overlying water was characterized at varying flow rates and velocities using two sediment types. Its overall re-suspension was not statistically significantly different (p > 0.05) between flow rates. The additional studies in this dissertation used MS2 as a surrogate for Ebola virus in human waste. Ebola virus is a BSL-4 organism that is spread through direct contact with bodily fluids. It is found in bodily fluids in concentrations between 10^5.5 and 10⁸ genome copies per milliliter. In the first study using MS2 as a surrogate for Ebola virus, efficacies of four disinfectants were tested using 10¹² PFU of MS2 in one liter containing 2.25% (w/v) organic matter at three contact times (1, 15 and 30 minutes). The purpose of this study was to assess the disinfectants on reducing virus in waste before toilet flushing. Peracetic acid and quaternary ammonium formulation were found to reduce the concentration of MS2 in the toilet bowl the fastest (within one minute) with the greatest reduction (2.26 and 1.99 log₁₀), when compared with the other disinfectants. Reductions observed from hydrogen peroxide were significantly less than those from peracetic acid and quaternary ammonium (p < 0.05). The contamination of restroom surfaces by MS2 was also evaluated after toilet flushing with and without disinfectant treatment. All four disinfectants were found to significantly reduce the viral concentrations on fomites after 15 minutes of contact (p < 0.05). Despite disinfectant use, three sites were contaminated in 100% of trials (N = 18). These were the toilet bowl rim, the toilet seat top and underside. The final study evaluated the inactivation of MS2 and several other viruses by thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Little information is available on the influence of the wastewater treatment process, specifically anaerobic digestion, on emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus. It is important to evaluate this process due to the environmental disposal and discharge of wastewater and solids into the environment. All viruses were recoverable after mesophilic digestion (reductions from 1.8-6.6 log₁₀ per mL), except the lipid-containing bacteriophage Φ6. Thermophilic digestion inactivated all viruses significantly (p = 0.0011) more than mesophilic digestion. The reductions by thermophilic digestion ranged from 2.8-7.1 log₁₀ per mL. The inactivation between the initial concentration and both digestion types was statistically significant (p = 0.007).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização de amostras comerciais de óleo de pinho com o intuito de identificar outros componentes que apresentem ação antimicrobiana, além do &#945;-terpineol. Também, visa avaliar a influência de três tensoativos distintos na ação antimicrobiana do o-fenil fenol, do o-benzil p-clorofenol e do p-cloro m-cresol. Os tensoativos selecionados foram o linear alquilbenzeno sulfonato de sódio (NaLAS), uma mistura de laurato de trietanolamina e de sódio (laurato de Na/Tea) e alfa olefina sulfonada (AOS). Amostras comerciais de óleo de pinho e 61 frações, isoladas por destilação a pressão reduzida de uma amostra de óleo de pinho bruto, foram avaliadas a partir de medidas de índice de refração, curvas TG/DTG, espectroscopia no infravermelho, CG-DIC e CG-EM, características organolépticas e atividade antimicrobiana com a determinação do halo de inibição (contra Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 e Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708). Observou-se que as amostras comerciais apresentaram composições distintas, conforme procedência. O perfil das curvas TG/DTG permitiu uma avaliação comparativa do comportamento térmico das frações isoladas na destilação. A composição do óleo de pinho apresenta diversidade de componentes com atividade antimicrobiana inibitória. Todas as amostras de óleo de pinho apresentaram atividade bacteriostática para ambos os microrganismos e as frações, na composição em que foram separadas, apresentaram melhor atividade bacteriostática para S. aureus. Foram preparadas 42 formulações considerando teores de biocida de 0, 0,7 e 1,0% (p/p) e de tensoativo a 1,5 e 5% (p/p). As amostras foram acondicionadas em frascos de PET de 30 mL e avaliadas quanto ao pH, cor, odor, aparência nas 2ª, 4ª, 8ª e 12ª semanas do teste de estabilidade, conduzido a 4, 25 o e 45o C. O sistema tensoativo empregando o laurato de Na/TEA apresentou melhor estabilidade. Os tensoativos estudados (AOS, NaLAS e laurato de Na/TEA), apresentaram ação antimicrobiana e influenciaram positivamente na atividade dos ativos fenólicos. Pôde- se identificar a influência do teor de tensoativo na estabilização do derivado fenólico em um o sistema exposto a alta temperatura (45o C) armazenado em embalagem de PET. Os teores de ativos fenólicos foram determinados por CLAE empregando detector UV. / This work aims at characterizing commercial samples of pine oil with a view at identifying other components that present antimicrobial action besides its o -terpineol. It also aims at evaluating how three different surfactants influence the antimicrobial action of the o-phenyl-phenol, of the o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol and p-chloro-m-cresol. The selected surfactants were the sodium linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (NaLAS), a mixture of triethanolamine and sodium laurate, in addition to sodium alpha-olefins sulfonate (AOS). Pine oil commercial samples and 61 fractions, which were isolated by reduced pressure distillation of a raw pine oil sample, were analyzed based on measures of index of refraction, TG/DTG curves, infrared spectroscopy, GC-FID and GC-MS, odour characterization and antimicrobial activity with the determination of the inhibition disc (against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708). It was observed that commercial samples presented marked different compositions according to their origin. TG/DTG curves profile allowed a comparative evaluation of the thermal behavior of those fractions isolated during distillation. Pine oil composition presents a diversity of components with antimicrobial activity. All pine oil samples presented bacteriostatic activity when tested against the two microorganisms mentioned above, and fractions in the composition in which they were inserted presented better bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus. Forty two formulations were prepared taking into consideration the content of biocide of 0, 0.7 and 1.0% (w/w) levels and surfactant of 1.5 e 5% (w/w) levels. Samples were stored into PET nd th th bottles of 30 mL and evaluated as per the pH, color, odour, appearance during 2nd , 4th , 8th and 12th weeks of the stability test, which was carried out at 4, 25 e 45o C. When using Na/TEA laurate, the surfactant system presented better stability. Studied surfactants - AOS, NaLAS and Na/TEA laurate - presented antimicrobial action and positively influenced in active phenolics activity. It was possible to identify the influence of content of surfactant in o stabilizing the phenolic derivative while under a system exposed to high temperature (45 C) inside a PET packaging. Active phenolics content was determined by HPLC using UV detection.

Neospora caninum é um parasita Apicomplexa que causa doença neuromuscular em cães e abortamento em bovinos. Cães e coiotes são as únicas espécies reconhecidas como hospedeiros definitivos, nas quais ocorre a fase sexuada do ciclo evolutivo do N. caninum, com eliminação de oocistos através das fezes, os quais esporulam no ambiente e tornam-se infectantes. Apesar da importância dos oocistos como fonte de infecção para várias espécies de hospedeiros, a viabilidade e resistência desses oocistos a tratamentos físicos e químicos ainda são desconhecidas. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de oocistos esporulados de N. caninum após tratamentos com diferentes desinfetantes, temperaturas e tempos de exposição. Três cães foram alimentados com tecido cerebral de búfalos soropositivos para anticorpos anti-N.caninum pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI 100) para a obtenção de oocistos. Desses, somente um cão eliminou oocistos tipo Neospora-Hammondia sendo confirmado serem de N. caninum por bioensaio em gerbilos e por métodos moleculares (PCR-RFLP). Os oocistos esporulados foram purificados e 11 alíquotas contendo aproximadamente 3000 oocistos por alíquota constituíram cada um dos tratamentos, sendo estes: Formol 10% por 1h; Amônia 10% por 1h; Álcool 70% por 1h; Álcool absoluto por 1h; Iodo 2% por 1h; Hipoclorito de sódio 10% por 1h; Temperatura ambiente, controle; -20ºC por 6h; 4ºC por 6h; 60ºC por 1m e 100ºC por 1m. Os tratamentos químicos foram todos realizados à temperatura ambiente. Após tratamento os oocistos foram divididos em alíquotas com 1000 oocistos cada e estas foram administradas, via oral, a gerbilos (1000 oocistos por gerbilo) sendo cada grupo experimental constituídos por três animais. Depois de 63 dias os gerbilos foram sacrificados e colheu-se sangue para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-N. caninum (RIFI e western blotting) e tecidos para a pesquisa de cistos em esfregaço direto de cérebro e DNA do parasito (PCR em tempo real), além de pesquisa do agente por técnicas histopatológicas e imuno-histoquímica. Considerou-se eficaz o tratamento que confirmou a inviabilidade dos oocistos por resultados negativos em todas as cinco provas realizadas. Dos tratamentos realizados mostrou-se eficaz o uso de calor a 100ºC por 1 minuto e do hipoclorito de sódio a 10% por 1 hora, podendo ser estes indicados para o controle dessas formas no ambiente. / Neospora caninum is an Apicomplexan parasite that causes neuromuscular disorders in dogs and abortion in cattle. Dogs and coyotes are the only species identified as definitive hosts. The sexual phase of the N. caninum life cycle occurs within the host, and results in the shedding of oocysts in the feces that will sporulate in the environment and become infective. Despite their relevance as a source of infection for a number of different hosts, the resistance and viability of such oocysts to physical and chemical treatments are yet to be known. The purpose of this study was to assess the viability of N. caninum sporulated oocysts after exposure to treatments using different disinfectants, temperatures and periods of time. For acquisition of the oocysts, three dogs were fed brain tissue from buffaloes positive for antibodies to N. caninum by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT 100). Only one of the dogs excreted Neospora-Hammondia type oocysts. Such oocysts were confirmed to be N. caninum by bioassay in gerbils and molecular methods (PCR-RFLP). The sporulated oocysts were purified and 11 doses with approximately 3,000 oocysts each were treated as follows: 10% formaldehyde (formol) for 1 h; 10% ammonia for 1 h; 70% alcohol for 1 h; absolute alcohol for 1 h; 2% iodine for 1 h; 10% sodium hypochlorite for 1 h; Room temperature, control; -20ºC for 6 h; 4ºC for 6 h; 60ºC for 1 min, and 100ºC for 1 min. All chemical treatments were performed at room temperature. After treatment, the oocysts were divided into doses of 1,000 oocysts each and administered into three gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) orally (1,000 oocysts per gerbil) per treatment. The gerbils were euthanized after 63 days. Blood samples were taken to be tested for the presence of N. caninum antibodies (IFAT and Western blotting analysis), and tissues samples to be tested for the presence of cysts by brain smear technique and detection of the parasite DNA (real-time PCR), and the identification of the parasite by immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations. In order to be considered an effective treatment, negative results should be observed in the gerbils of all five evaluations conducted. Out of the treatments carried out in this study, exposures to a temperature of 100ºC for 1 min and to a 10% sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 h were effective.

Avaliou-se a atividade micobactericida de cinco desinfetantes químicos frente a uma estirpe de Mycobacterium bovis isolada de caprinos, tipificada por PCR (polymerase chain reaction) e com 32 dias de cultivo no meio de Stonebrink. O teste de desinfetantes foi realizado utilizando-se a técnica de cultivo em camada delgada de ágar Middlebrook 7H11 modificado e foi comparado ao teste em tubos com meio de Stonebrink, tradicionalmente utilizado no laboratório de zoonoses bacterianas da FMVZ/USP. Os cinco desinfetantes ensaiados foram: \"A\" : grupo controle; \"B\" - hipoclorito de sódio (2,5 % de cloro ativo); \"C\"- glutaraldeído (2 %); \"D\" - ácido peracético 0,25 % e peróxido de hidrogênio 5 %; \"E\" - iodóforo (2,6% de iodo) e \"F\"- compostos fenólicos (orto-fenilfeno 12,243 g; orto-benzil paraclorofenol 11,080 g; para-terceário amilfeno 4,1222 g.). A diluição destes produtos foi feita conforme recomendação do fabricante. Os meios de cultura adotados para o procedimento de isolamento e preparo da suspensão bacteriana foram o meio de Stonebrink e o meio de Middlebrook 7H11 modificado. Os testes foram realizados na presença e ausência de matéria orgânica e à temperatura ambiente (21 ± 2°C) e à temperatura de 4 °C. Os resultados obtidos nas contagens de colônias foram transformados em percentual de redução para análise estatítica e demostraram que: a técnica de cultivo de micobactérias em camada delgada no meio de Middlebrook 7H11 permitiu uma visualização precoce das micobactérias e se mostrou viável para realização de testes de desinfetantes; os cinco tipos de desinfetantes analisados apresentaram atividade micobactericida e o melhor desempenho foi obtido pelo ácido peracético seguido pelo hipoclorito de sódio. A atividade micobactericida dos iodóforos foi instisfatória na presença de matéria orgânica. / The mycobactericidal activity of five chemical disinfectants was evaluated against a strain of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from a goat, typified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and with 32 days of growth in the Stonebrink medium. The disinfectants were tested using the modified thin layer Middlebrook 7H11 cultivation technique and it was compared to the test made in tubes with Stonebrink medium, which is tradicionally used at the Bacterian Zoonosis Laboratory of the Veterinary Medicice Faculty of the University of São Paulo. The five disinfectants were: \"A\" was the control group; \"B\"- sodium hypochlorite (2,5% of active chlorine); \"C\"- glutaraldehyde (2 %); \"D\"- peracetic acid (0,25 %) and hydrogen peroxide (5 %); \"E\" - iodine compounds (2,6%) e \"F\"- fenolic compounds (orto-fenilfeno 12,243 g; orto-benzil paraclorofenol 11,080 g; para-terceario amilfeno 4,122 g.). The products were diluted according to label instructions. The culture media used for the isolation procedure and preparation of the bacterian suspension were the Stonebrink and modified Middlebrook 7H11 medium. The assays were performed either in the presence or absence of organic matter, at temperatures of 4 °C and 21 ± 2°C The colony counting results were transformed into reduction percentages for the statistical analysis and concluded in: the modified thin layer Middlebrook 7H11 cultivation technique permitted an earlier visualization of the colonies and was practible for the realization of the disinfectants tests; the five disinfectants showed mycobactericidal activity and the peracetic acid had the best performance followed by the sodium hypochlorite. The mycobactericidal activity of the iodine compound was unsatisfactory when in the presence of organic matter.

Orientador: Francisco Antonio Bertoz / Coorientador: Maria Cristina Rosifini Alves Rezende / Banca: Marcelo Coelho Goiato / Banca: Kurt Faltin Júnior / Resumo: A ação dos produtos desinfetantes sobre as propriedades físico-químicas da resina acrílica norteia sua seleção para a higienização de aparelhos ortodônticos removíveis. Avaliou-se a resistência à fratura de resina acrílica ativada quimicamente após ciclagem em diferentes soluções desinfetantes. Foram confeccionados quarenta corpos de prova com resina acrílica autopolimerizável incolor (Clássico,Ind.&Com.Ltda./Brasil) utilizando-se matriz metálica retangular e circular, seguindo-se às técnicas de polimerização sob pressão úmida (imersão em água/n=20) e sob pressão seca (sem água/n=20) foram subdivididos em 4 grupos (n=5), conforme a solução utilizada para ciclagem: água destilada (Controle), bicarbonato de sódio, hipoclorito de sódio 1% e Corega®Tabs. A ciclagem consistiu em imersão em 100 ml da solução por 10 minutos três vezes ao dia e, em seguida, manutenção em recipiente fechado contendo saliva artificial a 37ºC. Este ciclo foi realizado durante 30 dias, trocando-se as soluções e a saliva a cada procedimento executado. Na sequência os espécimes foram submetidos ao ensaio de resistência flexural a três pontos foi utilizada máquina EMIC DL3000, à velocidade de 5mm/min, dispondo-se as amostras em suporte contendo dois apoios de sustentação, sendo aplicada força axial e equidistante aos dois outro pontos até a ruptura do corpo-de-prova. Os espécimes circulares foram levados para leitura em Microscópio de Força Atômica (AFM - V Nanoscope Veeco). Os resultados, submetidos à análise de variância (P<0,001 ) e o Teste de Tuckey (P<0,05) não apontaram diferenças significantes para a resistência flexural. Conclui-se que os métodos de polimerização e as soluções testadas não modificaram a resistência flexural... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The disinfectant products action on the physicochemical properties of acrylic resin guides its selection to the cleaning of removable orthodontic appliances. The fracture resistance of acrylic resin after cycling in different disinfectant solutions was evaluated. Forty specimens were made with colorless acrylic resin (Clássico, Ind. & Com.Ltda. / Brazil), using matrix, followed by the techniques of polymerization under wet pressure (immersion in water / n = 20) and dry pressure (no water / n = 20). The samples were divided into 4 groups (n = 5) as the solution used for cycling: distilled water (Control), sodium bicarbonate, sodium hypochlorite 1% and Corega®Tabs. The cycling consisted of immersion in 100 ml of solution for 10 minutes three times a day and then maintained in a closed container containing artificial saliva at 37 º C. These cycles were conducted during 30 days, changing the solutions and artificial saliva for each procedure performed. Latter, the specimens were submitted to surface analysis with Atomic Force Microscope (AFM - Veeco Nanoscope V). A machine, EMIC DL3000, was used for the three-point flexural strength test, speed of 5mm/min, providing the sample in medium containing two restraints support. After that axial force was applied and equidistant to the two other points to the body to break the specimens. The results were submitted to analysis of variace(P<0,001) and Tuckey Test (P<0,05) showed no significant differences in flexural strength test. The Atomic Force Microscopy analysis revealed less topographical roughness for the group Corega®Tabs. We conclude that the polymerization methods and solutions tested did not alter the flexural strength of the material studied except the comparation between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Os procedimentos de limpeza e desinfecção usados na produção frangos de corte são fundamentais para a manutenção do alto nível de saúde do plantel, reduzindo o risco de ocorrência de enfermidades e melhorando o desempenho produtivo das aves. Existe a possibilidade de contaminação dos produtos desde a chegada das aves às instalações até o abate. Campylobacter é uma bactéria constantemente encontrada no trato gastrointestinal das aves e merece destaque na produção avícola devido a sua capacidade de provocar enfermidades em humanos. Para evitar a ocorrência de surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos como a campilobacteriose, para manutenção da saúde de plantéis avícolas e o aumento da produtividade de lotes de frangos de corte é necessário a realização das práticas preventivas como a limpeza e desinfecção. Desta maneira, o presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar: o desempenho produtivo em lotes de frangos de corte desafiados com Campylobacter jejuni, a redução da pressão de infecção em instalações submetidas a diferentes protocolos de limpeza e desinfecção, e sua viabilidade econômico-financeira. Foi conduzido protocolo experimental no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Aves do departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, Campus Pirassununga. Foram realizados dois alojamentos cada um com 960 pintos de um dia de idade. No primeiro alojamento, todas as aves foram inoculadas com uma cepa conhecida de Campylobacter jejuni (atcc 33560) a fim de contaminar o ambiente criando desafio sanitário. No segundo alojamento foram realizados dois protocolos de limpeza e desinfecção, constituindo os dois tratamentos experimentais (Comum e Proposto). Neste lote, para avaliação da produtividade, foram mensurados os parâmetros: viabilidade, mortalidade, conversão alimentar, ganho de peso e consumo de ração. Para avaliação microbiológica do ambiente e das carcaças foi realizada a contagem total de microrganismos para ambiente e a identificação de Campylobacter spp.. As amostras positivas foram submetidas a um ensaio de PCR multiplex para identificação de espécies de Campylobacter spp. Para avaliação econômica financeira dos lotes de frangos de corte foram utilizados e adaptados os dados de custos de produção elaborados pela Embrapa Suínos e Aves às condições de criação e resultados obtidos no presente estudo. O tratamento Proposto demonstrou influências positivas no desempenho das aves, na redução da contagem total de microrganismos, na eliminação de Campylobacter spp. e viabilidade econômico-financeira / The procedures of cleaning and disinfection used in broiler production are necessary to maintaining a high standard of birds health, decreasing the risk of diseases, optimizing the animal performance, as well as to ensure sanitary quality of meat. There is possibility of contamination in all farming steps, since chicks arrival until the end of slaughter. Campylobacter is a bacteria constantly found at gastrointestinal tract of the birds, and so, a special concern must be given since it can cause human diseases. In order to avoid foodborne illness outbreaks such as campylobacteriosis, to ensure poultry flocks health maintenance and to improve broilers productivity, adopting preventive practices such as cleaning and disinfection is required. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate: the animal performance of broilers challenged with Campylobacter jejuni; the reduction of infection pressure in housing plants subjected to different cleaning protocols and disinfection, and its economic and financial viability. Experimental protocol was conducted at the Research Laboratory of Poultry of Nutrition and Animal Production Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Campus Pirassununga. Two housings each with 960 day-old chicks of age were performed. In the first housing, all birds were inoculated with a known strain of Campylobacter jejuni (ATCC 33560) to contaminate the environment in order to create health challenge. In the second housing were performed two cleaning and disinfection protocols, featuring two experimental treatments (Common and Proposed). In this lot, to evaluate animal performance, the parameters were measured: feasibility, mortality, feed conversion, weight gain and feed intake. For microbiological evaluation of environment and of carcasses, was performed a total count of microorganisms for environmental and identification of Campylobacter spp. The positive samples were subjected to a multiplex PCR assay identification of species of Campylobacter spp. For economic and financial evaluation of batches, the data of husbandry costs elaborated by Embrapa Swine and Poultry were adapted to conditions and rsults obtained in this study. Based on results, the Proposed treatment has shown positive influences on bird performance, reduction of total count of microorganisms, on elimination of Campylobacter spp. and on economic and financial viability

Este estudo clínico-laboratorial identificou as espécies de Candida do palato e prótese de indivíduos desdentados totais com estomatite relacionada à prótese (ERP) e avaliou o efeito de soluções desinfetantes para higiene de próteses totais sobre Candida spp.. Sessenta participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 04 grupos paralelos (n=15); orientados a escovar as próteses e o palato 3 vezes ao dia e imergi-las nas soluções salina (C controle), Hipoclorito de sódio a 0,25% (HS0,25%), Ricinus communis a 10% (RC10%) ou Cloramina T a 0,5% (CT0,5%) por 20 minutos. Amostras de biofilme foram coletadas da prótese e palato no Baseline, após 7 e 37 dias do uso das soluções e semeadas em meio CHROMagar Candida. Após período de incubação foi realizada a identificação presuntiva, verificação da incidência e quantificação de crescimento das espécies de Candida (contagem de UFC). Cepas ATCC das espécies mais incidentes clinicamente foram avaliadas no estudo laboratorial. Biofilmes de C. albicans, C. tropicalis e C. glabrata foram formados sobre espécimes em resina acrílica termopolimerizável e imersos nas soluções por 20 minutos. Água destilada foi utilizada como controle. As variáveis de resposta foram crescimento de colônias (contagem de UFC), metabolismo celular (método de XTT), produção de enzimas hidrolíticas (kits específicos), formação de hifas (contagem de células em câmara de Newbauer) e quantificação de células vivas (microscopia de epifluorescência). A capacidade de remoção de biofilme pelas soluções também foi avaliada por meio de microscopia de epifluorescência. Para o estudo clínico, análises descritivas foram utilizadas para interpretação dos dados quanto às características sociodemográficas da amostra, identificação e incidência das Candida spp. Os resultados de crescimento celular (UFC) foram analisados pelos Testes Kruskal-Wallis e Friedman. Para o estudo laboratorial, os resultados foram analisados por teste Anova (One-way) e Tukey (capacidade de crescimento e metabolismo celular de C. albicans e C. tropicalis), teste de Kruskal-Wallis (metabolismo celular de C. glabrata; produção de enzimas hidrolíticas; formação de hifas; capacidade de remoção de biofilme) e teste de Wilcoxon (comparação entre quantidade de biofilme vivo e biofilme total). Empregou-se um nível de confiança de 95% (&alpha;= 0,05). As espécies mais incidentes foram C. albicans, seguida de C. tropicalis, C. glabrata e C. krusei. O HS 0,25% reduziu a incidência das três espécies na prótese e palato nos períodos de 7 e 37 dias; o CT 0,5% promoveu redução de Candida spp. somente nas próteses totais. O R. communis diminuiu a incidência de C. tropicalis em ambos os sítios de coleta. Para contagem de UFC, o HS 0,25% e CT 0,5% causaram redução significativa para cepas clínicas e ATCC. O R. communis, in vitro, reduziu a quantidade de UFC de C. glabrata. O HS 0,25% obteve os melhores valores contra atividade metabólica, formação de hifas, manutenção de células vivas e remoção do biofilme das espécies de Candida. As soluções de RC 10% e CT 0,5% causaram diminuição da atividade metabólica. Não houve diferença significante na produção de proteinase por C. albicans e C. tropicalis após exposição às diferentes soluções desinfetantes, com exceção da C. glabrata, em que todas as soluções causaram aumento significativo da produção desta enzima. As soluções não influenciaram a produção de fosfolipase. A CT 0,5% e RC 10% apresentaram resultados intermediários para manutenção de células vivas. A Cloramina T foi mais eficiente que o R. communis para remoção do biofilme de C. albicans e C. tropicalis e menos eficiente para remoção de biofilme de C. glabrata. As soluções de Hipoclorito de sódio a 0,25% e Cloramina T a 0,5% apresentaram os melhores resultados como solução de imersão frente às variáveis estudadas, podendo ser indicadas para uso clínico como desinfetantes para próteses totais. / This clinical-laboratory study identified the Candida species from the palate and complete dentures of edentulous individuals with prosthesis-related stomatitis (PRS) and evaluated the effect of disinfectant solutions for denture hygiene on Candida spp. Sixty participants were randomly assigned in 04 parallel groups (n = 15); They were oriented to brush their prostheses and the palate 3 times a day and immerse them in saline solution (C-control), 0.25% Sodium hypochlorite (HS0.25%), 10% Ricinus communis (RC10%) or 0.5% Chloramine T (CT 0.5%) for 20 minutes. Biofilm samples were collected from the prosthesis and palate in the baseline, after 7 and 37 days of use of the solutions and seeded in CHROMagar Candida medium. After incubation period, the presumptive identification, incidence verification and quantification of Candida species growth (CFU count) were performed. ATCC strains of the most clinically incident species were evaluated in the laboratory study. C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata biofilms were formed on heatpolymerised acrylic resin specimens and immersed in the solutions for 20 minutes. Distilled water was used as control. The response variables were colony growth (UFC count), cell metabolism (XTT method), production of hidrolytic enzymes (specific kits), formation of hyphae (counting cells in Newbauer\'s chamber) and quantification of live cells (epifluorescence microscopy). The ability of biofilm removal by the solutions was also evaluated by means of epifluorescence microscopy. For the clinical study, descriptive analyzes were used to interpret the data regarding the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample, identification and incidence of Candida spp. The cell growth results (CFU) were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests. For the laboratorial study, the results were analyzed by the Anova (One-way) and Tukey test (growth capacity and cellular metabolism of C. albicans and C. tropicalis), Kruskal-Wallis test (cellular metabolism of C. glabrata; hidrolytic enzymes production; formation of hyphae; ability to remove biofilm) and Wilcoxon\'s test (comparison of the amount of live biofilm and total biofilm). A confidence level of 95% (&alpha; = 0.05) was used. The most incident species were C. albicans, followed by C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. krusei. HS 0.25% reduced the incidence of the three species on the prosthesis and palate in the periods of 7 and 37 days; CT 0.5% promoted reduction of Candida spp. only in dentures. R. communis decreased the incidence of C. tropicalis in both collection sites. For CFU counts, HS 0.25% and CT 0.5% caused significant reduction for clinical strains and ATCC. R. communis, in vitro, reduced the amount of CFU of C. glabrata. The HS 0.25% obtained the best values compared to the metabolic activity, hyphae formation, maintenance of living cells and removal of the biofilm of Candida species. The solutions of RC 10% and CT 0.5% caused the decrease in the metabolic activity. There was no significant difference in proteinase production by C. albicans and C. tropicalis after exposure to different disinfectant solutions, except C. glabrata, in which all solutions caused a significant increase in the production of this enzyme. The solutions did not influence phospholipase production. A CT 0.5% and RC 10% presented intermediate results for the maintenance of living cells. Chloramine T was more efficient than R. communis for biofilm removal from C. albicans and C. tropicalis; and less efficient for biofilm removal from C. glabrata. The solutions of 0.25% Sodium Hypochlorite and 0.5% Chloramine T presented the best results as immersion solution compared to the studied variables and can be prescribed for clinical use as disinfectants for total dentures.