Research shows that children with disabilities are more likely engage in problem behaviors and have behavioral, social, and academic deficits in a school classroom than those children without disabilities (e.g., Owens et al., 2012; Pierce, Reid, & Epstein, 2004). Daily Behavior Report Cards (DBRCs) have been found to improve disruptive behaviors, such as task refusal or calling out in class, of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual and developmental disorders and typically developing students; however, research evaluating the efficacy of DBRCs with students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) is lacking. Studies also indicate that DBRCs can be effectively implemented by teachers (e.g., Taylor & Hill, 2017) and that peers can implement a variety of interventions with fidelity (e.g., Check in check out [CICO]; Collins, Gresham, & Dart, 2016). Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of DBRC, implemented by peers, on the behaviors of students at risk for EBD and whether peers can implement the intervention procedures with high integrity. The study used a non-concurrent multiple baseline design across three participants. In this study peer mediated DBRC led to a decrease in disruptive behavior and an increase in appropriate behavior for all three target students who were at risk for EBD. The peer mediators also implemented the DBRC procedures with high integrity.

The current literature on self-monitoring provides limited information on increasing functional communication skills in students with disabilities by incorporating function-based intervention. The purpose of this study was to extend self-monitoring literature by incorporating functional communication training (FCT) into self-monitoring intervention and targeting students who engage in problem behavior due to communication difficulties. Three students with disabilities served in kindergarten through 3rd grade and their corresponding teachers participated in this study. A multiple baseline across participants design with an ABC sequence was used to investigate the impact of function-based self-monitoring (SM) with FCT only and function-based SM with FCT augmented with differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) on student functional communicative behavior, academic engagement, and problem behavior. The results indicated that the function-based SM with FCT was effective in increasing functional communicative behavior and academic engagement behavior and decreasing problem behavior for all participating students. The addition of DRA further improved behavioral outcomes for one student. Results were maintained for three participants while fading the magnitude of the intervention. Students and teachers rated the function-based SM treatment package as effective and acceptable.

Background: Reshoring is a growing phenomenon that refers to a company’s decision to move production back from a previously offshored location. There are many drivers and barriers to such decisions that display an increased complexity for managers. It gets even more challenging in a world with high levels of uncertainty shown in the past decade.    Purpose:  This study aims to investigate the drivers and barriers of reshoring and how managers perceive the risk of disruptive events as a driver of reshoring.    Method: This study uses a qualitative method and deductive approach, where empirical evidence was collected through semi-structured interviews with eight managers at clothing companies.   Conclusion: The findings of this study confirm several already established drivers and barriers to reshoring in the particular context of the clothing industry. Furthermore, the study shows that managers perceive an increased willingness to reshore as a response to disruptive events. This was to a large extent due to long lead times and higher coordination costs. Managers can use the findings as support in making decisions of where to locate their production.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping how businesses, governments, organizations and individuals operate. Most businesses are now moving away from traditional systems of operation into employing and leveraging on technologies like AI to deliver superior goods and services to their clients. Today, there are calls for a shift from the traditional auditing techniques of sampling to the use of advanced technology with the capability to analyze all the operating activities of a business to improve audit quality. There is no better time for auditing to merge with AI than now as it is increasingly becoming too challenging for human auditors to analyze huge volumes of structured and unstructured data in various locations to gain the relevant financial and non-financial information that they may need to form their opinions. The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of AI on auditors’ skills and competencies, audit process and audit quality. The researchers used the qualitative research methodology and reviewed literature to identify gaps in the literature. Participants (practicing auditors) were interviewed to gather data for analysis. The findings from the empirical data concludes that AI has had a significant impact on auditors’ skills and competencies, with many respondents affirming that the core skills now needed by auditors is IT skills. Audit process and audit quality have also been positively affected by AI.

For the last decades there has been a steady shift from cash to card payments and with increased smart phone penetration, payments have started to move into our mobile devices. This thesis studies how mobile payments can change the traditional payment landscape. The purpose is to assess the disruptiveness of the Swedish mobile payment market and describe key stakeholder strategies for managing a potentially disruptive change. The study has been designed as a combination of a theoretical and an empirical study where the theoretical part consisted of a literature review that hinted on a gap in terms of available literature on the disruptiveness of different mobile payment business models. Main theoretical concepts used are; disruptive innovation, business model innovation, and theories on competing solutions and dominant design. The subsequent empirical study consisted of a number of qualitative, indepth interviews with key stakeholder from the Swedish mobile payment industry: five mobile payment providers, one major merchant, and the Swedish Trade Federation. This thesis shows that two fundamentally different types of mobile C2B payments are emerging; mobile payment solutions based on existing card payment schemes and mobile payment solutions that build on new and independent payment schemes. The independent model has been defined as the most powerful disruptive force in relation to the existing market for card payments, mainly because it offers opportunities for innovative players to build simple new payment schemes that bypass traditional card payment players and therefore can be made far more cost efficient. However, many established card payment players are inhibiting this development since they are afraid it could seriously harm their existing card business.

This project is initiated based on observations from me and other people in the design/technology community. Products and services are optimised for efficiency and standardisation caring more for profit than privacy. We, humans, are becoming the product to be consumed by our technologies. However I believe that good interaction design can also be the remedy to this issue created by it. Celebrating fluidity, creating interactions that trigger reflection and empower users. Designing things away and creating hacks.  This initiated the research question of this thesis: How do we design interactions that empower people in their engagements with the digital so a balanced relation can be formed? This thesis is approaching this issue through a process I call co-reflection through disruptive design. This is a hands on design methode that use experiments as contextualisations of the reflections done by the designer. The experiments are shared with people in order to reflect upon as well. The returning reflections are used to continue the project and often lead to a reframing of it. The big fluctuating issue being targeted in this project called for a process inline with this nature. Throughout this process three design principles and three design handles are initiated.  This project is finalised with a last experiment Huddle. This is a nomad server where the digital design manifesto is kept and collectively written. The proposed design principles and handles are a small stab at the bigger issue. Looking at the fluidity of the process and the community involvement I chose to not deliver a final solution but another experiment that is in flux. Through reading, signing and contribution on the website the manifesto is crafted. So this thesis report is a finalisation of the Undermine_Through_design thesis but the start of the live of _Huddle.  All photographs in this report which are uncited have been taken by the author, Ilse Pouwels.

The motorcycle industry is experiencing a paradigm shift. Alternatives to fossil fuels and changing customer preferences have slowly begun phasing out parts of the traditional motorcycle market. As a result of this, electric motorcycles are growing in popularity. A theory which discusses and theorizes regarding these types of industrial paradigm shifts is the theory of disruptive innovation. Disruptive innovation was introduced by scholar Clayton Christensen and has received a lot of attention since. The aim with this degree project was to contribute to our collective understanding of the innovation process by examining the electric motorcycle industry from the perspective of disruptive innovation. This was accomplished by compiling an industrial history of electric motorcycles which was analyzed using the concepts introduced by Christensen and further developed by his critics. This study used secondary information compiled in an industrial history using the narrative approach to historical analysis. The results showed that Christensen’s version of disruption was the most suited to explain the early attempts at electric motorcycles. The versions of disruption proposed by Christensen’s critics provided insight into how customer needs and the motorcycle market developed disruptive susceptibility over the years. The results of the study suggest that producers of electric motorcycles are adapting their products to the mainstream market instead of considering low-end markets with disruptive potential, which indicates that the actors are not expecting disruption as Christensen describes it.

Background: Green hydrogen energy systems can address environmental and societal concerns within the energy sector. Therefore, increased attentions from both public and private stakeholders has led to the general perception that hydrogen systems can serve as a disruptive innovation.  Given that disruption innovation theory has seen increased entrepreneurial involvement over recent years, the study focuses on assessing the role of green entrepreneurs within the implementation of hydrogen systems through cross-collaborative efforts and disruptive innovation drivers.    Purpose: The development of a theoretical matrix that interconnects disruptive innovation, entrepreneurial involvement, and cross-collaborative initiatives to establish entrepreneurial positioning roles within the energy market.    Method: The epistemology chosen was interpretivist, and its ontology subjectivism. The research followed an inductive approach. The research was qualitatively conducted and adopted a case study approach. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and followed a theoretical sampling approach.   Conclusion: The study proposes a theoretical matrix that extended disruptive innovation theory to green entrepreneurship and concluded that high levels of cross-collaboration, and a high innovation impact, serve as key drivers for green entrepreneurial implementations of disruptive energy. Results highlight the need for entrepreneurial involvement across all stages of market implementations.

Background and problem: The perception of luxury fashion has been shaped throughout history with well-known brands’ innovative strategies and designs. Along with its crafts and arts, exclusivity has been one of the main pillars of luxury fashion, creating the perception of luxury fashion products only being available to the ‘elite’; which has been feasible to maintain in an analog society. However, as luxury fashion brands have moved into the digital landscape; using digital channels such as e-commerce, social media, and disruptive technologies such as augmented reality, virtual clothing; distribution channels have opened up, contradicting traditional practises.  It has been found that it is the consumers’ perception that determines luxury brands separation from the ordinary. Raising the question of how consumers may perceive luxury fashion brands when operating in the digital landscape; since the use of digital channels and disruptive technologies contradicts with the characteristics defining luxury fashion, in particular exclusivity.   Purpose: In order to contribute to literature and create new understandings of the digitalisation of the luxury fashion industry; the purpose of this study is to explore how consumers perceive luxury fashion brands’ use of digital channels and disruptive technologies, specifically regarding the perception of exclusivity.                         Method: The study broadly followed an interpretivist research philosophy where qualitative data was collected by conducting eight semi-structured focus groups with Swedish luxury fashion consumers, born between the years of 1992-2000. The empirical findings were analysed through the general analytical approach, and thereafter discussed in relation to the frame of reference.  Conclusion: The findings suggest that consumers perceive that luxury fashion brands’ use of digital channels and disruptive technologies are diluting the perception of exclusivity, as luxury fashion becomes more accessible and visible with an increased attainability.

Simulation as a pedagogy is used extensively to educate healthcare professionals in both academic and clinical arenas with the intent to improve the delivery of care and patient outcomes. Advanced practice nursing (APN) programs use simulation as a pedagogy even though APN accreditation and certification organizations prohibit substituting simulation hours for the minimum 500 clinical hours. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore faculty perceptions of educating APN students using simulation. Focus groups were conducted with a convenience sample of APN simulation faculty. Disruptive innovation theory was used by the researchers to guide the data analysis. Themes emerging during analysis included: 1) extrinsic tension and pressure in the midst of chaos, 2) internal vulnerability, and 3) passion and tenacity to remain resilient. The study results provide clarity to understand integration of APN simulation in the current environment, and introduce the impact of simulation as a disruptive innovation.