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Disproportionality in public school exclusionary discipline data has been documented throughout the United States, including the Commonwealth of Virginia. The literature reviewed indicates that Black male students are disproportionately excluded from school and that subjective office discipline referrals are a factor. Within subjective referrals, disruptive behaviors are the primary reasons for the referral of Black male students. The literature has investigated implicit bias as a possible cause and found that Black males were viewed as more aggressive and academically lower achieving than other subgroups. This study sought to investigate disproportionality in referrals for disruptive behavior and the possible relationships among race, gender, and academic achievement for students issued the referrals. Three years of enrollment, discipline, and academic achievement data for students in grades 3 through 8 were obtained from three Title I schools, two elementary schools and a middle school, in a high-poverty school division. A correlational, nonexperimental design was used to address two questions, was there evidence of disproportionality by race/ethnicity and/or gender in office discipline referrals for disruptive behavior? Was there a relationship among race, gender, and academic achievement for students issued those referrals? Two phases of data collection and analysis were involved, with descriptive statistics used for each phase. Results were analyzed and there were four findings: there was evidence of disproportionality by race/ethnicity, there was evidence of disproportionality by gender, there was not consistent evidence of disproportionality by race/ethnicity and gender, and there were no statistically significant relationships among race, gender, and academic achievement for students issued a referral. These findings could help researchers and educators identify and understand disproportionality in referrals for disruptive behaviors and address disproportionality in exclusionary disciplinary practices. / Doctor of Education / Disproportionality in public school exclusionary discipline data has been documented throughout the United States, including the Commonwealth of Virginia. The literature reviewed indicates that Black male students are disproportionately excluded from school and that subjective office discipline referrals are a factor. Within subjective referrals, disruptive behaviors are the primary reasons for the referral of Black male students. The literature has investigated implicit bias as a possible cause and found that Black males were viewed as more aggressive and academically lower achieving than other subgroups. This study investigated disproportionality in office discipline referrals for disruptive behavior and the relationships among the variables of race, gender, and academic achievement. A correlational, nonexperimental design was used to address two questions, was there evidence of disproportionality by race/ethnicity and/or gender in office discipline referrals for disruptive behavior? Was there a relationship among race/ethnicity, gender, and academic achievement for students issued those referrals? Three years of enrollment, discipline, and academic achievement data for students in grades 3 through 8 were obtained from three Title I schools, two elementary schools and a middle school, in a high-poverty school division. Results were analyzed and there were four findings: there was evidence of disproportionality by race/ethnicity, there was evidence of disproportionality by gender, there was not consistent evidence of disproportionality by race/ethnicity and gender, and there were no statistically significant relationships among race, gender, and academic achievement for students issued a referral.

Schools are facing challenges in their efforts to educate children appropriately and safely. Students who demonstrate inappropriate, anti-social, and/or disruptive behaviors are becoming more prevalent. School personnel are dealing with disruptive behaviors that occur more frequently and that affect staff and student safety. Additionally, the lack of discipline or management of disruptive behaviors has been identified by the public as the most persistent and possibly the most troublesome issue facing schools ( Cotton, 2001; Elam, Rose, & Gallop, 1998; Fitzsimmons, 1998; Killion, 1998). An assumption in managing problem behaviors in many urban schools is that punishment will change behavior. According to Skiba and Peterson (2000), severe and penalizing disciplinary policies frequently produce a negative school environment rather than improving student behavior. In general, urban schools across the nation rely on suspensions, loss of privileges, reprimands, and or expulsion as means of discipline. Unfortunately, these reactive consequences only help a small number of children learn to "comply with general expectations" and are insufficient for many students who exhibit more challenging behavior problems. This study examines the disciplinary practices being used in two urban middle schools to control disruptive behavior of students. It will reveal what aspects of certain disciplinary practices are viewed as helpful as well as areas needing improvement. It will also give insight into whether selected urban school principals and other stakeholders are using proactive strategies and techniques demonstrated in the research literature as being the most effective in terms of changing inappropriate behavior. Undertaking this study through the application of qualitative research methods of inquiry as a study using interviews, examining relevant documents, and observations will allow me an opportunity to explore my personal reactions to the defined disciplinary practices in the identified schools. / Ed. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:57:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao VITAL TOSHIO YASUMARU.pdf: 473360 bytes, checksum: 83064cf39ed00040ea184374eeef6507 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As regards to the problems faced by the teachers, misbehavior in classroom is today one of the most boarded subjects. Although it is considerable the amount of works of reflection on the subject, is scarce the number of empirical research that aims to study this phenomenon as it occurs in the classroom. This research, which has as main purpose the understanding of the occurrence of misbehaviors in classroom, aims to comprehend why they occur, identifying the more recurrent ones, the antecedent situations and how teachers act ahead of these behaviors. We work with teachers and students of five classes at Basic Education of two public schools at São Paulo. In the data collection, we made use of the observation in classroom, with cursive register of the occurrence. Our analysis of data is based on the Functional Analysis of the teachers and students interaction. Therefore, the relations between the behaviors of indiscipline with its antecedents and consequences were identified. It was verified that student s most recurrent behavior, in all the groups, was talking and walking in classroom. The occurrence of violent or aggressive behaviors is practically inexistent. Also was verified that teachers propose small quantity of lessons in a long period of time, lessons which showed up repetitive (copy-exercise-correction at the blackboard) and that didn t demand students active involvement. Such situations promote the misbehavior occurrence. It was noticed that two of the teachers excessively demand the silence of the students in classroom, while the other three had revealed more permissive. All of them, however, had presented a coercitive intervention model, what is not effective at misbehavior decrease or elimination. The occurrence of misbehaviors is related to the didactic-pedagogical performance of the teachers. If the teachers do not demand suitable activities in order to keep the students engaged in academic activities to the available time, misbehaviors occur. Nevertheless, the teachers need act in function of the student learning instead of being acting constantly in function of discipline maintenance in classroom / A indisciplina em sala de aula é hoje um dos principais temas abordados no que diz respeito aos problemas enfrentados pelos professores, sejam eles do Ensino Médio ou do Ensino Fundamental. Apesar de ser considerável a quantidade de trabalhos de reflexão sobre o tema, é escasso o número de pesquisas empíricas que buscam estudar este fenômeno tal como ocorre na sala de aula. Este trabalho, que tem por objeto de estudo os comportamentos de indisciplina em sala de aula, visa compreender porque ocorrem, identificando os mais recorrentes, as situações que lhe são antecedentes e as formas de atuação do professor diante de sua ocorrência. Os sujeitos desta pesquisa foram professores e alunos de cinco turmas da 4ª série do Ensino Fundamental de duas escolas estaduais de São Paulo. Foi utilizada, na coleta dos dados, a observação em sala de aula, com registro cursivo do ocorrido. Nossa proposta de análise do ocorrido baseia-se na Análise Funcional da interação entre professores e alunos. Para tanto, identificam-se as relações entre os comportamentos de indisciplina com seus antecedentes e conseqüentes. Como resultados verificou-se que os comportamentos mais recorrentes dos alunos, em todas as turmas, foram conversar e andar em sala de aula. É praticamente inexistente a ocorrência de comportamentos violentos ou agressivos. Verificou-se que os professores propõem poucas atividades para o tempo disponível, atividades que apresentam um padrão repetitivo (cópia-exercício individual-correção na lousa) e que não exigem a participação ativa do aluno, situações estas favorecedoras da ocorrência de comportamentos de indisciplina. Quanto à forma como os professores atuam, notou-se que dois professores exigem excessivamente o silêncio dos alunos em sala de aula, sendo que os outros três mostraram-se mais permissivos. Todos eles, no entanto, apresentaram um padrão de intervenção que é coercitivo, e que é pouco eficaz na diminuição e na eliminação de comportamentos indisciplinados. Diante dos dados analisados, há indicadores de que a emergência de comportamentos de indisciplina está relacionada à atuação didático-pedagógica dos professores. Se o professor não apresenta atividades adequadas ao tempo de aula disponível de modo a manter o aluno engajado em atividades acadêmicas, há emergência dos comportamentos indisciplinados. Ainda, a exigência de silêncio indica que os professores, em vez de estarem agindo constantemente em função do aprendizado do aluno, agem em função da manutenção da disciplina em sala de aula

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-09-02T14:30:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriella Abbud.pdf: 1143616 bytes, checksum: b6641b533b9c025ce7ebfd2a8db1c26e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T14:30:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriella Abbud.pdf: 1143616 bytes, checksum: b6641b533b9c025ce7ebfd2a8db1c26e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Although several studies point out to the need of preventing behavioral problems in children, there are, in pertinent literature, few studies that have their focus on primary prevention of these problems, especially in Brazil. This paper presents: a review of literature on interventions with caregivers who had preventing behavioral problems in children as their goal; a critical analysis of this production and characterization of basic features that should be present in an effective and preventive behavior analytic intervention. Based on 34 descriptors, a search was conducted on the bases Science Direct and PsycINFO, which resulted in 274 articles. Subsequent analysis reduced this total to 37 articles, which are characterized, for the most part, by: describing risk factors inherent to the studied children; having conducted interventions in selective or indicated level; describing as major educational practices to be taught to caregivers the use of positive reinforcement and non-punitive procedures; being conducted in clinical setting; managing some measurement of follow-up; using the verbal report and direct observation as behavioral measure and employing group design. Based on the analysis of these studies, some important aspects to a prevention program are proposed, as regards the objectives, pre-intervention, procedures, consequences provided for parent participation and program evaluation. Finally, given a shortage of empirical research on primary prevention application programs was found, more researches on the subject are suggested / Embora diversos estudos apontem para a necessidade de se prevenir problemas de comportamento em crianças, são escassos os trabalhos publicados que têm seu foco na prevenção primária desses problemas, especialmente no Brasil. O presente trabalho apresenta: uma revisão da literatura de intervenções com cuidadores que tiveram como objetivo prevenir problemas de comportamento em crianças; uma análise crítica desta produção e a operacionalização das características que deveriam estar presentes em uma intervenção preventiva eficaz e analítico-comportamental. A busca foi realizada com 34 descritores nas bases Science Direct e PsycINFO e obteve 274 resultados. Foram selecionados para análise 37 artigos, os quais caracterizam-se, em sua maioria, por: descreverem fatores de risco inerentes às crianças; realizarem intervenções em nível indicado ou seletivo; descreverem como principais práticas educativas a serem ensinadas aos cuidadores o aumento do uso de reforçamento positivo e a não utilização da punição; serem realizados no consultório; administrarem alguma medida de follow-up; utilizarem o relato e observação direta como medida do comportamento e empregam delineamento de grupo. Com base na análise desses resultados, são propostos alguns aspectos importantes para um programa de prevenção, no que diz respeito a objetivos, pré-intervenção, procedimentos, consequências previstas para a participação dos pais e avaliação do programa. Por fim, verificou-se escassez de pesquisas empíricas com aplicação de programas de prevenção primária, de forma que se fazem necessárias mais pesquisas do tipo

Teacher-Child Interaction Therapy (TCIT), which is an adaptation of the empirically-based treatment of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), addresses the needs of children and teachers through increasing positive teacher-child interactions while educating teachers on effective discipline techniques. The theoretical and empirical basis for PCIT provides the foundation for the appropriate and effective application of the adaptation of this treatment model for use with teachers.<br>The efficacy of Teacher-Child Interaction Therapy (TCIT) with a clinical preschool population was evaluated through a single subject A-B design conducted across subjects. The current study examined the impact of the intervention, TCIT, on child behavior, teacher skill development and use, as well as the quality of teacher-child relationships. Results suggest that the intervention positively impacted the behavior of preschool children diagnosed with a Disruptive Behavior Disorder, as indicated by a reduction of disruptive behaviors and increase of prosocial behaviors within a therapeutic classroom setting. Additionally, teacher skill use and the quality of teacher-child relationships were evaluated following implementation of the TCIT intervention. Findings indicate that the intervention positively impacted teachers use of the positive attention skills over the course of the intervention.<br>This study, which examined the efficacy of Teacher-Child Interaction Therapy with preschool-aged children diagnosed with a Disruptive Behavior Disorder, provides initial support for the implementation of a relationship-based technique to support teachers in addressing the disruptive behaviors of children within a classroom environment. / School of Education; / School Psychology / PhD; / Dissertation;

Thesis (M.S. in psychology)--Washington State University, August 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 15, 2009). "Department of Psychology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 27-31).

Debate on single-sex vs. coeducational schooling has increased over the last years. The purpose of the following study is to produce empirical evidence on this debate by comparing the frequency of disruptive behaviors in students thatattend single-sex and coeducational schools, in order to find statistical correlation.The frequency of disruptive behaviors in students coming from 5 single-sex schools was compared to that coming from 5 coeducational ones. Data came from 844 students aged 14, attending public schools in Callao, Peru. Students from single-sex schools showed less frequent disruptive behavior in each of the three measured categories—disruptive behaviors, behaviors that show lack of responsibility and anti-social behavior. A weak correlation was found between each of the three categories and the main variable. The study controlled for extraneous variables. / El debate sobre el mejor modo de agrupar a los estudiantes (coeducación o educación diferenciada) ha cobrado vigencia en el panorama educativo mundial. El presente estudio procuró aportar evidencia empírica al debate mediante la comparación de la frecuencia de conductas disruptivas de estudiantes de ambos modos de agrupamiento para encontrar una eventual correlación. Se compararon las frecuencias de conductas disruptivas de ochocientos cuarenta y cuatro estudiantes de segundo de secundaria de escuelas públicas del Callao (cinco mixtas; cinco diferenciadas). Los estudiantes de escuelas diferenciadas presentaron una frecuencia menor en las tres categorías analizadas (conductas que interrumpen el estudio, de falta de responsabilidad y perturbadoras de las relaciones sociales en clase). Asimismo, se encontró una correlación débil entre cada una de las categorías y la variable «agrupamiento escolar por sexo». Se controlaron variables intervinientes.

Plusieurs études ont confirmé que certains traits de personnalité des enfants et certaines attitudes et pratiques éducatives de leurs parents constituaient des prédicteurs des comportements perturbateurs à l’adolescence. Toutefois, la majorité des recherches ont adopté un modèle postulant des relations directes et indépendantes entre ces facteurs de risque et des comportements perturbateurs. Le modèle transactionnel est plus réaliste parce qu’il postule des relations bidirectionnelles à travers le temps entre ces deux facteurs de risque. Cette étude visait à vérifier l’existence de relations bidirectionnelles entre les traits de personnalité des enfants et les attitudes parentales de leur mère mesurés à deux reprises durant l’enfance (à 6 et 7 ans), pour ensuite vérifier si les comportements perturbateurs des enfants mesurés à l’adolescence (15 ans) pouvaient être prédits par les traits de personnalité et les attitudes parentales. Les données utilisées proviennent d’une étude longitudinale prospective de 1000 garçons et 1000 filles évalués à plusieurs reprises de la maternelle à l’adolescence. Six traits de personnalité des enfants et deux attitudes parentales ont été évalués par les mères à 6 et 7 ans, alors que les diagnostics de troubles perturbateurs (trouble des conduites, trouble oppositionnel avec provocation, trouble de déficit de l’attention/hyperactivité) ont été évalués par les adolescents et les mères à 15 ans. Afin de tester les hypothèses de recherche, des analyses de cheminement (« path analysis ») multi-groupes basées sur la modélisation par équations structurales ont été utilisées. Les résultats ont confirmé la présence de relations bidirectionnelles entre les traits de personnalité de l’enfant et les attitudes parentales durant l’enfance. Toutefois, peu de relations étaient significatives et celles qui l’étaient étaient de faible magnitude. Les modèles multi-groupes ont par ailleurs confirmé la présence de relations bidirectionnelles différentes selon le sexe. En ce qui concerne la prédiction des comportements perturbateurs, de façon générale, surtout les traits de personnalité et les attitudes parentales à 6 ans (plutôt qu’à 7 ans) ont permis de les prédire. Néanmoins, peu de relations prédictives se sont avérées significatives. En somme, cette étude est une des rares à avoir démontré la présence de relations bidirectionnelles entre la personnalité de l’enfant et les attitudes parentales avec des données longitudinales. Ces résultats pourraient avoir des implications théoriques pour les modèles explicatifs des comportements perturbateurs, de même que des implications pratiques pour le dépistage des enfants à risque. / Several studies confirmed that some children’s personality traits and parental attitudes constitute risk factors of later disruptive behaviors during adolescence. However, most research has adopted a model postulating direct and independent relations between these risk factors and disruptive behaviors. The transactional model is more realistic because it postulates bidirectional relations over time between these two risk factors. Even though the transactional model is popular amongst researchers, there is in fact very little research formally demonstrating the existence of bidirectional relations with longitudinal data during childhood. This study aimed at verifying the existence of bidirectional relations between children’s personality traits and their mothers’ parental attitudes measured on two occasions during childhood (ages 6 and 7), and later verifying if individuals’ disruptive behaviors during adolescence (age 15) could be predicted by children’s personality traits and parental attitudes. The data came from a prospective longitudinal study of 1000 boys and 1000 girls assessed on various occasions from kindergarten through adolescence. Six children’s personality traits and two parental attitudes were assessed by mothers at ages 6 and 7, while the disruptive behavior diagnostics (conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) were assessed by adolescents ant their mothers at age 15. In order to test the research hypotheses, multiple-group path analyses based on structural equations modeling were used. The results confirmed the presence of bidirectional relations between children’s personality traits and parental attitudes during childhood. Nevertheless, there were few significant relations and most of them were of small size. Multiple-group models also confirmed the presence of gender-specific bidirectional relations. With regards to the prediction of disruptive behaviors, especially children’s personality traits and parental attitudes at age 6 (rather than age 7) were predictive. Nonetheless, few predictive relations turned out to be significant. Overall, this study is one of the rare to demonstrate the presence of bidirectional relations between children’s personality and parental attitudes with longitudinal data. These results could have theoretical implications for explanatory models of disruptive behaviors, as well as practical implications for early screening of children at risk.

Evidências apontam para forte relação independente entre maus tratos na infância, comportamentos disruptivos e prejuízos em funções executivas. No entanto, ainda não é completamente compreendido como estes três fatores se relacionam entre si. Esta pesquisa avaliou a relação entre maus-tratos na infância e transtornos do comportamento disruptivo, testando desempenho em funções executivas como possível mediador e moderador desta relação. A presente pesquisa está inserida no estudo \"Coorte de escolares de alto risco para o desenvolvimento de psicopatologia e resiliência na infância e adolescência - projeto Prevenção\", projeto integrante do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Infância e Adolescência (INCT-INPD), o qual incluiu 2500 crianças em idade escolar de São Paulo e Porto Alegre (Brasil). As crianças foram extensamente avaliadas com entrevistas diagnósticas, relatos de pais e da própria criança sobre maus tratos e com testes neuropsicológicos. Resultados indicam associação de maus tratos na infância e transtornos do comportamento disruptivo, porém não foi encontrada associação entre maus tratos e funções executivas. Crianças com transtornos do comportamento disruptivo apresentaram pior desempenho em teste específico para avaliação de flexibilidade cognitiva. Desempenho em funções executivas não agiu como mediador ou moderador da associação entre maus tratos e transtornos do comportamento disruptivo. Desta forma, os resultados indicam que a associação entre experiências de maus tratos e transtornos do comportamento disruptivo ocorre independentemente do desempenho em funções executivas. Futuros estudos longitudinais são fundamentais para confirmar estes resultados e elucidar os mecanismos cognitivos envolvidos nesta associação causal / Empirical evidences point to a strong independent relationship between maltreatment in childhood, disruptive behaviors and impairments in executive functions. However, how these three factors are interrelated it is not completed understood yet. This study evaluated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and disruptive behavior disorders, testing performance in executive functions as possible mediator and moderator factor in this relationship. This research is part of the study \"Cohort of high-risk students for the development of psychopathology and resilience in childhood and adolescence - Prevention Project\", a member project of the National Institute of Science and Developmental Psychiatry Technology for Children and Adolescents (INCT -INPD) in which is included 2,500 schoolchildren from São Paulo and Porto Alegre (Brazil). The children were evaluated with diagnostic interviews, reports of parents and children themselves about maltreatment and with neuropsychological tests, which included evaluation of inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility and planning. Results indicate association of childhood maltreatment and disruptive behavior disorder, but no association was found between maltreatment and executive functions. Children with Disruptive Behavior Disorders showed worse performance in specific task for assessment of cognitive flexibility. Performance in executive functions didn\'t work as a mediator or modifier variable in the association between childhood maltreatment and disruptive behavior disorder. Thus, the study results indicate that the association between experiences of maltreatment and disruptive behavior disorder occurs regardless of the performance in executive function in a community sample. Future longitudinal studies are essential to confirm these findings and elucidate the cognitive mechanisms involved on this causal association