O verbo dissociar remete à cisão ou desagregação, termos esses que no campo da saúde mental estão associados à doença e à patologia, dificilmente à saúde. O objetivo desse trabalho foi mostrar como a concepção de dissociação foi construída socialmente a partir de mecanismos da mente (a associação e a desagregação de seus elementos) que se mantiveram como denominadores comuns ao longo da história da saúde mental por meio de práticas como o xamanismo, exorcismo, magnetismo animal e a hipnose. Finalmente, ao final do século XIX e início do século XX, a medicina e a nascente psicologia valeram-se da dissociação para estudarem fenômenos como as múltiplas personalidades, a histeria e mesmo a experiência religiosa, de maneira tal que diversos investigadores pioneiros como William James, Pierre Janet, Alfred Binet, Frederic Myers, Morton Prince e outros, integraram muitos (ou todos) desses princípios em suas próprias propostas teóricas e influenciaram toda a psicologia, ao conceituarem que a mente se dividia em consciente ou inconsciente, bem como apresentava múltiplos níveis e compartimentos que podiam ser tanto cindidos e desagregados como unidos e conectados. O método utilizado na investigação foi a revisão bibliográfica e a análise foi realizada a partir da ótica crítica da psicologia social. Essa tradição de pensamento psicológico cuja base é dissociativa (enquanto processo) e hipnótica (enquanto instrumento) foi obnubilada ao longo do século XX com o surgimento de novas propostas, como o behaviorismo e a psicanálise, e, também, com a patologização à qual o fenômeno dissociativo foi exposto ao longo do século XX. O presente trabalho concluiu que o estudo da dissociação é relevante para a psicologia tanto em seus aspectos históricos como atuais, por se tratar de um fenômeno psicológico presente em diversas teorias, normal em si, mas que pode adquirir conotação saudável ou patológica dependendo do contexto a partir do qual é avaliado. Por fim, concluiu também que a hipnose pode ser um valioso instrumento clínico que merece ser reintegrado à psicologia / Dissociate refers to splitting or disintegrating, terms that in the field of mental health usually refer to disease and pathology, hardly to health. The objective of this work was to show how the conception of dissociation was socially constructed through mechanisms of the mind (the association and the disintegration of its elements) that have remained common denominators throughout the history of mental health through practices such as shamanism, exorcism, animal magnetism and hypnosis. Finally, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, medicine and newborn psychology drew on dissociation to study phenomena such as multiple personalities, hysteria, and even religious experience, so that pioneering scholars such as William James, Pierre Janet, Alfred Binet, Frederic Myers, Morton Prince and others, integrated many (or all) of these principles into their own theoretical proposals and influenced all psychology by conceptualizing that the mind was divided into conscious or unconscious, levels and compartments that could be both spun-off and disaggregated as united and connected. The method used in the research was the bibliographical review and the analysis was carried out from the critical perspective of social psychology. This tradition of psychological thinking, whose basis is dissociative (as a process) and hypnotic (as an instrument) was obnubilated throughout the twentieth century with the emergence of new proposals, such as behaviorism and psychoanalysis, and also with the pathologization to which the dissociative phenomenon was exposed throughout the 20th century. The present study concluded that the study of dissociation is relevant for psychology in both its historical and current aspects, since it is a psychological phenomenon present in several theories, normal in itself, but which can acquire a healthy or pathological connotation depending on the context from which it is evaluated. Finally, he concluded that hypnosis can be a valuable clinical tool that deserves to be reintegrated into psychology

Choy, Man Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-123). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Title Page --- p.1 / Abstract (English) --- p.2 / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.3 / Acknowledgement --- p.4 / Declaration --- p.5 / Table of Content --- p.6 / Lists of Figures --- p.9 / Lists of Tables --- p.12 / List of Schemes --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction / Historical perspective and overview of tandem mass spectrometry for structural biochemistry --- p.14 / Electrospray ionization (ESI) --- p.15 / Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- History of FTICR --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Theory of FTICR --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4 --- Sequencing of DNA fragments --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Conventional and mass spectrometric sequencing techniques --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Fragment-ion nomenclature --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Tandem mass spectrometry of oligonucleotide ions --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Electron capture dissociation of oligonucleotide ions --- p.31 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline of the present work --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Instrument and Experimental / Chapter 2.1 --- Instrumentation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Vacuum system --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Nanospray ion source --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Ion Transfer system --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Infinity cell --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Electron emission source --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experimental section --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Simple acquisition pulse program --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- ECD pulse program --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Production of Doubly-prontonated Oligonucleotide ions using Nanospray Ionization / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental and instrumental section --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Instrumentation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effect of the concentration of ammonium formate --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Effects of the anionic pair of the ammonium salts --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effects of solvent composition --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effects of analyte concentration --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Electron Capture Dissociation of Model Oligonucleotides / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental and instrumental section --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Instrumentation --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Method of calculations --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "ECD of d(CCCCC), d(CCAAC), d(CCTTC) and d(CCGGC)" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- General features --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Protonated nucleobases and nucleoside-like fragments --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Doubly-charged fragment ions --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Theoretical calculation of electron capture affinities of common functionalities in oligonucleotides --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Electron capture dissociation of C/T binary-based oligonucleotides --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- "ECD of d(CTCTC), d(TCCCT) and d(CTTTC)" --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- ECD of d(CCCCT) and d(TCCCC) --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Mechanistic implications --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.99 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Electron Capture Dissociation of a Series of G/T Binary Base of Oligonucleotides / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experimental and instrumental section --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Materials --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Instrumentation --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Electron capture dissociation of d(GGGGG) --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Electron capture dissociation of G/T binary-based oligonucleotides --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- "ECD of d(GTGTG), d(GTTTG) and d(TGGGT)" --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- ECD of d(GGGGT) and d(TGGGG) --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Mechanistic implications --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Conclusion Remarks --- p.118 / References --- p.120 / Appendix A --- p.124 / Appendix B --- p.127

In 2005, over 200,000 Americans underwent a hip arthroplasty, the replacement of a hip joint with an artificial prosthesis. Of these arthroplasties, metal-on-metal type implants represent an increasing usage percentage. Metal-on-metal implants are selected largely for their low volumetric wear rate, durability, and resistance to corrosion. In spite of these advantages, little is known concerning the long-term consequences of heavy metal alloy use in the body, although early research indicates potentially carcinogenic results. This thesis is a preliminary investigation into these long term effects and their root causes. An improved comprehension of the corrosion kinetics and the rate of ion production from the high surface energy wear debris released by implant articulation can assist in illustrating the relative clinical significance of exposure to these metallic bodies over time. This thesis primarily focuses on developing a test methodology for the detection and analysis of ion dissociation in simulated body fluids. In order to validate this test methodology, the ion dissociation rates and surface characteristics of several predetermined diameters of cobalt chromium alloy spherical particles were analyzed. The effect of changing particle diameter, and thus surface area to volume ratio, on ion dissociation rate was determined to be significant when not affected by localized agglomeration. Additionally, preferential corrosion of cobalt within individual grains was observed and correlated to elevated cobalt concentrations in the electrolyte. These results suggest that ion dissociation kinetics for true wear particles can be determined through the refinement and application of the methodology developed.

Therapeutic antibodies dominate the pharmaceutical market and improve the lives of millions of people annually. One important step when developing new medicines is to kinetically characterise the drug candidates. For antibodies this is difficult since many antibody reactions are extremely slow. By combining a mathematical formula that was recently published with the well-established technology from Gyros Protein Technologies, a new method for full kinetic characterization was developed and tested in this master thesis. The method provided precise data for five antibodies while also proving to be highly reproducible. By using small sample volumes, unlabelled reagents and having the reaction proceed in solution, this method offers advantages compared to many conventional approaches.

Essa tese é dedicada ao estudo do romance Essa Terra, do escritor Antônio Torres, que dramatiza o conflito entre as expectativas positivas em relação ao progresso e o modo como este se impõe com violência gerando crises agudas, sofrimento, loucura e morte. O desfecho da trajetória de Nelo, personagem que depois de vinte anos vivendo em São Paulo retorna à terra natal e se suicida, suscita uma série de indagações acerca do sentido do processo social do qual a migração é momento. Mais do que uma leitura temática, propomos examinar na construção formal do romance alguns aspectos que lhe imprimem uma configuração trágica, e permitem apreender a complexidade da experiência que ele formaliza, bem como os vínculos dessa experiência com um processo mais geral de formação da sociabilidade capitalista, considerando a particularidade que esse processo assume na formação nacional brasileira. Esse exame se concentra nas estratégias narrativas mobilizadas para a construção da trama, identificando e acompanhando um movimento gradual de aproximação do narrador Totonhim com os personagens do irmão, do pai e da mãe, por meio do qual podemos reconhecer a posição implicada do personagem que narra, de modo a redimensionar os conflitos que ele apresenta a partir da posição fixa dos outros personagens e daquilo que eles personificam. Esse movimento permite abarcar o modo como os personagens vivenciam esses conflitos tanto externa quanto internamente, configurando uma experiência que podemos reconhecer como trágica à medida que recompomos os vínculos entre sua dimensão pessoal e social. Destacamos, em especial, a presença da culpa para examinar de que modo o romance dramatiza a constituição fetichista do sujeito moderno, ao mesmo tempo dotado e destituído de autonomia, aspecto que nos parece decisivo para apreender a especificidade da forma de dominação capitalista e da experiência trágica que nos é contemporânea. / This thesis studied the novel Essa Terra, written by Antonio Torres, which dramatizes the conflict between positive expectations regarding progress and the violent way it imposes itself, creating sharp crises, suffering, craziness and death. The outcome of Nelo\'s path, a character who after had lived twenty years in São Paulo city returns back home and commits suicide, raises a series of issues around the meaning of the social process of which migration is a moment. Rather than a thematic understanding of the novel, we proposed ourselves to examine, regarding its formal construction, some aspects that impress a tragic configuration to it and allow us to grasp the complex experience it formalizes, as the relations between this experience and the more general process of the capitalist society formation. To do that we have also to consider the particularities in the process of the Brazilian national formation. This examination concentrates itself in the narrative strategies that are mobilized to construct the plot. Thus we identified and followed a gradual movement of approximation of the narrator Totonhim with the characters of his brother, father and mother, through which we can grasp the involved position of the character that narrates the story, in such a manner that allows us to reframe the conflicts that he presents in relation with the fixed position of the \"other\" characters and from that that they represents. This movement allows us to grasp the way the characters experience these conflicts, either externally either internally speaking, creating an experience we can recognize as tragical, as soon as we find the links between its personal and its social dimensions. We highlight, with special emphasis, the presence of guiltiness to examine how the novel dramatizes the fetishist constitution of the modern subject, at the same time this subject has and does not have autonomy, a determinant aspect for us to be able to grasp the specificity of the capitalist form of domination and the tragical experience that is contemporary to us.

The chief aim of this dissertation was to establish the respective contributions of automatic and intentional memory processes to misinformation effects in 5-, 8-, and 9-year-old children. In the first two experiments children were presented with a picture story followed by misleading post-event details that were either read to participants, or were self-generated in response to semantic and perceptual hints. Children were then presented with original and suggested items and given a yes / no recognition test under inclusion or exclusion instructions. The application of Jacoby’s (1991) process dissociation procedure to children’s recognition performance revealed that the contribution of intentional processing to misinformation acceptance increased following the self-generation of suggestions. Automatic processing made a strong contribution to misinformation effects regardless of the way that misinformation was encoded. Experiment 3 extended this general pattern of results to a forced choice recognition paradigm. Experiment 4 examined the role of social demand factors in children’s suggestibility using Belli’s (1989) yes / no retrieval paradigm. Little evidence of an influence of social demand on children’s suggestible responses was found with automatic processes again the predominant factor determining suggestibility. In the final experiment, the temporal order of the original and post-event phases was reversed such that 5-year-olds were initially presented with a post-event summary containing misinformation, followed by a witnessed event. The results of this study confirmed that children’s suggestions were unlikely to be the result of trace alteration or social demand. The implications of the findings for theoretical accounts of the misinformation effect in children’s recognition and for children’s eyewitness testimony are discussed. / PhD Doctorate

Cognitive scientists seeking a computational account of consciousness almost universally opt for a process theory of some kind: a theory that explains phenomenal experience in terms of the computational processes defined over the brain's representational vehicles. But until recently cognitive science has been dominated by the classical computational theory of mind. Today there is a new player on the scene, connectionism, which takes its inspiration from a computational framework known as parallel distributed processing (PDP). It is therefore appropriate to ask whether connectionism has anything distinctive to say about consciousness, and in particular, whether it might challenge the dominance of process theories. I argue that connectionism has the resources to hazard a vehicle theory of consciousness. A vehicle theory places consciousness right at the focus of cognition by identifying it with the explicit representation of information in the brain. Classicism can't support such a theory because it is committed to the existence of explicit representations whose contents are not phenomenally conscious. The connectionist vehicle theory of consciousness aligns phenomenal experience with stable patterns of activation in neurally realised PDP networks. It suggests that consciousness is an amalgam of phenomenal elements, both sensory and non-sensory, and the product of a multitude of consciousness-making mechanisms scattered throughout the brain. This somewhat unorthodox picture is supported, I claim, by careful analysis of experience, and by the evidence of the neurosciences. One obstacle facing this account is the apparent evidence, both direct and indirect, for the activity of unconscious explicit representations in human cognition. I establish that much of the direct evidence for this thesis is open to doubt on methodological grounds. And studies that support the dissociation thesis indirectly, by way of an inference to the best explanation, are vulnerable to alternative connectionist explanations of the relevant phenomena. What is most significant about the connectionist vehicle theory of consciousness is not the fact that it's a connectionist theory of consciousness, but that it's a vehicle theory - an account which takes cognitive science into largely unexplored territory, but in so doing brings into clearer focus the issues with which any theory of consciousness must contend. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Philosophy, 1998.

Ce travail a étudié les compétences en Théorie de l'esprit (TDE) de patients présentent un dysfonctionnement frontal. L'objectif ici était de venir confronter les résultats des nombreuses études réalisées en psychopathologie ou en imagerie cérébrale, chez le sujet sain, à la réalité clinique du patient cérébrolésé. Dans cette perspective, nous avons conduit plusieurs travaux auprès de différentes populations neurologiques (patients traumatisés crâniens graves, malades de Huntungton, patients porteurs de lésions frontales focales) afin d'analyser l'impact des lésions frontales sur cette compétence socio-cognitive que l'on sait jouer un rôle primordial dans l'adaptation sociale. Dans les trois études proposées, les résultats ont objectivé des difficultés dans la compréhension des états mentaux d'autrui pour toutes les populations étudiées. Par contres, il est apparu des dissociations de performances au sein du groupe de patients frontaux focaux, certains malades se montrant aussi performants que les sujets constituants les différentes populations contrôles. L'analyse des variables exécutives n'a pas permis d'expliquer ces différences. L'analyse lésionnelle a montré une relation entre des lésions des régions orbitaires et latérales (paraventriculaire et supraventriculaire) et de faibles performances en tâche de TDE pour le test de pathographies des regards (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001). L'analyse effectuée pour la tâche d'attribution d'intention à autrui (Sarfati et al., 1997) a souligné une implication des structures médianes droites. Les analyses de la latéralité lésionnelle n'ont cependant pas permis de conclure quant à un effet péjoratif des lésions droites sur les compétences droites en TDE.

<p>Dissociation dynamics of the ionized molecules HCl and the deuterated system DCl has been studied in gas-phase using synchrotron based photoelectron spectroscopy (PES).</p><p>The inner-valence "(4σ)^-1" photoionization band for DCl and HCl was recorded using maximum resolution in order to probe an interference pattern between a dissociative and a bound electronic state. For HCl⁺, we clearly observed distorted Fano-type peaks even for modest resolution, whereas for DCl⁺, the pattern was hardly discernible. The observation in HCl⁺ has been explained by a coupling between two adiabatic electronic states, where the bound state was populated through non-adiabatic curve-crossing. The nuclear motion of HCl⁺ is too fast for the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to be fully valid in this case. Whereas for DCl⁺, with larger reduced mass and therefore slower nuclear motion, the non-adiabatic coupling is less pronounced, and the vibrational progression vanishes.</p><p>A comparative study between PES and threshold photoelectron spectra (TPES) of the inner-valence bands of HCl and DCl has been performed, showing differences in intensities and shapes of the vibrational bands. These differences were attributed to the fact that the sudden approximation, which can be assumed to be valid for PES, is violated in the case of TPES.</p><p>A resonant Auger electron spectroscopy study of HCl and DCl has been performed, which shows an interference pattern between atomic and molecular Auger- and photoelectron channels. The atomic features are associated with ultra-fast dissociation of the molecules, on the same time scale as the Auger decay. The observation shows that the excited molecular system has to be regarded as a superposition of fragmented and molecular states.</p><p>A study of the <i>X</i>-state of HCl⁺, populated via a core-excited state, shows a selective population of the final state. The explanation was shown to be that the magnetic orientation of the core-hole is transferred to the final state of the molecule.</p><p>A setup for data acquisition of Photo-Electron Photo-Ion Photo-Ion COincidence (PEPIPICO) measurements using a Time-Of-Flight (TOF) spectrometer has been developed. A Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) card has been linked together with the data treatment program Igor as a user interface. Furthermore, the PEPIPICO spectrometer has been characterized to provide a solid basis for the analysis of experimental data.</p>

<p>The work in this thesis has demonstrated the advantages and limitations of using MS based technologies in protein and peptide structural studies. </p><p>Tandem MS, specifically electron capture dissociation (ECD) have shown the ability to provide structural insights in molecules containing the slightest of all modifications (D-AA substitution). Additionally, it can be concluded that charge localization in molecular ions is best identified with ECD and to a lesser degree using CAD. </p><p>Fragment ion abundances are a quantifiable tool providing chiral recognition (R_Chiral). An analytical model demonstrating the detection and quantification of D-AAs within proteins and peptides has been achieved. ECD has demonstrated the ability to quantify stereoisomeric mixtures to as little as 1%. Chirality elucidation on a nano LC-MS/MS time scale has been shown. </p><p>The structures of various stereoisomers of the mini protein Trp Cage were explored, each providing unique ECD fragment ion abundances suggestive of gas phase structural differences. The uniqueness of these abundances combined with MDS data have been used in proposing a new mechanism in c and z fragment ion formation in ECD. This mechanism suggests initial electron capture on a backbone amide involved in (neutral) hydrogen bonding.</p><p>The wealth of solution phase (circular dichroism), transitition phase (charge state distribution, CSD) and gas phase (ECD) data for Trp Cage suggest that at low charge states (2+) the molecule has a high degree of structural similarity in solution- and gas- phases. Furthermore, quantitative information from CSD studies is garnered when using a “native” deuteriated form as part of the stereoisomeric mixture. It has also been shown that the stability of the reduced species after electron capture is indicative of the recombination energy release, which in turn is linked to the coulombic repulsion- a structural constraint that can be used for approximation of the inter-charge distance for various stereoisomers.</p>