Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-08T12:52:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) teseCinLeandro.pdf: 1316077 bytes, checksum: 61e762c7526a38a80ecab8f5c7769a47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T12:52:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) teseCinLeandro.pdf: 1316077 bytes, checksum: 61e762c7526a38a80ecab8f5c7769a47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-18 / Um intervalo é um tipo de dado complexo usado na agregação de informações ou na representação de dados imprecisos. Este trabalho apresenta duas novas representações para intervalos com o objetivo de se construir novos métodos de agrupamento e regressão linear para este tipo de dado. O agrupamento por nuvens dinâmicas define partições nos dados e associa protótipos a cada uma destas partições. Os protótipos resumem a informação das partições e são usados na minimização de um critério que depende de uma distância, responsável por quantificar a proximidade entre instâncias e protótipos. Neste sentido, propõe-se a formulação de uma nova distância híbrida entre intervalos baseando-se em distâncias para pontos. Os pontos utilizados são obtidos dos intervalos através de um mapeamento. Também são propostas duas versões com pesos para a distância criada: uma com pesos no hibridismo e outra com pesos adaptativos. Na regressão linear, propõe-se a representação dos intervalos através da equação paramétrica da reta. Esta parametrização permite o ajuste dos pontos nas variáveis regressoras que dão as melhores estimativas para os limites da variável resposta. Antes da realização da regressão, um critério é calculado para a verificação da coerência matemática da predição, na qual o limite superior deve ser maior ou igual ao inferior. Se o critério mostra que a coerência não é garantida, propõe-se a aplicação de uma transformação sobre a variável resposta. Assim, este trabalho também propõe algumas transformações que podem ser aplicadas a dados intervalares, no contexto de regressão. Dados sintéticos e reais são utilizados para comparar os métodos provenientes das representações propostas e aqueles presentes na literatura. / An interval is a complex data type used in the information aggregation or in the representation of imprecise data. This work presents two new representations of intervals in order to construct a new cluster method and a new linear regression method for this kind of data. Dynamic clustering defines partitions into the data and it defines prototypes associated with each one of these partitions. The prototypes summarize the information about the partitions and they are used in a minimization criterion which depends on a distance, which is responsible for quantifying the proximity between instances and prototypes. In this way, it is proposed a new hybrid distance between intervals based on a family of distances between points. Points are obtained from the interval through a mapping. Also, it is proposed two versions of the hybrid distance, both with weights: one with weights in hybridism and other with adaptive weights. In linear regression, it is proposed to represent the intervals through the parametric equation of the line. This parametrization allows to find the set of points in the regression variables corresponding to the best estimates for the response variable limits. Before the regression construction, a criterion is computed to verify the mathematical consistency of prediction, where the upper limit must be greater than or equal to the lower. If the test shows that consistency is not guaranteed, then the application proposes a transformation of the response variable. Therefore, this work also proposes some transformations that can be applied to interval data in the regression context. Synthetic and real data are used to compare the proposed methods and those one proposed on literature.

Para um espaço localmente compacto de Hausdorff K e um espaço de Banach X, denotamos por C0(K,X) o espaço de todas as funções a valores em X contínuas sobre K que se anulam no infinito, munido da norma do supremo. No espírito do clássico teorema de Banach-Stone 1937, estabelecemos que se C0(K1,X) é isomorfo a C0(K2,X), onde X é um espaço de Banach de cotipo finito e tal que X é separável ou X* tem a propriedade de Radon-Nikodým, então ou K1 e K2 são ambos finitos ou K1 e K2 tem a mesma cardinalidade. Trata-se de uma extensão vetorial de um resultado de Cengiz 1978, o caso escalar X = R ou X = C. Demonstramos também que se K1 e K2 são intervalos compactos de ordinais e X é um espaço de Banach de cotipo finito, então a existência de um isomorfismo T de C(K1,X) em C(K2,X) com ||T||||T-1|| < 3 implica que uma certa soma topológica finita de K1 é homeomorfa a alguma soma topológica finita de K2. Mais ainda, se Xn não contém subespaço isomorfo a Xn+1 para todo n &isin; N, então K1 é homeomorfo a K2. Em outras palavras, obtemos um teorema tipo Banach-Stone vetorial que é uma extensão de um teorema de Gordon de 1970 e ao mesmo tempo uma extensão de um teorema de Behrends e Cambern de 1988. Mostramos que se existe um isomorfismo T de C(K1) em um subespaço de C(K2,X) com ||T||||T-1|| < 3, então a cardinalidade do &alpha;-ésimo derivado de K2 ou é finita ou é maior do que a cardinalidade do &alpha;-ésimo derivado de K1, para todo ordinal &alpha;. Em seguida, seja n um inteiro positivo, &Gamma; um conjunto infinito munido da topologia discreta e X um espaço de Banach de cotipo finito. Estabelecemos que se o n-ésimo derivado de K for não vazio, então a distância de Banach-Mazur entre C0(K,X) e C0(&Gamma;,X) é maior ou igual a 2n + 1. Também demonstramos que para quaisquer inteiros positivos n e k, a distância de Banach-Mazur entre C([1,&omega;nk],X) e C0(N,X) é exatamente 2n+1. Estes resultados fornecem extensões vetoriais para alguns teoremas de Cambern de 1970. Para um ordinal enumerável &alpha;, denotando por C(&alpha;) o espaço de Banach das funções contínuas no intervalo de ordinal [1, &alpha;], obtemos cotas superiores H(n, k) e cotas inferiores G(n, k) para as distâncias de Banach-Mazur entre os espaços C(&omega;) e C(&omega;nk), 1 < n, k < &omega;, verificando H(n, k) - G(n, k) < 2. Estas estimativas fornecem uma resposta para uma questão de Bessaga e Peczynski de 1960 sobre as distâncias de Banach-Mazur entre C(&omega;) e cada um dos espaços C(&alpha;), &omega;<&alpha;<&omega;&omega;. / For a locally compact Hausdorff space K and a Banach space X, we denote by C0(K,X) the space of X-valued continuous functions on K which vanish at infinity, endowed with the supremum norm. In the spirit of the classical 1937 Banach-Stone theorem, we prove that if C0(K1,X) is isomorphic to C0(K2,X), where X is a Banach space having finite cotype and such that X is separable or X* has the Radon-Nikodým property, then either K1 and K2 are finite or K1 and K2 have the same cardinality. It is a vector-valued extension of a 1978 Cengiz result, the scalar case X = R or X = C. We also prove that if K1 and K2 are compact ordinal spaces and X is Banach space having finite cotype, then the existence of an isomorphism T from C(K1,X) onto C(K2,X) with ||T||||T-1|| < 3 implies that some finite topological sum of K1 is homeomorphic to some finite topological sum of K2. Moreover, if Xn contains no subspace isomorphic to Xn+1 for every n &isin; N, then K1 is homeomorphic to K2. In other words, we obtain a vector-valued Banach-Stone theorem which is an extension of a 1970 Gordon theorem and at same time an improvement of a 1988 Behrends and Cambern theorem. We show that if there is an embedding T of a C(K1) into C(K2,X) with ||T||||T-1|| < 3, then the cardinality of the &alpha;-th derivative of K2 is either finite or greater than the cardinality of the &alpha;-th derivative of K1, for every ordinal &alpha;. Next, let n be a positive integer, &Gamma; an infinite set with the discrete topology and X is a Banach space having finite cotype. We prove that if the n-th derivative of K is not empty, then the Banach Mazur distance between C0(K,X) and C0(&Gamma;,X) is greater than or equal to 2n + 1. Thus, we also show that for every positive integers n and k, the Banach Mazur distance between C([1,&omega;nk],X) and C0(N,X) is exactly 2n+1. These results provide vector-valued versions of some 1970 Cambern theorems. For a countable ordinal &alpha;, writing C(&alpha;) for the Banach space of continuous functions on the interval of ordinal [1, &alpha;], we give lower bounds H(n, k) and upper bounds G(n, k) on the Banach- Mazur distances between C(&omega;) and C(&omega;nk), 1 < n, k < &omega;, such that H(n, k) - G(n, k) < 2. These estimates provide an answer to a 1960 Bessaga and Peczynski question on the Banach-Mazur distances between C(&omega;) and each of the C(&alpha;) spaces, &omega;<&alpha;<&omega;&omega;.

Au cours de ce travail, une série de plateformes constituées d'un espaceur central connecté à deux complexes de MnII à haut spin a été synthétisée. De nombreux ligands ont été étudiés et greffés sur un ensemble d'espaceurs de longueur variant entre 1,5 et 5,5 nm. La distance Mn-Mn a été mesurée avec succès par résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) impulsionnelle à haut champ en utilisant la méthode PELDOR (Pulsed Electron-Electron Double Resonance). L'emploi de complexes de MnII avec de faibles valeurs d'éclatement en champ nul (ECN) a permis d'améliorer la sensibilité de cette méthode. Pour les plateformes constituées d'un espaceur polyproline, un bon accord a été observé entre la distribution de la distance Mn-Mn obtenue par PELDOR et par dynamique moléculaire, mais des composantes plus courtes dans la distribution ont été détectées pour certains paramètres expérimentaux. Ces observations ont été rationalisées en tenant compte du terme pseudo-séculaire de l'Hamiltonien dipolaire, non négligeable pour les systèmes étudiés où les spins observés et détectés sont similaires. Lorsqu'un espaceur rigide est employé, l'interaction pseudo-séculaire est bien plus marquée, ce qui se traduit par une distribution de distances plus large que prévu par la dynamique moléculaire. L'étude de nouveaux centres paramagnétiques pour la méthode PELDOR comme les radicaux trityl persistants a également été entreprise. Le tenseur g de ces radicaux a été déterminé avec précision par RPE à haut champ en utilisant MnII comme référence. Des calculs de DFT (Density Functional Theory) ont été effectués pour comprendre la relation entre la structure et le spectre RPE de ces radicaux trityl. / In this work, the synthesis of a set of platforms that incorporate a central linker of varying length connected to two high-spin MnII complexes has been performed. Several ligands were screened and efficient synthetic methodologies were developed to graft them on various spacers covering the 1.5 – 5.5 nm range. The Mn-Mn distance has been successfully measured using high-field pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, more precisely pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR). We showed that the use of MnII complexes with low zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters led to an improved sensitivity. For flexible polyproline-based platforms, distances and distribution profiles obtained with PELDOR were in good agreement with molecular dynamics (MD) estimations, but additional features in the distance distributions could be observed under specific conditions. These finding were rationalized by taking into account the pseudo-secular term of the dipolar Hamiltonian, which was found to be non-negligible for the studied platforms, where pumped and detected spins are very similar. When the linker was rigid, the influence of the pseudo-secular interaction was much more prominent, leading to distance profiles with a higher width than predicted by MD calculations. Other emergent spin labels for pulsed EPR-based distance measurements such as persistent substituted trityl radicals were studied and their g-tensor was accurately measured using high-field EPR with MnII as an internal reference. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to understand the relationship between the structure and the EPR properties of the studied trityl radicals.

Le décalage vers le rouge est la principale mesure par laquelle les astronomes peuvent cartographier l’Univers dans la direction radiale. Afin de tester les hypothèses d’homogénéité et d’isotropie, il est nécessaire de mesurer avec precision le décalage vers le rouge d’un grand nombre de galaxies. De plus, différents modèles cosmologiques ne peuvent être distingués qu’au travers d’une analyse précise des structures à grandes échelles tracées par ces galaxies. Pour obtenir un grand nombre de ces mesures, il est nécessaire de mener d'importantes campagnes d’observations pour établir des relevés couvrant une large portion du ciel. Ces mesures trouvent aussi d’autres applications en astronomie comme par exemple l’analyse du cisaillement gravitationnel, la calibration des mesures photométriques, l’étude des halos de matière noire, de la morphologie des galaxies, des structures à grandes échelles et de la distribution des galaxies.Dans tous les relevés de galaxies, les mesures les plus problématiques sont pour les objets de plus faible luminosité, où le bruit instrumental devient gênant, et qui se trouvent être en général les objets les plus lointains. Pour ces objets, les mesures de décalages vers le rouge peuvent souvent devenir imprécise et, la plupart du temps, elles sont simplement exclues de l’analyse en appliquant des coupures en magnitudes ou en rapport signal à bruit. Cette procédure est une méthode brutale pour séparer les mesures probablement imprécises des mesures fiables.Dans cette thèse, nous développons un algorithme permettant la mesure du décalage vers le rouge des spectres de galaxies dans le regime de faible rapport signal à bruit. La première partie de cette thèse présente les différents concepts relatifs à l’estimation du décalage vers le rouge et au débruitrage de signaux par transformation en ondelettes et filtrage par taux de fausse détection (False Detection Rate, FDR en anglais). La seconde partie détaille comment ces concepts sont mis à contribution dans l’élaboration de l’algorithme Darth Fader (Denoised and Automatic Redshifts THresholded with a False DEtection Rate). Enfin, la dernière partie présente l’application de cet algorithme à des données synthétiques générées à partir du COSMOS Mock Catalogue, mais aussi sur des données réelles tirées du relevé WiggleZ.Nous montrons que Darth Fader fonctionne efficacement à bas rapport signal à bruit étant donné un choix approprié du taux de fausse détection et d’un critère de comptage de traits caractéristiques judicieux. Nous montrons aussi que Darth Fader permet d’éliminer le continuum des spectres à bas rapport signal à bruit, ce qui rend possible l’estimation du décalage vers le rouge par corrélation croisée. Enfin, nous montrons sur des spectres de test issues du relevé WiggleZ que notre algorithme est capable d’analyser une part importante du relevé de façon autonome avec une haute précision, sans nécessiter d'inspection visuelle (alors que les données WiggleZ ont à l’origine été entièrement soumises à l’inspection visuelle). En conclusion, Darth Fader est un algorithme prometteur pour l’analyse des grands relevés de galaxies, en particulier pour exploiter les objets à faible rapport signal à bruit qui sont habituellement simplement ignorés. / Summary: Redshift is the primary measure by which astronomers can map the Universe in the radial direction. In order to test the assumptions of homogeneity and isotropy, accurate redshifts of galaxies are needed, and for a great many of them. Additionally different cosmological models can only be distinguished by careful observations of the large scale structure traced by these galaxies. Large sky surveys are the only mechanism by which redshifts for a large number of galaxies can be obtained. Accurate redshift estimation is additionally required for many other fields of astronomy including but not limited to: weak lensing, studies of dark matter haloes, galaxy morphology studies, chemical evolution studies, photometric calibration, and studies of large scale structure and galaxy clustering.Problems exist in all surveys at the dim limit of observation, which usually corresponds to the higher redshift objects in the survey, where noise becomes problematic. Magnitude or signal-to-noise ratio cuts are often employed in order to eliminate potentially troublesome objects; such a procedure is a blunt tool for separating good redshift candidates from ones likely to be inaccurate.In this thesis we develop an algorithm to tackle redshift estimation of galaxy spectra in the low signal-to-noise regime. The first part of this thesis introduces the concepts of denoising, particularly False Detection Rate denoising, wavelet transforms and redshift estimation algorithms. The second part details how these concepts are united into the Darth Fader (Denoised and Automatic Redshifts THresholded with a FAlse DEtection Rate) algorithm. The final parts of this thesis apply the algorithm both to idealised synthetic data generated from the COSMOS Mock Catalogue, and to a subset of real data from the WiggleZ survey.We show that Darth Fader can operate effectively at low signal-to-noise given an appropriate choice of FDR parameter for denoising, and an appropriate feature-counting criterion. We also show that Darth Fader can remove the continua of spectra effectively at low signal-to-noise for the purposes of redshift estimation by cross-correlation. Additionally we show from tests on spectra from the WiggleZ survey that our algorithm has the ability to process a substantial subset of that data without the need for visual inspection (to which the entire WiggleZ spectral survey has been subjected), and to a high degree of accuracy. We conclude that the Darth Fader algorithm has potential to be used in large-sky survey pipelines, particularly where signal-to-noise is expected to be poor.

Lors des réponses immunitaires, les lymphocytes B diversifient leur répertoire par l’hypermutation somatique (HMS) et la commutation isotypique (CI). Ces deux mécanismes sont dépendant de l’activité de « activation-induced cytidine deaminase » (AID), une enzyme qui déamine les cytosines de l’ADN en uraciles générant des mésappariements qui sont processés différemment dans le cas de l’HMS et de la CI. Au cours de la CI, le locus de la chaîne lourde des immunoglobulines subit un changement de conformation qui rapproche les promoteurs, les enhancers et les régions de switch afin de permettre la recombinaison des régions de switch. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents n’ont pas encore été identifié. Dans le but de comprendre les mécanismes de régulation d’AID, nous avons réalisé un criblage protéomique et identifié CTCF ainsi que les complexes médiateur et cohésine qui constituent des facteurs préalablement impliqués dans les interactions longues distances. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous avons montré que le complexe médiateur est requis pour la transcription de la région de switch acceptrice, pour l’interaction de cette dernière avec l’enhancer Eµ et pour le recrutement d’AID au locus des IgH. D’un autre côté, nous avons montré que le complexe cohésine est impliqué dans la réparation des cassures induites par AID et qu’il pourrait être impliqué dans la recombinaison des régions de switch. / During immune responses, B cells diversify their repertoire through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). Both of these mechanisms are dependent on the activity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an enzyme that deaminates cytosines into uracils generating mismatches that are differentially processed to result in SHM and CSR. During CSR, the Ig heavy chain (IgH) locus undergoes dynamic three-dimensional structural changes in which promoters, enhancers and switch regions are brought into close proximity. Nevertheless, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism responsible for AID regulation during CSR, we performed a proteomic screen for AID partners and identified CTCF, cohesin and mediator complexes, which are factors previously implicated in long-range interactions. We showed that during CSR, the mediator complex is required for acceptor switch region transcription, long-range interaction between the enhancer and the acceptor switch region and AID recruitment to the IgH locus whereas the cohesin complex is required for proper AID-induced breaks repair and might favor switch regions synapsis.

Red deer males aggregate for a major part of a year to bachelor groups. Social position - Rank - is unstable in these groups. Previous experiments revealed that rank modulated by agonistic behaviour influences antler growth and antler cycle timing. Antlers are secondary sexual characteristics of the deer family and one of the fastest growing tissue in the vertebrate taxa. Their development is modulated by androgenic hormone, testosterone. In our experiment, we observed agonistic behaviour of 19 males. They were equipped with GPS collars and regularly handled for blood samples and downloading of telemetrical data. Based on statistical analysis, we found that in our bachelor group 13 stags kept similar interindividual distances which did not exceed 22 metres ("Closest associates"), whereas the rest of the group moved tens of metres away ("Wanderers"). In regard to the number of agonistic interactions and the interindividual relationship, which arose from that, we divided the bachelor group on "Friends" (˂9 interactions) and "Rivals" (≥9). We found that the number of interactions depended on average distance among males in groups divided by dyadic relationship ("Friends" and "Rivals"). With increasing distance, "Rivals" increased the number of interactions, while "Friends" did not show this trend....

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / I combine 610 MHz Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) data, 1.4 GHz Very Large Array (VLA) data and 1.4 GHz Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) observations, encompassing a ∼ 4 square degree field (sq. deg. field) centred on the verification strip of the Spitzer First Look Survey (FLS) field (RA = 17h18m00s, Dec = 59◦30′30′′), to study radio sources down to fluxes of about 0.1 mJy. The results of an analysis of a sample of 107 multi-component radio sources obtained by cross-correlating the VLA and GMRT catalogues are shown. The spectral index analysis shows that the majority of multi-component sources are steep-spectrum sources. Nevertheless the spread in the spectral distribution is wide, with a significant number of ultrasteep,flat or inverted sources. By cross-correlating 107 multi-component radio sources with the optical catalogues of Marleau et al. (2007) and Papovich et al. (2006), 23 objects were identified and spectroscopically classified as galaxies. Some of them are classified as star-forming or star-burst galaxies, perhaps indicating that AGN and starformation activity are ongoing in the same galaxy. The measured redshifts span the range 0 < z < 1.8 and peak at z ∼ 0.2. According to their radio power (P), 6 of the identified objects are in the range of FR II sources (P1.4GHz > 1024.5W/Hz) while 17 are in the range of FR I sources (P1.4GHz < 1024.5W/Hz). Most of the sources having P1.4GHz < 1024.5W/Hz are compact and few are extended and peculiar, while all sources in the range of P1.4GHz > 1024.5W/Hz are extended. Further optical followup is recommended to allow a more complete census of the sub-mJy population and more information on AGN feedback from such sources.

The purpose of this research study is to identify student conceptions about the size, distance, and age of various objects associated with space science. After reviewing the literature related to this study, there seems to be a need for continued research at the high school level in the field of astronomy conceptualization.

Difficulties with the integration of foreign born and especially refugees in the Swedish labor market have further strengthened unemployment in the country. Unemployment is a macroeconomic problem with the fact that it leads to loss of tax revenues and lower productivity which negatively affects a country's growth. Unemployment varies within counties and among population groups of municipalities in Sweden. This is problematic as it creates economic inequality between population groups and municipalities. It also creates social contexts meaning that some areas become resource-strong while others are resource-weak. This has a negative effect on economic welfare in the country. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the persistently high unemployment rate among foreign-born in Sweden`s municipalities can be explained by differences in municipal characteristics regarding human capital, cultural distances, and wage levels. Methods used for the study is the fixed effects regression models using a panel data of 290 individuals (all municipalities in Sweden) during the period 2009-2018. Statistical analyzes using figures and tables have been used as well.  The study is based on human capital theory, social capital theory and theory of segregation. The results have shown that human capital related factors and characteristics linked to cultural distances have a significant impact on unemployment among foreign-born, in addition have foreign-born a lower value of human and social capital, which results in lower returns. The conclusion of this paper is that the human capital related factors can explain the higher unemployment rate among foreign-born people to a great extent. The cultural distance affects the value of foreign-born human and social capital and thus return. Therefore, there is a need for more effective integration policies to facilitate the establishment of foreign-born people in the Swedish labor market. Allocating them to the right areas where opportunities to acquire the necessary skills are great is one option. Even by shortening the waiting time for decisions on residence permits, work permits and waiting time for Swedish citizenship is important because this could give the opportunity to the foreign-born people to enter the country s labor market quickly as possible. Time is an important factor for them because it takes time to improve the value of their human capital, social capital, and necessary skills as well. / Svårigheter med integration av utrikesfödda och särskilt flyktingar i den svenska arbetsmarknaden har förstärkt arbetslösheten i landet ytterligare. Arbetslöshet utgör ett makroekonomiskt problem med faktum att den medför förlorade skatteintäkter och lägre produktivitet vilket påverkar negativt landets tillväxt. Arbetslösheten varierar i hög grad mellan län och kommunernas befolkningsgrupper i Sverige. Detta är problematiskt då det bidrar till ekonomisk ojämlikhet mellan befolkningsgrupper och även kommunerna emellan. Därmed skapas sociala kontexter som innebär att vissa områden blir resursstarka medan andra resurssvaga, vilket har en negativ effekt på den ekonomiska välfärden i landet. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka om den bestående höga arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda i Sveriges samtliga kommuner kan förklaras av kommunala egenskaper avseende humankapital, kulturella avstånd och lönenivå. Metoden som har används för denna studie är så kallad fixed effects regressionsmodell (FEM) med hjälp av en paneldata av 290 individer (Sveriges samtliga kommuner) under tidsperiod 2009-2018. Olika statistiska analyser har också genomförts med hjälp av figurer och tabeller. Studien har utgått ifrån humankapitalteori, socialkapitalteori och teori om segregering. Studiens resultat påvisar att humankapital relaterade faktorer samt egenskaper kopplade till kulturella avstånd har en signifikant påverkan på arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda. Dessutom har utrikesfödda lägre värde på human- och socialt kapital vilket resulterar i lägre avkastning. Slutsatsen som dragits är att humankapital relaterade faktorer kan förklara arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda i hög grad och att kulturella avståndet påverkar värdet av utrikesföddas human- och socialt kapital och därmed avkastning. Behov av effektivare integrationspolitik är stor för att kunna underlätta utrikesföddas etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Det kan exempelvis vara att allokera dem till rätta områden där möjligheter att förvärva nödvändiga färdigheter är stor. Att förkorta väntetid för beslut om uppehållstillstånd, arbetstillstånd och även väntetid för den svenska medborgarskapet är också avgörande eftersom de utrikesfödda behöver komma in i landets arbetsmarknad så snabbt som möjligt. Vistelsetid i landet är en avgörande faktor för etablering på arbetsmarknaden då det krävs tid för att förbättra sitt human- och socialkapital och även nödvändiga färdigheter och kompetenser.

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1981 / Bibliography: leaf 115. / by C. Edward O'Hara. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management