La diversité génétique des arbres tropicaux exploités pour leur bois est potentiellement menacée. Pourtant les mécanismes à l’origine de la distribution et de l’organisation de cette diversité génétique sont encore mal connus, notamment en Afrique. Parmi les hypothèses évoquées pour expliquer les patrons de diversité actuellement observés, l’hypothèse des refuges forestiers (liée aux changements climatiques du Tertiaire et du Quaternaire) est souvent la plus testée. Cependant, l’histoire commune des espèces forestières n’est pas toujours en accord avec les patrons phylogéographiques observés entre les espèces. Les différences de traits d'histoire de vie entre espèces, notamment leurs capacités de dispersion, pourraient influencer fortement la réponse des espèces aux changements environnementaux. La présente thèse ambitionne ainsi de caractériser le tempo de diversification des arbres des forêts tropicales africaines en relation avec les variations paléo-environnementales et d’évaluer l’impact éventuel de ces variations sur l’organisation de la diversité génétique au sein des populations. Elle ambitionne également de caractériser le système reproducteur et d’évaluer les capacités de dispersion des espèces en relation avec les pressions actuelles que subissent les forêts tropicales africaines.Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons utilisé le genre Entandrophragma CDC (Meliaceae) qui compte une dizaine d’espèces distribuées des forêts humides guinéo-congolaises d’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest (E. angolense, E. cylindricum, E. candollei, E. utile, E. palustre), aux forêts humides des régions montagneuses d’Afrique de l’Est (E. excelsum), en passant par les forêts sèches des régions zambéziennes (E. bussei, E. caudatum, E. delevoyi, E. spicatum). Morphologiquement bien délimitées à l’exception de E. congoense parfois mis en synonymie avec E. angolense, les espèces forestières de ce genre sont caractérisées par la qualité de leur bois, qualité à l’origine de fortes pressions d’exploitation.Les relations phylogénétiques entre les espèces, basées sur le séquençage du génome chloroplastique complet et du ADN ribosomique confirment taxonomie actuelle (espèces généralement monophylétiques), et les délimitations au sein du genre à partir des caractères morphologiques (fleurs et fruits). Deux périodes majeures de diversification ont été inférées :au début du Miocène pour les sections et de la fin du Miocène au Pléistocène pour les espèces au sein des sections. La phylogénie montre trois transitions entre biomes, deux des forêts humides vers les forêts sèches et une vers les forêts de montagnes. Les phylogénies multi-marqueurs montrent également que E. congoense se distingue bien de E. angolense, ce qui a été confirmé par le génotypage de microsatellites nucléaires, mettant en évidence deux clusters génétiques correspondant aux espèces attendues. Chez les espèces des forêts tropicales humides, l’analyse comparative de l’organisation de la diversité génétique intraspécifique a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle de la trouée du Dahomey et de la ligne volcanique du Cameroun comme principales barrières aux flux de gènes entre l’Afrique de l’Ouest et l’Afrique Centrale. Cependant, nous observons une faible différentiation génétique au sein des forêts d’Afrique Centrale, avec aux plus deux clusters génétiques définis chez E. angolense et E. cylindricum et aucune congruence avec les zones traditionnellement proposées comme candidates de refuges forestiers. Cette faible différentiation serait probablement liée à des flux de gènes à longue distance observés chez ces espèces d’Entandrophragma.L’étude de la dispersion des graines et du pollen par analyses de parenté chez quatre espèces exploitées d’Entandrophragma (E. angolense, E. candollei, E. cylindricum, E. utile) révèle des événements de dispersion à longues distances (> 1000 m), associés à un système de reproduction principalement allogame (taux d’autofécondation < 10 %). Ces traits suggèrent que des arbres relativement isolés suite à l’exploitation sélective d’un peuplement forestier ne devraient pas rencontrer de problèmes de fertilité. Toutefois, l’analyse de la variation du succès reproducteur montre un pic de reproduction pour les arbres dont le diamètre à hauteur de poitrine est élevé et généralement supérieur au diamètre minimum d’exploitation (DME), ce qui peut affecter fortement le potentiel reproducteur d’un peuplement exploité. Ces résultats suggèrent que le DME devrait être augmenté en République du Congo afin d’assurer une gestion durable de la ressource.Cette thèse représente donc une contribution à la compréhension des processus évolutifs à l’origine de la diversité génétique des espèces forestières tropicales africaines. Elle fournit via l’analyse des flux de gènes, une contribution significative pour appréhender le devenir des populations d’arbres exploitées et favoriser une exploitation durable des ressources forestières. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY. / Bibliography: leaves 336-339. / by Josephine S. Jimenez. / M.S.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da quantidade de elementos manipulados na prática variada aleatória, após a prática constante, no processo adaptativo de aprendizagem motora. Participaram do estudo 66 crianças de ambos os gêneros e a tarefa foi de timing coincidente. Foram realizados três experimentos que diferiram no aspecto da tarefa manipulado na prática variada aleatória: velocidade do estímulo visual (experimento 1), padrão seqüencial de resposta (experimento 2) e velocidade do estímulo visual e padrão seqüencial de resposta conjuntamente (experimento 3). Em todos os experimentos, o delineamento envolveu duas quantidades de elementos: três e seis (experimentos 1 e 2); e, nove e trinta e seis (experimento 3). Fez parte do delineamento, também, duas fases de aprendizagem (estabilização e adaptação). As variáveis dependentes foram os erros absoluto, variável, constante e de execução. Os resultados dos três experimentos permitiram concluir que os efeitos das diferentes quantidades de variabilidade na prática aleatória, após a prática constante, no processo adaptativo de aprendizagem motora foram semelhantes / The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of the amount of elements manipulated in random practice, after the constant practice, in the adaptive process in motor learning. Participants were 66 children of both gender and the task was of coincident timing. Three experiments were carried out manipulating the task aspects in the random practice: visual stimulus speed (experiment 1); sequential response pattern (experiment 2); and visual stimulus speed and sequential response pattern simultaneously (experiment 3). In all experiments the design involved two amounts of elements manipulated in random practice: three and six (experiments 1 and 2), nine and thirty six (experiment 3). The design also involved two phases: stabilization and adaptation. The dependent variables were the absolute, variable, constant and execution error. The results of the three experiments allowed concluding that the effects of different quantities of variability in the random practice, after constant practice, in the adaptive process of motor learning were similar

This research evaluates the change observed during the implementation of an outsourced application development within a large defence organisation in Europe. Whereas most extant research focuses on the firm level or dyadic relations this research aims to uncover how different outcomes can be explained by attending to the micro-processes and specific mechanisms of work between purposive actors as they create the new service. The research was a longitudinal, six-year in-depth participant observation focused on the implementation of an HRM application carried out by six case organisations within a consortium formed to implement the service. The results of the field study are based on a grounded analysis from semi-structured interviews, focus groups, documents, and over 5,000 email communications involving a total of 62 stakeholders. A conceptual framework of neo-institutional theory, practice and power was used to analyse the process of change as the consortium worked together to deliver the outsourcing. The findings showed that political goals and behaviour influenced and shaped the outsourcing implementation and exposed the systemic nature of conflict within a constrained project context. The high conflict observed was shown to negatively influence success and supports the notion that strong contracting is only effective in stable contexts. It was also shown that tight control can negatively impact collaboration, by reducing adaptability, forcing vendors to take an inflexible posture. This type of behaviour was observed to increase power and conflict within the project and buyers reacted by increasing control and applying sanctions. This resulting in increased conflict and was a form of feedback loop. The findings also showed control in general is ineffective and can be overwhelmed in situations where there is high demand uncertainty. These observations add to the outsourcing and power/political literature by showing the central role of power and conflict and suggests the final configuration of an outsourcing is a negotiated order that may be at variance to the original objectives. Implications for practice: From a practical perspective, managers should think carefully before rushing into tight preventative contracts and consider the complexity of the demanded service and degree of completeness in their requirements. High uncertainty can lead to outsourcing failure, conflict within the implementation, and unmet expectations, unless specific mechanisms are in place to mitigate this. Furthermore, embedding new work processes and procedures to manage the service within the buying organisation is fundamental to how outsourcing actually works. Buyers and suppliers must pay attention to the design and implementation of processes and routines to manage effective delivery of the outsourced service.

To make the most of emergent techno-economic innovations, countries around the world must constantly upgrade their physical infrastructure and infrastructure systems – more than ever now that the world is facing growing environmental constraints. Public policies that foster the transformation of established infrastructure sectors, and encourage the development of new ones, can help to speed up and direct these structural changes. But to be effective, these policies must take into account how the process of development of new sectors varies among different infrastructure sectors, how it varies with respect to other kinds of sector, and how it varies in different institutional contexts. In this work, I show how three new infrastructure sectors developed in Chile, a ‘Hierarchical Market Economy' characterised by the dominance of diversified business groups and subsidiaries of multinational enterprises, a segmented labour market, and a low-skills equilibrium. These three sectors are the ones that first started to build wind farms, solar PV systems, and anaerobic digesters in the country, and in the study I characterize three aspects of their development process: a) the economic changes that turned these new (to the country) kinds of infrastructure facilities into attractive entrepreneurial opportunities; b) the economic agents that discovered these opportunities and developed them into viable investment projects, and those that sponsored and procured finance to build these projects; and c) the means by which these economic agents became capable of undertaking the relatively novel activities that their entrepreneurial initiative demanded. The resulting rich description of new sectoral development processes in Hierarchical Market Economies helps to understand what makes these processes vary inter-sectorally, cross-sectorally, and cross-nationally.

DeMiguel, Garlappi e Uppal (2009) fizeram a comparação da regra 1/N ou de Talmud com 14 modelos de otimização que vieram depois do trabalho de Markowitz (1952). As conclusões mostraram que todos os modelos de alocação ótima analisados tiveram um desempenho inferior ao da regra de Talmud. Tu e Zhou (2011) propuseram uma combinação entre Markowitz e Talmud para que tal modelo superasse Talmud. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios. A desconsideração dos eventos extremos (dependência assimétrica ou caudal) durante o processo de construção de carteiras poderá diminuir as habilidades dos gestores de ativos em reduzir o risco através da diversificação. A modelagem de cópulas sobre os retornos dos ativos nos permite calcular uma alternativa para medir a dependência dos ativos em eventos extremos através do índice de dependência caudal inferior. Hatherley e Alcock (2007) relataram que o modelo de Markowitz tende a subestimar as perdas potenciais que venham a ocorrer na presença de eventos extremos de mercado (crashes) para um determinado nível de retorno esperado. Verificamos se as estratégias com dependência caudal superaram Talmud, o modelo de Markowitz e o modelo de Tu e Zhou (2011) através da simulação de 1.000 carteiras com 3, 5, 10 e 20 ativos escolhidos ao acaso do índice DJIA no período de 03/1990 até 12/2012. Concluímos que os modelos de dependência caudal e o de Markowitz tiveram uma desempenho fora da amostra superior ao Talmud e ao modelo de Tu e Zhou (2011) para as carteiras com 3, 5, 10 e 20 ativos. A estratégia com dependência caudal superou Markowitz, em termos de retorno acumulado, em mais de 60% dos meses considerados em todas as análises. Os resultados apontam que a regra de Talmud deve ser descartada num contexto de construção de carteiras com ações frente à estratégia com dependência caudal. / DeMiguel, Garlappi and Uppal (2009) made a comparison of rule 1 / N or Talmud with most optimization techniques that followed the work of Markowitz (1952). The conclusions were devastating for all asset allocation models in the context of portfolios combined with other portfolios. Tu and Zhou (2011) proposed a combination between Markowitz and Talmud to overcome such a rule Talmud. The results were satisfactory. In the presence of extreme events, the Pearson correlation coefficient tends to increase in magnitude, making spurious results diversification based solely on this factor. The elimination of extreme events (asymmetric or tail dependence) during the portfolio construction process can reduce the skills of asset managers to reduce risk through diversification. The copula theory allows us to calculate an alternative to measure the dependence of extreme events in assets through the index lower tail dependence. Hatherley and Alcock (2007) reported that the Markowitz model tends to underestimate the potential losses that may occur in the presence of extreme market events (crashes) for a given level of expected return. We check that the strategies with tail dependence overcame Talmud rule, the Markowitz model and the model of Tu and Zhou (2011) by simulating 1,000 portfolios with 3, 5, 10 and 20 randomly selected assets from DJIA for the period 03/1990 until 12/2012. We conclude that models of tail dependence and Markowitz had more performance ex-ante than Talmud and the Tu and Zhou (2011) model for portfolios with 3, 5, 10 and 20 assets. Tail dependence models overcome Markowitz, in terms of cumulative return, in over 60% of months considered in the analysis. The results indicate that the Talmud rule should be discarded in a context of constructing portfolios with individual stocks ahead strategies with tail dependence.

Cette thèse porte sur les relations franco-algériennes en matière d’hydrocarbure pendant la période 1962-1971. Huit ans après le début de la guerre, l’Algérie accède à l’indépendance. Le pétrole saharien, une des raisons du prolongement du conflit, appartient désormais à la jeune nation. Toutefois, les sociétés pétrolières françaises qui disposent d’un quasi-monopole sur l’industrie des hydrocarbures sauvegardent leurs nombreux avantages accordés à l’époque coloniale. Or, les accords d’Évian de mars 1962 qui garantissent aux sociétés françaises ces avantages sont remis en cause par les dirigeants du Front de libération nationale réunis en congrès quelques mois plus tard à Tripoli. En effet, la nationalisation des hydrocarbures figure parmi les objectifs du parti au pouvoir. L’adoption de la voie socialiste et le départ de la majorité de la population européenne d’Algérie compromettent la stratégie française qui vise à sauvegarder le plus longtemps possible une source de pétrole payable en franc. La thèse répond à la question suivante : quelles stratégies la France va-t- elle adopter pour réussir sa politique de désengagement progressif ? Pour répondre à cette problématique, cette recherche est fondée sur une démarche chronologique. Cette approche permet de mettre en valeur l’évolution des relations pétrolières franco-algériennes de 1962 à 1971. Les sources sont essentiellement les archives du groupe pétrolier TOTAL et celles du Quai d’Orsay. À ces documents qui nous renseignent sur le point de vue français s’ajoutent les archives personnelles du ministre algérien de l’Industrie et de l’Énergie, Belaïd Abdesselam. La thèse démontre qu’à partir du début des années 1960, l’objectif principal de la France est de diversifier ses sources d’approvisionnement et d’atténuer sa dépendance vis-à-vis de l’Algérie. Les ressources en provenance du Sahara sont donc destinées à servir ce projet. En outre, la thèse atteste que les sociétés pétrolières françaises s’investissent le moins possible en Algérie à partir de la seconde moitié des années 1960. Finalement, elle met en évidence les limites de la stratégie pétrolière française de diversification. / After an eight-year war, Algeria gained full independence. Saharan oil, a major reason for the extension of the war, became the property of the new independent republic. On the other hand, French petroleum companies, which had a quasi-monopoly over the oil industry, kept their former privileges. Nevertheless, the Evian Accords of March 1962, which guaranteed these privileges, were challenged by the new Algerian authorities meeting in Tripoli, Libya, a few months later. This was in line with the will of the Algerian governing party to nationalize the gas and oil industry. Finally the adoption of the socialist path by the new leadership, in addition to the departure of the majority of the European population, compromised the French strategy to keep control of Saharan supplies, the more so that they were payable in French francs. This thesis asks the following question: what strategies did France adopt to safeguard its interests in anticipation of the nationalization of the oil industry it considered inevitable? A chronological approach makes it possible to show the evolution of Franco-Algerian relation in the field of oil between 1962 and 1971. Sources are mainly the archives of the French petroleum company TOTAL and the French Foreign Affairs ministry. For the Algerian side, it makes uses of the personal archives of the Algerian minister of industry and energy at the time, Abdesselam Belaïd. The dissertation demonstrates that, starting from the beginning of 1960’s, the main goal of France was to diversify its sources of supply and to diminish its dependency towards Algerian oil. Saharan resources were part of the strategy. In addition, this research shows that, starting in the middle of the 1960’s, French petroleum companies diminished their level of engagement in Algeria to the minimum. Finally, the thesis highlights the limits of the French strategy of diversification of its oil supply.

Energy is crucial for economic development of a country. It is very important for the Chinese leadership to ensure energy security of the country. China is the largest consumer of energy. Oil demand is surging and China imports more than a half of its consumption. Peking tries to get adequate supplies from abroad at reasonable prices. However, China faces serious dangers that could disrupt the imports. In order to avoid this risk, Peking builds strategic reserves, diversifies oil suppliers and transfer routes. The thesis examines in what measure diplomacy (through bilateral negotiations, development aid, economic incentives and military cooperation) helps China ensure its energy security.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar as externalidades positivas geradas pelas regiões diversificadas através de uma análise dos serviços de Tecnologia da Informação (TI) presentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Ou seja, busca apresentar os elementos da diversificação e evidenciar as formas como essas vantagens se manifestam no ambiente. Essa análise se fundamenta no pressuposto de que tais espaços devem ser entendidos de forma distinta dos ambientes especializados, já estudados no Brasil. Nos ambientes diversificados as formas mais importantes de transferência de conhecimento estão fora da indústria. Nessas localidades, a heterogeneidade promove benefícios que incluem: oportunidades para imitar, compartilhar e recombinar ideias e práticas através da indústria e a possibilidade de troca e fertilização cruzada de ideias. Além disso, o melhor funcionamento da infraestrutura, a proximidade dos mercados, o acesso aos serviços especializados são fatores adicionais que geram benefícios para os agentes. Dentro desses ambientes o contato face a face é um dos elementos fundamentais para o entendimento dessas regiões. O contato face a face é uma forma de tecnologia de comunicação que resolve problemas de incentivos, confiança e socialização. Esse contato, além de transferir conhecimento, permite observar e selecionar indivíduos. Adicionalmente, um fenômeno importante da análise das regiões diversificadas são as buzz cities. Estas são cidades com grande diversidade produtiva e social, altamente urbanizadas. Essas cidades colocam indivíduos qualificados em contato uns com os outros. Dessa forma, para atingir o objetivo proposto dois passos foram realizados. Em primeiro lugar, foi apresentada uma revisão sobre as principais características de formação e desenvolvimento das atividades de serviços de TI no Brasil, conjuntamente com um levantamento de informações e dados sobre o setor. Essa análise permitiu observar uma forte concentração das atividades na microrregião de São Paulo. A concentração das atividades de TI é entendida como parte do processo de formação histórica da indústria. No Brasil, as atividades de TI se desenvolveram a partir da associação com os setores econômicos que demandavam capacitações tecnológicas cada vez mais complexas de seus fornecedores. Em segundo lugar, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com o propósito de evidenciar algumas das principais vantagens da diversificação industrial. A partir dos resultados alcançados observa-se a presença de externalidades próprias da diversificação industrial, que envolvem trocas de conhecimento entre diferentes agentes e possuem importantes implicações para empresas, como as oportunidades de acesso à mão de obra especializada e altamente concentrada na região e as redes de relacionamentos geradas entre as empresas de TI, os usuários e os fornecedores de tecnologia. Nesses ambientes, o contato face a face é um dos fatores fundamentais para a consolidação das empresas em um mercado altamente pulverizado, que envolve conhecimentos complexos. Além disso, percebe-se que as buzz cities geram importantes elos para a consolidação das empresas, fazendo com que as forças de aglomerações sejam reforçadas pela transmissão de conhecimento intersetoriais. / This master dissertation aims to investigate the positive externalities generated by the diversified regions through an analysis of the Information Technology Services (IT) in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). In other words, it seeks to present the elements of diversification and highlight the ways in which these advantages are manifested in the environment. This analysis is based on the assumption that such spaces must be understood differently of specialized environments, already studied in Brazil. In diverse environments, there is the idea that the most important forms of knowledge spillovers are outside the industry. In these locations, the heterogeneity promotes benefits that include: opportunities to imitate, to share and to recombine ideas and practices across the industry, and the possibility of exchange and cross-fertilization of ideas. Moreover, the better functioning of infrastructure, proximity to markets, and access to specialized services are additional factors that generate benefits for agents. Within these environments, face to face contact is a key element for the understanding of these regions. Face to face contact is a form of communication technology that solves problems of incentives, confidence and socialization. This contact, beyond transferring knowledge, allows to observe and to select individuals. Additionally, an important phenomenon of analysis of diversified regions is the buzz cities. These are cities with large production and social diversity, highly urbanized. These cities places qualified individuals in contact with each other. Thus, to achieve the proposed goal two steps were performed. Firstly, a review of the main features of formation and development of IT in Brazil, together with a data about the sector was presented. This analysis allowed us to observe a large concentration of activities in the microregion of Sao Paulo. The concentration of IT activity is understood as part of the industrial formation historical process. In Brazil, the IT activities were developed from the association with economic sectors that demand increasingly complex technological capabilities. Secondly, a field research was performed, in order to highlight some of the major advantages of industrial diversification. From the results obtained it is possible to observe the presence of externalities diversification, involving knowledge exchange between different agents and important implications for businesses, such as the opportunities for access to skilled labor highly concentrated in the region and the networks generated between IT companies, users and technology providers. In these environments, the face to face contact is one of the key factors for the consolidation of IT companies in a highly fragmented market, which involves complex knowledge. Furthermore, in the buzz cities are produced important links to the consolidation of companies, strengthening the forces of clusters through inter-industry knowledge spillovers.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_Fernando_Favero.pdf: 1272944 bytes, checksum: 76629093052bbcbb9791607060f52856 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The production system of grains and meats in Brazil conducted the country to a ranking of the largest producers and exporters of food in the world. The integrated production of poultry generates defined quantities of waste. The chicken manure is rich in nutrients and can be so used as fertilizer in the crops. The knowledge of the responses related to the crops allows the utilization of the chicken manure in an adequate and a rational form, avoiding losses and reducing environmental impact. The objective was to evaluate the responses in the production of grains (soybeans, corn and wheat) with application of amounts of chicken manure before the winter crop, associated with mineral fertilizer (NPK). For this, an experiment was conducted in the Experimental Station of the Copacol in Cafelândia-PR with different doses of chicken manure (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 t ha-1), and three systems of mineral fertilization (control, super phosphate simple and formulated) in the furrow of the seeding, during two years. The chicken manure was applied manually in the plots before the winter cultivation. The experimental design was defined as randomized complete block with plots subdivided in four replications. The total concentration of foliar N, P and K, yield components, biometric variables of the crop, grains' production of the cultivation and economic returns have been evaluated. After four cultivations, samples of the soil were obtained for determining its chemical properties. The chicken manure provided the increment of the contents of foliar N, P and K of the corn and soybean as well as modified the biometric variables, also increasing the yield of the grains of the studied crops. High doses of chicken manure applied before the wheat cultivation promote the lodging of the cultivation and reduction of the weight of the hectoliter, but enhancing the grains' yield. The greatest productivity of grains and the highest annual returns in the production system of the west of the Paraná were obtained with the doses of 7,39 t ha-1 yield-1 and 5,45 t ha-1 yield-1 of chicken manure, respectively. The fertilization with chicken manure increases the levels of P, K und S in the soil, where the saturation of K reduces the concentration of Cu in the soil. The chicken manure allows the partial substitution of mineral fertilizer, also promoting the highest investment return / Os sistemas de produção de grãos e carnes brasileiros levaram o país ao ranking dos maiores produtores e exportadores de alimentos do mundo. A produção integrada de aves gera diversificação e renda para as propriedades rurais, porém produzem grandes quantidades de dejetos. A cama de frango é rica em nutrientes e pode ser usada como fertilizante para as culturas. O conhecimento das respostas às culturas permite a utilização da cama de frango de forma adequada e racional, evitando perdas e reduzindo o impacto ambiental. Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de doses de cama de frango antes da cultura de inverno associadas ao fertilizante mineral (NPK) nas características agronômicas das culturas (milho 2ª safra, soja e trigo), teores de nutrientes foliares e do solo e nos aspectos econômicos do sistema de produção de grãos do oeste do Paraná. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento na Estação Experimental da Copacol em Cafelândia-PR com diferentes doses de cama de frango (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 t ha-1), e três sistemas de adubação mineral (controle, super fosfato simples e formulado) no sulco de semeadura durante dois anos. A cama de frango foi aplicada manualmente nas parcelas antes do cultivo de inverno. O delineamento experimental foi em DBC com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os teores de N, P e K foliares, componentes de rendimento, variáveis biométricas das culturas, produção total de grãos dos cultivos e retorno econômico. Após quatro cultivos coletaram-se amostras de solo para determinação dos atributos químicos do solo. A cama de frango proporcionou o incremento dos teores de N, P e K foliares do milho e soja, alterou as variáveis biométricas e aumentou o rendimento de grãos das culturas estudadas. A adubação com cama de frango, até 8 t ha-1 reduziu o peso do hectolitro e a complementação com adubação com P e K aumentou o acamamento das plantas de trigo. A complementação com cama de frango proporcionou maior equilíbrio nutricional às culturas de milho e soja, refletindo no rendimento de grãos. A maior produção de grãos e a maior rentabilidade anual no sistema de produção do oeste do Paraná foram obtidas com as doses de 7,39 t ha-1 ano-1 e 5,45 t ha-1 ano-1 de cama de frango, respectivamente. A adubação com cama de frango aumenta os teores de P, K e S do solo, e a saturação por K e reduz os teores de Cu no solo. A cama de frango permite a substituição da adubação mineral, além de promover o maior retorno ao investimento