Title: Domestic violence and its prevention Abstract The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the issues of domestic violence, outline the basic characteristics of its essential aspects and focus on preventive measures of protection against domestic violence, especially the applicable legislation of the Czech Republic. The paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter contains the characteristics of domestic violence as a criminological concept. At first there is a definition of the phenomenon of violence as the intentional act involved in the maltreatment and abuse. The second subchapter presents actual domestic violence which is explained by a description of its elements, types and forms, its process, method of identifying and documenting its causes. Chapter One concludes with a part regarding myths prevailing in the society about domestic violence. The following chapter focuses on violent persons and endangered individuals by domestic violence. The aim of this chapter is to describe the profile of both actors regardless of the gender expectations. Subchapter relating to endangered individuals includes the definition of victim and further discusses long term psychological consequences of abuse and specific groups of endangered individuals. The third chapter deals with the current legislation which...

A família além de vivida cotidianamente, é pensada, refletida e pesquisada com diferentes enfoques e objetivos, por diferentes perspectivas teóricas, práticas e metodológicas. Para se estudar a família é preciso antes de tudo desnaturalizá-la e recuperar sua própria história, pois os modelos que hoje temos são resultados de processos de transformação da forma de se ver e educar a criança, como também do contexto social, histórico e cultural em que vivemos. Isso inclui o fenômeno da Violência Doméstica, e mais especificamente o uso de violência física de pais contra filhos, que apesar das modificações ocorridas na visão da criança e das práticas educativas na família ao longo do tempo, sempre existiu e persiste de forma endêmica em nossos dias, constituindo um problema de saúde pública, e requerendo estratégias de intervenção por parte dos serviços de saúde e desenvolvimento social. O presente projeto tem o objetivo de investigar, junto a pais e mães com histórico de violência física contra seus filhos, a visão sobre o que é educar uma criança, sobre seu papel de pai/mãe e sobre as conseqüências de seus comportamentos sobre o filho. Busca, dessa forma, trazer contribuições para uma melhor compreensão do problema da agressão física de pais contra filhos, necessária a programas de intervenção que ultrapassem ações punitivas e de cunho imediatista, visando transformações nas relações familiares a partir da consideração da ótica do agente agressor. Os entrevistados são pais e mães denunciados por agressão física contra os filhos ao Conselho Tutelar da cidade de Barretos ? SP. O modelo de entrevista utilizado é denominado ?história de vida temática?, que prevê inicialmente o relato da história de vida do entrevistado, complementada por um conjunto de tópicos previamente definidos pelo pesquisador. Optou-se pela não delimitação prévia do número de sujeitos, utilizando-se o ponto de saturação. Dessa maneira, foram realizadas seis entrevistas, tendo sido gravadas, transcritas e analisadas qualitativamente. A análise dos dados aponta inconsistências entre as concepções parentais a respeito do que é educar e de seu papel como educadores e as práticas educativas que utilizam com os filhos no cotidiano. Evidencia dificuldades dos pais em utilizar recursos educativos alternativos à punição física e uma naturalização cultural do bater como forma de colocar limites e disciplinar a criança; aponta também a falta de suporte social e econômico dos pais como fatores de risco e de estresse, e a necessidade de implementar programas de intervenção que promovam a integração entre suas concepções e práticas como educadores. / Nowadays, family is investigated, studied and the object of research of many theoretical perspectives, with different goals and methodologies. However, in order to study the family it is necessary to rescue its history, because the present models we have are the final result of a complex process of social, historical and cultural transformation, and also changes in the ways we see the childhood, what do parents expect from their children and the childrearing practices used to get to the educational goals. Domestic violence is included in all this process, especially the physical violence that parents use against their children, and that constitutes a public health problem in our context. The main objective of this research is to investigate points of view of parents that use physical violence against their children, their conceptions about the educational process, their role as parents and the consequences of their actions in the child?s development. In this direction, it searches contributions to understand the problem of physical violence of parents against their children, to improve intervention programs that overcome punitive actions, seeking effective transformation in family relationships, considering the parent?s point of view. The study was performed in a city of State of São Paulo through interviews with three mothers and three fathers from different families, that had been disclosed for physical violence against their children. Methodology was constructed in a qualitative perspective, using a model of semi-structured interview called ? Thematic Life History?, where participants expose their personal history since their childhood, followed by a previously defined list of topics. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and qualitatively analyzed. Data analysis revealed that parent?s conceptions are not corresponding to their every day actions with their children; the difficulty of parents at knowing or using alternative and non-violent chidrearing practices and a cultural and historical naturalization of the use of physical punishment to establish limits and discipline the child. It also points out the parents` low social and economical support as a risk factor and as the cause of stress for the studied families as well as the necessity of changes in intervention programs to offer the possibility of joining parents conceptions and practices, aiming the improvement of child`s positive global development.

The focus of this hermeneutic phenomenological, qualitative study was to gather an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of male batterers participating in a standardized Duluth-model batterers' treatment group. The study had three main goals: (a) to understand the experience of male batterers participating in a standardized male batterers' treatment program, (b) to improve the treatment being provided to male batterers, and (c) to improve services to those impacted by domestic violence. Results from previous studies indicated that treatment for male batterers is ineffective and inconsistent and that the treatment provided, regardless of framework or modality, has little or no effect on recidivism. This study advances understanding of male-batterer treatment by exploring treatment from the perspective of those who receive it. The study included 9 men currently participating in a Duluth model batterer's treatment program in Minot, North Dakota. From the study results, 3 overall themes emerged: (a) overall group experience, (b) facilitators, and (c) Duluth model. Results indicated that the current delivery of the treatment is not effective for batterers. Findings suggested that the facilitators played an essential role in the treatment program. Findings further suggested that participants believed the Duluth model could be an effective treatment modality for batterers. Study findings may inform a more responsive and comprehensive treatment modality for male batterers. Such an intervention may improve service delivery for both batterers and victims as well as improve recidivism. These changes may result in positive social change for not only families caught in the cycle of violence but also for every sector of society.

Lesbian intimate partner violence (IPV) is an understudied social and psychological problem in the United States. The purpose of this qualitative, comparative study was to understand any barriers of help-seeking behaviors for victims of lesbian IPV. The literature on lesbian IPV has not included the perspectives of both service provider and support person on why these barriers persist. Normative resource theory and the barriers model informed the study. Interviews were conducted with a sample of 8 providers and 5 support persons. Interviews were then transcribed and coded. The 7 themes that emerged among these 13 participants were an unawareness on how to get help, inability on the part of the victim to recognize abuse, lack of acknowledgement of abuse in the community, inadequate specialized training and policies to work with the lesbian community, no assurance of safety at the shelter, fear of disclosure of sexual orientation, and no confidence with system or service agency. All of these themes were identified as contributing factors that deterred lesbian IPV victims from seeking help. Although the findings are representative of a small sample, these findings can initiate positive social change by informing interventions which can bridge the gap between the lesbian IPV victim and the support services she needs.

The cost of domestic and intimate partner violence (DIPV) exceeded $8 billion annually on a national level, and North Carolina spent $307 million on DIPV and DIPV-related mental health care. Studies have shown a correlation between DIPV, mental illness, and substance abuse. North Carolina was found to have higher than normal risk factors for DIPV. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention partnered with the North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCCADV) to develop the NCCADV 10-year primary prevention plan. This study investigated clinicians' perceptions of the effectiveness of the plan. Phenomenological thought served as the conceptual framework. A purposive sample of 10 clinicians who worked in the region with DIPV clients in the preceding 12 months responded to semistructured interview questions that investigated their perceptions of whether the 10-year plan had a positive influence on victims and if the plan could potentially impact victims' future mental health and substance use behaviors. Interview data were transcribed, open coded, and thematically analyzed with the aid of qualitative software. Study results indicated that these clinicians believed the plan did not impact DIPV clients' current behaviors and was unlikely to have a future impact. A policy recommendation in the form of a position paper resulted from the findings, which recommended the use of mass media that encompass old and new technologies to promote primary prevention efforts by stakeholders and practitioners for the general public. This study has implications for positive social change in that it may provide knowledge to clinicians and stakeholders at the study site that aids them in understanding and preventing DIPV, in addition to promoting an overall increase in public awareness of the negative effects of DIPV.

The purpose of this project was to improve support for victims of domestic violence. To that end, this project developed an evidence-based program to provide information about domestic violence including safe and confidential ways to seek assistance, rights as cohabiting intimate partners, and the resources available to community members. Several approaches were used to develop, validate, and plan for implementation and evaluation of this program, which was developed for 3 sites in Broward and Miami-Dade counties where the project is situated. The program logic model and the social ecological model, including the individual, relationship, community, and societal levels, were used to guide this project. In addition, scholarly works from 2000 to 2013 were selected from ProQuest, CINAHL, Ebscohost, Medline, and Ovid Nursing Journals to develop this program in collaboration with an interdisciplinary team of 7 community stakeholders including a physician, advanced practice nurse, law enforcement officer, pastor, and 3 recovery center directors with knowledge in these areas. Content validation involved incorporating feedback from the project team. The target population for the project includes women and men aged 18 or higher who have experienced domestic violence, homelessness, and drug addiction. Community operationalization of the initiative will be facilitated by implementation and evaluation plans developed as part of this project. The project includes community education that may help organize events and campaigns, increase domestic violence awareness among community members, and influence policy regarding issues pertaining to domestic violence.

Research indicates children's exposure to family violence results in long-term negative consequences, hindering social skill development and impacting on the ability to function as healthy, productive adults. Also, there exists a widely accepted theory, called the 'cycle of violence', which hypothesises that children who have experienced violence at the hands of their parents tend to grow up to become violent parents themselves. Some evidence for this theory has been found following research with groups of abusive parents and people who have committed crimes, This study explores the specific impacts of childhood exposure to family violence on the subsequent mothering of a group of women drawn from the general population. A qualitative approach using a methodology that combined feminist and narrative approaches was used. Nine women who have been exposed to family violence in childhood including physical, emotional/psychological, sexual abuse and witness to violence between parents participated in interviews which explored their experiences of mothering Each woman was interviewed twice to collect stories of childhood and of mothering experiences. These were analysed revealing that the women's mothering was affected by their childhood exposure to family violence in several ways, ranging from direct emotional impacts to indirect impacts of conceptualisations formed in the light of childhood experiences. This study adds to the existing knowledge of the long-term impacts of childhood exposure to family violence by focussing specifically on subsequent mothering. The findings encourage social work and health care personnel to appreciate that women exposed to family violence in childhood have specific issues with their mothering and there is a need to address these issues. It also challenges the weight given to the cycle of violence theory in intervention and prevention strategies in child abuse and family violence sectors

A pesquisa trata da implementação da política de monitoração eletrônica nas ocorrências de violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher como meio de efetivar o cumprimento de medidas protetivas de urgência deferidas com base na Lei Maria da Penha - Lei 11.340/2006. Com o advento da Lei n 12.403/2011, a qual admitiu a monitoração eletrônica como medida cautelar diversa da prisão (Art. 319, inciso IX, do Código de Processo Penal), os magistrados passaram a aplicá-la alternativamente ao artigo 20 da Lei n 11.340/2006 que prevê a possibilidade de prisão preventiva a qualquer momento da instrução penal, presentes os requisitos do artigo 312 do Código de Processo Penal, conferindo ao agressor uma liberdade vigiada. Assim, para manter o agressor afastado da vítima, ele passa a ser monitorado mediante a fixação de um dispositivo eletrônico em seu tornozelo, o qual através da tecnologia GPS transmite em tempo real a sua exata localização. A vítima, por sua vez, também passa a portar um equipamento, permitindo precisar a distância entre ela e o acusado. Pesquisas empíricas realizadas sob o viés da Criminologia Crítica têm apontado a inaptidão do sistema tradicional de justiça para solucionar os conflitos de natureza doméstica, principalmente por ele não atender às necessidades das vítimas dentro do processo penal. Sendo a monitoração eletrônica uma ferramenta a serviço do Direito Penal, procurou-se investigar se a concessão das medidas protetivas a favor da mulher vítima atrelada à medida cautelar de monitoramento eletrônico se apresenta como um instrumento efetivo de combate à violência doméstica ou se seria uma maneira de punir prematuramente o acusado, colocando em uma prisão virtual e estigmatizando-o perante a sociedade. Para desenvolver esse estudo, buscou-se observar a prestação desse serviço na Secretaria da Mulher do Estado de Pernambuco e no Centro de Monitoramento Eletrônico de Reeducandos, fazendo um recorte dos casos relativos à cidade do Recife. Durante a pesquisa de campo foi possível captar as diretrizes de funcionamento desses órgãos, traçar o perfil das vítimas que participaram da política de monitoração eletrônica no ano de 2016, bem como entender a percepção delas sobre a temática a partir dos diálogos ocorridos na Secretaria da Mulher e das conversas realizadas por telefone. Das informações extraídas do campo, não há como afirmar que essa medida se apresenta eficiente a todos os casos de violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher, tendo em vista que se de um lado não consegue atender aos anseios da vítima, de outro é um potente instrumento de estigmatização para o agressor. Contudo, isso não é suficiente para banir a utilização da monitoração eletrônica, pois se verificou situações em que a medida se mostrou capaz de romper os ciclos de violência até mesmo após o fim do monitoramento. Portanto, é importante avaliar o caso concreto para se aplicar a monitoração eletrônica com prudência de modo a proteger a vítima, resguardando o máximo possível os direitos fundamentais do agressor. O trabalho desenvolvido pelo Poder Judiciário em parceria com uma equipe multidisciplinar pode auxiliar na identificação dos casos em que a medida se mostre adequada. É preciso considerar ainda o investimento em técnicas de vigilância menos invasivas à liberdade, intimidade e privacidade como o botão do pânico, como meio de proteger a mulher vítima de violência doméstica e familiar. / The research deals with the implementation of the electronic monitoring policy in the occurrences of domestic and family violence against women as a means of enforcing urgent protective measures granted based on the Maria da Penha Law - Law 11,340 / 2006. With the advent of Law No. 11,403 / 2011, which admitted electronic monitoring as a precautionary measure other than imprisonment (Article 319, clause IX, of the Code of Criminal Procedure), magistrates began to apply it in alternative to article 20 of the Law No. 11.340 / 2006 which provides for the possibility of preventive detention at any time during the criminal investigation, in compliance with the requirements of article 312 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, granting the offender a probation. Thus, to keep the aggressor away from the victim, it is monitored by attaching an electronic device to his ankle, which through GPS technology transmits in real time its exact location. The victim, in turn, also carries an equipment, allowing to specify the distance between her and the accused. Empirical research carried out under the Critical Criminology bias has pointed to the inappropriateness of the traditional justice system to resolve conflicts of a domestic nature, mainly because it does not meet the needs of victims in criminal proceedings. Since electronic monitoring is a tool in the service of criminal law, it was sought to investigate whether the granting of protective measures in favor of women victims linked to the precautionary measure of electronic monitoring is presented as an effective instrument to combat domestic violence or whether it would be a way To prematurely punish the accused, placing him in a "virtual prison" and stigmatizing him before society. In order to develop this study, it was sought to observe the provision of this service in the Women's Secretariat of the State of Pernambuco and the Electronic Monitoring Center of Reeducandos, making a cut of the cases related to the city of Recife. During the field research, it was possible to capture the guidelines for the functioning of these organs, to trace the profile of the victims who participated in the electronic monitoring policy in the year 2016, as well as to understand their perception on the subject from the dialogues that took place in the Women's Secretariat And telephone conversations. From the information extracted from the field, there is no way to affirm that this measure is effective in all cases of domestic and family violence against women, given that if on one hand it fails to meet the victim's wishes, on the other hand it is a powerful Instrument of stigmatization for the aggressor. However, this is not enough to ban the use of electronic monitoring, as there have been situations in which the measure was able to break the cycles of violence even after the end of the monitoring. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the concrete case to apply the electronic monitoring with caution in order to protect the victim, protecting to the maximum possible the fundamental rights of the aggressor. The work developed by the Judiciary in partnership with a multidisciplinary team can help identify the cases in which the measure proves adequate. It is also necessary to consider the investment in less invasive surveillance techniques for freedom, privacy and privacy as the panic button, as a means of protecting women victims of domestic and family violence.

Studiens syfte var att, utifrån kvalitativa intervjuer, studera hur kvinnor, som utsatts för våld i nära relation, upplevde stödet som de fick då de sökte hjälp. Detta gjordes utifrån en narrativ ansats med våldets normaliseringsprocess som teoretisk tolkningsmodell. Utifrån resultatet konstaterades att merparten av intervjupersonerna inte var tillfredsställda med stödet de tillhandahölls. Detta framkom genom att de gav uttryck för att ha bemötts med misstro och oförståelse för relationsvåldets komplexitet. Oavsett hur intervjupersonerna upplevde stödet, framställdes det dock av alla som oerhört viktigt, dels för att orka med uppbrottsprocessen som till exempel kunde innebära vårdnadstvister och polisutredningar, dels för att komma vidare och hitta sig själv igen när allt praktiskt var klart. Genom studien framkom att det finns ett behov av att synliggöra relationsvåldets omfattning samt sprida kunskap gällande dess komplexitet, då det skulle kunna bidra till ett bättre stöd till våldsutsatta kvinnor. / The purpose of this study was to, by qualitative interviews, examine how women subjected to domestic violence experienced the support they were given when they reached for help. This was examined through a narrative view, with the “process of normalisation of violence” as a theoretical perspective. The results of the study showed that the majority of the interviewed women were unsatisfied with the support they received. This emerged through their expressions of how they perceived a response characterised by mistrust and misunderstanding regarding the complexity of domestic violence. Regardless of how the interviewed women perceived the help, they all expressed the importance of support to endure the different processes that a break up could entail and to be able to move on by finding their identity again. The study found that there is a need to visualise the extent of domestic violence and broaden knowledge about its complexity, as it could contribute to better support for women subjected to domestic violence.

In this article, the author describes the importance of protection orders issued in domestic violence processes, in relation to Law 30364. In addition, she points out its difference with interim orders, that protection orders offer preventive protection to the victims of domestic violence. She concludes that protection orders must been interpreted according to certain principles and its validity must continue through a non-contentious process. / En este artículo, la autora describe la importancia de las medidas de protección dictadas en los procesos de violencia familiar, a propósito de la Ley 30364. Asimismo, señala su diferencia con las medidas cautelares, siendo que las medidas de protección ofrecen tutela preventiva a las víctimas de violencia familiar. Concluye que las medidas de protección deben ser interpretadas de acuerdo a determinados principios, y su vigencia debe continuar a través de un proceso no contencioso.