This research introduces a novel methodology to study the appropriation of new Information and Communication technologies (ICTs) or "Multimedia" in a natural setting. This includes computers, mobile phones and television, and any application and service based on these. Building on theoretical and empirical research in technology studies, diffusion of innovations and consumer research, the study investigates the processes of adoption, consumption and domestication across the life-space of individuals and natural groups. The BEAN approach is developed to investigate data from qualitative fieldwork that engaged with respondents in four natural social networks. This shows how a range of new ICTs are entering into the everyday world of these respondents, and how they engage with them: the way these technologies are appropriated, including adoption, learning and struggling, but also strategies of resistance, non-adoption, and arms-length appropriation. It shows the importance of the informal economy in providing access to technology, skills, knowledge and resources to deal with the complexities and difficulties of adopting and using ICTs. In particular, it finds the local expert is crucial to the adoption and use of many of these technologies, providing support that the commercial world fails or is unable to provide.

During World War I, dogs held a contradictory place in American society. These animals functioned simultaneously as patriots, pets, and pests. This essay surveys the ways in which dogs either contributed to the war effort or seemed to subvert it through their uselessness as companion animals and their predation as feral ones. Ultimately, even worsening conditions on the homefront could not cause the American public as a whole to consider surrendering its affection for these animals, including the worthless ones. In the face of impending legislation that threatened to eliminate man’s best friend as a war measure, the American people successfully defended the dog, while citizens in several of the other warring nations could not afford to do so. American admiration for the patriot, combined with affection for the pet, outweighed anxiety over the pest.

Orientador: Isabel Cristina Boleli / Banca: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz / Banca: Janaína Della Torre da Silva / Resumo: A dificuldade da produção da perdiz está relacionada à baixa fertilidade dos ovos, relacionado, entre outras coisas, à baixa adaptação destas aves ao cativeiro, que impossibilita a expressão de seu comportamento selecionado durante milhares de gerações nas condições naturais. O objetivo foi estudar a relação do comportamento de casais com a eficiência reprodutiva, determinada pela produção de ovos, ovos férteis e perdigotos saudáveis, bem como com o tempo de imobilidade tônica, durante a estação reprodutiva. Este trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, abordou-se aspectos biológicos e ecológicos da espécie, e de sua domesticação. No segundo capítulo, analisou-se o comportamento de casais com e sem postura. Os dados mostram que as aves dos boxes sem postura não formaram casais, uma vez que não apresentaram comportamentos reprodutivos e nem comportamentos agonísticos relacionados aos rituais de cópula. Os comportamentos de perseguir e de ser seguido foram exclusivos de machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. No terceiro capítulo, discutiu-se a relação do comportamento com o tempo de imobilidade tônica (IT) das aves. Os comportamentos mais frequentes foram os mesmos, independente do tempo em IT. Aves com curta IT não apresentaram comportamentos relacionados à corte, mas apresentaram a mesma frequência de monta que as aves com longa IT. No quarto capítulo, comparou-se os comportamentos entre casais com alta e baixa eficiência reprodutiva. Os dados desse capítulo mostram que fêmeas de casais com baixa eficiência reprodutiva ameaçam mais os machos enquanto em casais de alta eficiência os machos ameaçam mais que as fêmeas / Abstract: The difficulty of Red-winged Tinamus (Rhynchotus rufescens) production is related to the low fertility rate of eggs resulting from, among other things, the inability of these birds to adapt to captivity. This prevents the expression of their standard behavior selected for thousands of generations under natural conditions. The objective of this thesis was to study the relationship between the behavior of couples and their reproductive efficiency, determined by egg production, fertile eggs and healthy Red-winged Tinamus, as well as the tonic immobility time during the breeding season. This work was divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, we discuss biological and ecological aspects of the species, and their domestication. In the second chapter, we study the behavior of couples with and without posture, using birds with long tonic immobility. The data show that the birds from the boxes without oviposition did not form couples, since there were no reproductive behaviors or agonistic behaviors related to mating rituals. The behavior of chasing and being followed were unique to males and females, respectively. In the third chapter, we discuss the relationship between behavior and time of tonic immobility (TI). The most frequent behaviors were the same regardless of the TI time. Birds with short TI did not show courtship related behaviors, but had the same mount frequency as the breeding birds with long TI. In the fourth chapter, we made a comparison between the behavior of couples with high and low reproductive efficiency. The data in this chapter show that female with low reproductive efficiency threaten more males while in couples with high efficiency the males threaten more than females / Mestre

Plant domestication led to a loss of genetic variation in many crops, due to the excessive emphasis in the selection of edible organs (root, leaf, stem or fruit) and the low selection pressure for other traits in the cultivated environment. This \'genetic erosion\' led to loss of alleles associated with resistance to environmental stresses, such as drought and salinity, which can in turn culminate in productivity losses. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), it is possible to tap into a reservoir of valuable genetic variation in its wild relatives. Identification of genetic variants associated with tomato domestication, and with stress resistance mechanisms which may have been lost during domestication, could be used to aid in breeding programs. In the present work, which was divided into two chapters, we carried out crosses between the wild species S. pennellii and the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom (MT) and created two introgression lines (ILs), one with reduced organ size and another with increased drought tolerance. In the first chapter, we report the characterization and mapping of the IL denominated as Tiny organs and reduced yield (Toy). Toy harbors a S. pennellii genome segment on chromosome 7 and presents a considerable reduction in both vegetative (leaves) and reproductive (fruit) organs. We discuss how this could be a relevant trait underpinning tomato domestication. In the second chapter, we describe the drought tolerance mechanism of the IL Water Economy Locus in Lycopersicon (Well). Well harbors a S. pennellii genome segment on chromosome 1 and shows lower hydraulic conductance, possibly related to decreased xylem vessel size. The results shown suggest that this lower hydraulic conductance promotes a disturbance in the soil-plant-atmosphere hydraulic continuum leading to changes in stomatal behavior, which, in turn, are probably related to the delayed wilting of Well under conditions of water deficit. / A domesticação das plantas levou a uma perda de variação genética em muitas culturas, devido à ênfase excessiva na seleção de órgãos comestíveis (raiz, folha, caule ou fruto) e a baixa pressão de seleção para outras características no ambiente cultivado. Essa \"erosão genética\" levou à perda de alelos associados à resistência de diversos estresses ambientais, como seca e salinidade, os quais, por sua vez, podem conduzir a perdas significativas na produtividade das plantas. Entretanto, no tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), é possível acessar um banco valioso de variação genética nas espécies selvagens relacionadas. Assim, a identificação de variantes genéticas associadas ao processo de domesticação do tomateiro e a mecanismos de resistência a estresses ambientais, os quais podem ter sido perdidos durante a domesticação, pode auxiliar em programas de melhoramento do tomateiro e de outras culturas de interesse comercial. Diante disso, no presente trabalho, o qual foi dividido em dois capítulos, realizamos cruzamentos entre a espécie selvagem, S. pennellii, e a cultivar miniatura de tomateiro Micro-Tom (MT) para criamos duas linhas de introgressão (ILs), uma com tamanho de órgão reduzido e outra com maior tolerância à seca. No primeiro capítulo, relatamos a caracterização e mapeamento da IL denominada como Tiny organs and reduced yield (Toy). O genótipo Toy carrega um segmento do genoma de S. pennellii no cromossomo 7 e apresenta uma considerável redução em órgãos vegetativos (folhas) e reprodutivos (frutos). Os resultados obtidos conduziram a uma discussão de como esse genótipo pode ser relevante para a domesticação do tomateiro, devido ao seu impacto no tamanho de diversos orgão. Por outro lado, no segundo capítulo, descrevemos o mecanismo de tolerância à seca da IL Water Economy Locus em Lycopersicon (Well). Plantas Well carregam um segmento do genoma de S. pennellii no cromossomo 1 e exibem uma menor condutância hidráulica, possivelmente relacionada ao tamanho reduzido do vaso xilemático. A menor condutância hidráulica do genótipo Well conduz a perturbações no contínuo solo/planta/atmosfera levando a mudança no comportamento estomático, que, por sua vez, provavelmente está relacionado a maior resistência ao murchamento apresentada por esse material em condições de déficit hídrico.

Esta tese procura articular a pesquisa etnográfica em laboratórios de biologia, genética e bioquímica na qual se destacam os recintos como ambientes de domesticação científica de agentes orgânicos ao pensamento da evolução, abordado pela leitura da obra de Charles Darwin, uma vez que a concepção sobre a variação e a conservação das formas orgânicas, nas expressões deste autor, revela-se fundamento das práticas daqueles laboratórios. O estudo aqui proposto busca contribuir para o debate em torno de uma antropologia da ciência e da modernidade, inspirando-se nos escritos Bruno Latour. / This dissertation proposes an articulation between ethnographical research in laboratories (biology, genetics and biochemistry) in which precincts as environments of scientifical domestication of organic agents stands out and evolutionary thought, considered through Charles Darwins works, insofar as the concept of «variation» and «conservation» of «organic forms», in his saying, stands as the fundament of those laboratories practices. This study aims to contribute to an anthropology of science and modernity, inspired by Bruno Latours writings.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma tradução comentada de Bahia, um capítulo da obra Xangô. As religiões afro-americanas. Bahia, Haiti, Trinidad (1976), do autor alemão Hubert Fichte, obra ainda inédita no Brasil. O objetivo consiste em propor uma atitude recriadora da escrita fichteana sob a perspectiva diferenciada de quem traduz, mantendo as características do texto-fonte e a marca poética na análise etnográfica, e pela adoção de uma atitude tradutória estrangeirizante, trazer visibilidade para o tradutor. Além disso, a tradução serve como um exercício de análise e crítica da obra, e, por meio de escolhas e justificativas de decisões tradutórias, são revelados os bastidores do processo de tradução. / This master thesis presents a commented translation of Bahia, a chapter of Xangô. As religiões afro-americanas. Bahia. Haiti. Trinidad (1976) by the German author Hubert Fichte a work still unpublished in Brazil. The aim of this thesis is to propose a recreative attitude of the fichtean writing under a differing perspective of the individual who translates, maintaining not only the characteristics of the source-text but also the poetic features in the ethnographic analysis. The work also intends to provide visibility to the translator by adopting a foreign translating posture. In addition, translation itself serves as an exercise of analysis and critique of the work, and through choices and justifications of translating decisions, the underlying efforts of the translation process is revealed.

Este trabalho apresenta uma tradução crítica da narrativa Die Reisebegegnung (O encontro de viagem), da escritora alemã Anna Seghers. Através dessa tradução, discute-se o ato de traduzir, questionando-se o modelo de tradução predominante no mercado editorial, que exige textos fluentes, nos quais se apagam as marcas de estrangeiridade. Esta dissertação propõe uma alternativa ao modelo: destacar o caráter estrangeiro da obra em vez de tentar apagá-lo, proporcionando ao leitor uma experiência com o texto estrangeiro que vá além do conteúdo e chamando sua atenção para questões de linguagem. Isso confere maior espaço e visibilidade para o trabalho criativo do tradutor, explícito aqui por meio do aparato crítico que acompanha a tradução. Essa alternativa se sustenta principalmente nas ideias de Friedrich Schleiermacher, Lawrence Venuti e Antoine Berman, que defendem a tradução chamada de estrangeirizadora, isto é, aquela que abre e garante espaço para o estranho (estrangeiro, fremd) no texto de chegada. / This work presents a critical translation of the narrative Die Reisebegegnung (The travel encounter), by the German writer Anna Seghers. Through this translation, the act of translating is discussed, questioning the translation model predominant in the publishing market, which requires fluent texts and in which the foreignness marks become extinguished. This dissertation proposes an alternative to the model: highlighting the foreign aspect of the work instead of trying to delete it, providing the reader with an experience of the foreign text that goes beyond the content and drawing his/her attention to language issues. This procedure gives more room and visibility to the creative work of the translator, made explicit here through the critical apparatus following the translation. Such an alternative is supported mainly by the ideas of Friedrich Schleiermacher, Lawrence Venuti and Antoine Berman, who defend the so-called foreignizing translation, i.e., the one that makes and warrants room for the strange (foreign, fremd) in the target text.

The Abstract The main purpose of my thesis is to make summary of conventional and unconventional livestock and their importace to man. My thesis brings in survey of the most significant kinds of breeds and their economic exploitation. A separate section is devoted to Czech breeding of essential kinds of livestock in reference to their conditions and animal production capacity. Out of unconventional groups of livestock, the attention is devoted to birds from out superorder runners. The importace of meat in man's nutrition is widely discussed. As a part of thesis, a public inquiry was compiled and analysed. It was interpreted on samples of students and workers of educational institutions. The inquiry discovers the influence of respondents'demografic field and other circumstances upon meat consummation. As a suplement to the biology education at primary and secondary schools, a CD- ROM is made containing questions to systematic zoology of birds from among superorder runners. Key words: domestication, livestock, runners, meat, inquiry

Submitted by Sandro Camargo (sandro.camargo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-03-08T19:40:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 117110035.pdf: 2502976 bytes, checksum: 4587ac7502f70421540e27b087febdfb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-08T19:40:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 117110035.pdf: 2502976 bytes, checksum: 4587ac7502f70421540e27b087febdfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-05 / A oxitocina e a vasopressina são nonapeptídeos intimamente relacionados que surgiram a partir de duplicações em tandem ocorridas no ancestral comum dos vertebrados mandibulados e que desempenham importantes funções fisiológicas e comportamentais em muitos organismos. Suas atividades são mediadas através das interações com o receptor da oxitocina (OXTR) e com os receptores da vasopressina (AVPR1a, AVPR1b e AVPR2). O objetivo do presente estudo é caracterizar a evolução molecular dessa família de receptores num conjunto grande de organismos. Assim como, avaliar a variabilidade genética de OXTR na espécie Ovis aries que ainda não possui seu genoma disponível nos bancos de dados. Devido à conservação dos nonapeptídeos, ao menos considerando os mamíferos, acredita-se que a evolução do sistema esteja ocorrendo através de seus receptores, que, portanto são o centro deste estudo. Através de sequências nucleotídicas e proteicas para todos os receptores da oxitocina e da vasopressina obtidas nos bancos de dados HMMER e Uniprot foram realizadas análises filogenéticas por máxima verossimilhança no programa Mega 5.0. Os dados disponíveis no site Genomicus foram utilizados para a realização da sintenia e vizinhança. O padrão de evolução molecular foi estabelecido utilizando um conjunto de 23 espécies de mamíferos usando o pacote Paml 4.6. A fim de contribuir com o conhecimento da espécie Ovis aries analisou-se o gene OXTR, na raça Crioula Lanada (N=35) que apresenta um padrão distinto de seleção em comparação com as raças Ile de France (N=6) e Ideal (N=5) que são selecionadas para corte e lã. Nossos resultados indicam que OXTR, AVPR1a, AVPR1b, AVPR2 e o bloco sintênico desses receptores emergiram com o ancestral comum dos vertebrados no primeiro evento de duplicação do genoma. Primeiramente foram originados, o gene ancestral de AVPR1a e AVPR1b e o gene ancestral de OXTR e AVPR2. Os quatro receptores observados hoje se originaram após o segundo evento de duplicação do genoma ter ocorrido no ancestral comum dos vertebrados. Em termos de evolução molecular foram encontrados padrões distintos entre animais domesticados e selvagens nos receptores AVPR1a e AVPR1b. Isso indica que os animais domesticados estão sob seleção positiva para esses genes, clara marca molecular que pode estar ligada ao processo de seleção para docilidade, num contexto de evolução convergente. Para a espécie Ovis aries foi amplificado um total de 1644 pares de base (pb) obtidos do DNA das três raçasovinas estudadas. Embora tenha sido registrada variação entre as raças, não há uma quebra no padrão de evolução neutro com sinal de seleção purificadora. O que reforça a ideia que o sistema todo esteja evoluindo via os dois receptores de AVP, cuja origem filogenética é comum, AVPR1a e AVPR1b. / Oxytocin and vasopressin are closely related nonapeptides that arose from tandem duplication occurred in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates and play important physiological and behavioral functions in many organisms. Its activities are mediated through interactions with the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and vasopressin receptors (AVPR1a, AVPR1b and AVPR2). The aim of this study is to characterize the molecular evolution of this family of receptors in a large set of organisms. As well as, assess the genetic variability of the OXTR from Ovis aries species that does not have its genome available in databases. Due to the conservation of nonapeptides, at least considering the mammals, it is believed that the evolution of the system is going through their receptors, which therefore are the focus of this study. Through nucleotide and protein sequences for all oxytocin and vasopressin receptors obtained in databases UniProt and HMMER, phylogenetic analyzes were performed by maximum likelihood in the Mega 5.0 program. Available data on the website Genomicus were used to carry out the synteny and neighborhood. The pattern of molecular evolution was established using a set of 23 mammalian species using the Paml 4.6 package. To contribute to the knowledge of the Ovis aries species it was analyzed the OXTR gene, in the Creole Lanada breed (N = 35) that presents a distinct pattern of selection compared to the breeds Ile de France (N = 6) and Ideal (N = 5) that are selected for cutting and wool. Our results indicate that OXTR, AVPR1A, AVPR1b, AVPR2 and the sintenic block of these receptors emerged with the common ancestor of vertebrates in the first genome duplication event. First, was originated the ancestral gene of AVPR1A and AVPR1b and the ancestral gene of OXTR and AVPR2. The four receptors observed today originated after the second genome duplication event occurred in the common ancestor of vertebrates. In terms of molecular evolution were found distinct patterns between domesticated and wild animals in the AVPR1A and AVPR1b receptors. This indicates that domesticated animals are under positive selection for these genes, clearly molecular mark which may be linked to the process of selection for docility, in the context of convergent evolution. For the Ovis aries species was amplified a total of 1644 base pairs (bp) of DNA obtained from three sheep breeds studied. Although has been found variation between the breeds, there is no break in the pattern of neutrality with signal of purifying selection. This strengthens the idea that the whole system is evolvingthrough the two AVP receptors, whose phylogenetic origin is common, AVPR1A and VPR1b.

This thesis addresses a major problem facing any attempt to account for language structure through a cultural mechanism: The processes required by such a mechanism are only possible if we assume the existence of a range of preconditions. These preconditions are not trivial, and themselves require an explanation. In this thesis I address the nature and origin of these preconditions. I approach this topic in three stages. In the first stage, I pull-apart the functioning of one prominent cultural account of language evolution—the Iterated Learning Model —to identify the preconditions it assumes. These preconditions cluster into two main groups. The first concerns the traditional transmission of the communication system. The second relates to the emergence of particular skills of social cognition that make learned symbols and language-like communication a possibility. In the second stage, I turn to comparative evidence, looking for evolutionary analogies that might shed light on the emergence of these preconditions. Two case studies—the Bengalese finch and the domestic dog—are considered in detail, both of which show aspects of one of the preconditions emerging in the context of domestication. In each case I examine what it is about the domestication process that led to this outcome. In the final stage, I consider whether this same context might explain the emergence of these preconditions in humans. The claim that humans are a self-domesticated species has a long history, and is increasingly invoked in contemporary discussions of language evolution. However, it is often unclear exactly what this claim entails. I present a synthesis and critique of a range of empirical and theoretical perspectives on self-domestication. I conclude that human self-domestication is a coherent concept, and that there are several plausible accounts of how it might have occurred. The realisation that humans are a self-domesticated species can, therefore, provide some insight into how a cultural account of language structure might be possible at all.