Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-04-05T18:50:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1802151 bytes, checksum: 55ced28e2e4f99399e06e35026253dfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T18:50:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1802151 bytes, checksum: 55ced28e2e4f99399e06e35026253dfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O interesse por métodos não-químicos de controle de pragas em grãos armazenados vem aumentando, uma vez que os consumidores estão menos tolerantes aos resíduos nos alimentos e há sucessivos relatos de resistência a inseticidas em muitas espécies de insetos de produtos armazenados. O controle biológico surge como uma das alternativas e existem vários casos de sucesso desse método, principalmente quando inserido em programas de manejo integrado de pragas. Pesquisas com o ácaro Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) vêm sendo desenvolvidas e demonstram que sua utilização no controle biológico de coleópteros-praga de produtos armazenados é promissora. Assim, esta pesquisa foi dividida em cinco etapas que abordam estudos básicos com este inimigo natural, visando fornecer subsídios para sua futura liberação em programas de controle biológico em ambientes de armazenamento. A primeira etapa está relacionada com a capacidade de A. lacunatus sobreviver à inanição sob diferentes temperaturas. Foram simuladas situações de escassez de alimento, sendo observado que A. lacunatus conseguiu sobreviver na ausência de alimento por até 108 horas, nas temperaturas de 20, 25 e 28 0C. A segunda etapa avaliou se este ácaro dispersa numa massa de grãos e consegue localizar o hospedeiro Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius). Constatou-se a habilidade de A. lacunatus em penetrar até 20 cm de profundidade e localizar ovos de R. dominica em diferentes regiões na massa de grãos, colonizando o ambiente de forma ativa. A terceira etapa consistiu no estudo da biologia de A. lacunatus sobre os hospedeiros Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) e Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) nas temperaturas 20, 25, 28, 30, 32 e 35 0C. A temperatura influenciou os parâmetros biológicos do ácaro, sendo a taxa intrínseca de crescimento (rm), a taxa líquida reprodutiva (Ro) e a razão sexual diretamente proporcionais ao aumento da temperatura. As maiores progênies (19 indivíduos/fêmea do ácaro em T. castaneum e 15 indivíduos/fêmea do ácaro em C. ferrugineus) foram observadas à temperatura de desenvolvimento. 30 A 0 C, demonstrando quarta que essa temperatura favorece seu etapa abordou um estudo de seleção de linhagens de A. lacunatus, que foram mantidas por sucessivas gerações, isoladamente, sobre os hospedeiros T. castaneum, C. ferrugineus e R. dominica. Teve como objetivo testar a preferência do ácaro por ovos desses coleópteros, em testes mensais, durante nove meses, na tentativa de detectar possíveis mudanças nessa preferência que possam indicar a seleção de linhagens desse ácaro com uma melhor performance sobre estes insetos. Houve uma influência significativa do tempo sobre a taxa de parasitismo, sendo R. dominica o hospedeiro mais parasitado em todas as situações, indicando que esta preferência parece estar fixada geneticamente, uma vez que A. lacunatus vem sendo mantido sobre este hospedeiro desde sua introdução no Brasil. Foi calculada a herdabilidade (h2) para T. castaneum e C. ferrugineus, sendo que este valor foi maior para T. castaneum. Isso indica que a seleção de linhagens desse ácaro com um melhor desempenho sobre T. castaneum pode ser realizada. Já a quinta etapa consistiu no estudo do potencial de parasitismo de A. lacunatus sobre o coleóptero T. castaneum, onde observou-se que o aumento da densidade do ácaro implicou no aumento do número de ovos parasitados, com conseqüente redução das populações desse inseto. Assim, novas informações sobre A. lacunatus são acrescentadas e indicam que sua utilização no controle biológico de T. castaneum, C. ferrugineus e R. dominica pode ser viável. / The interest for non-chemical control methods of stored grain pests is increasing since the consumers are less tolerant about insecticide residues on food and there are reports of insecticide resistance in insects of stored products. The biological control appears as an alternative and there are several success cases of the control method, mainly within integrated pest management programs. Studies with the mite Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) have been carried out and show the potential of its use in the biological control of stored grain beetles. Therefore the present study was divided in five phases encompassing basic investigations with this natural enemy aiming to provide support for its future use in biological control programs in storage facilities. The first phase is related with the capacity of A. lacunatus to survive under starvation at different temperatures. This mite species was able to survive for up to 108 hours at the temperatures of 20, 25 and 28 0C. The second phase focused on assessing the dispersal of this mite species in the grain mass and its ability to locate its host Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius). The mite was able to penetrate up to 20 cm deep and locate eggs of R. dominica in different regions of the grain mass efectivelly colonizing the environment. The third phase involved the biology of A. lacunatus on the hosts Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) at the temperatures 20, 25, 28, 30, 32 and 35 0C. The temperature affected the biological parameters of the mite with a proportional increase in the intrinsic growth rate (rm) net reproductive rate (Ro) and sex ratio with increased temperature. The greates progenies (19 individuals/female in T. castaneum and 15 individuals/female in C. ferrugineus) were observed at 30 0C temperature showing that this temperature favors the mite development. The fourth phase focused the selection of mite strains maintained for several generations in different hosts (T. castaneum, C. ferrugineus and R. dominica). The objective was to test the host egg preference of each selection line in monthly tests trying to detect changes in preference through time. There was a significant influence of time on the parasitism rate with R. dominica always being the preferred host and indicating that this preference was genetically fixed in the mite population. The heritability (h2) of egg preference for the hosts T. castaneum and C. ferrugineus was calculated and higher values were observed for T. castaneum. This indicates that selection for better performance in T. castaneum is possible. In the fifth phase of the present effort, we investigated the parasitism potential of A. lacunatus in the beetle T. castaneum where an increase in mite density led to an increase in the number of parasitized eggs with a consequent reduction of this insect population. Therefore, new information on A. lacunatus was obtained indicating the viability of its use in biological control programs against T. castaneum, C. ferrugineus and R. dominica.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-27T17:46:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 647098 bytes, checksum: b268e217f616628b33c7d54bc5890149 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-27T17:46:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 647098 bytes, checksum: b268e217f616628b33c7d54bc5890149 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-07-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Com a necessidade de buscar alternativas para o uso de agentes químicos em produtos armazenados, devido ao desenvolvimento de resistência em insetos-praga e à possibilidade de contaminação dos alimentos por resíduos, os programas de erradicação de pragas têm dado maior ênfase ao controle biológico. Em razão do exposto, este trabalho foi dividido em três etapas que abordaram o potencial de parasitismo do ácaro Acarophenax lacunatus (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) em cinco espécies de insetos de produtos armazenados. Na primeira etapa, avaliou-se a preferência deste ácaro por ovos dos insetos Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), Dinoderus minutus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) e Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). A segunda etapa abordou o estudo do potencial de parasitismo do ácaro em D. minutus em mandioca seca armazenada, e a terceira etapa em R. dominica, T. castaneu m, O. surinamensis e Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) em trigo parcialmente triturado. Todos os testes foram realizados a 28 o C e escotofase de 24 horas, em câmaras climáticas do tipo B.O.D. O estudo da preferência por ovos foi realizado em dois testes: um sem chance de escolha e outro com chance de escolha, utilizando-se placas de Petri (5 cm de diâmetro), as quais foram divididas em quatro quadrantes. No teste sem chance de escolha, foram colocados, em cada quadrante, cinco ovos de apenas um dos insetos e, no centro da placa, uma fêmea de A. lacunatus em processo de fisogastria. O experimento foi realizado com cada uma das espécies. No teste com chance de escolha, foram utilizados ovos de todas as espécies, que foram distribuídos de forma que cada quadrante só recebesse ovos de um dos insetos. Da mesma forma, no centro da placa foi liberada uma fêmea fisogástrica do ácaro. Em nenhum dos testes o ácaro A. lacunatus parasitou ovos de O. surinamensis. No teste sem chance de escolha não foi observada preferência de A. lacunatus por ovos de nenhum dos outros hospedeiros. Entretanto, no teste com livre escolha, A. lacunatus parasitou mais ovos de R. dominica e D. minutus que de T. castaneum. Nas outras etapas do trabalho, avaliou-se a população final dos insetos (larvas e adultos), o número de ovos parasitados e de ácaros em processo de fisogastria, a taxa instantânea de crescimento (r i ) de A. lacunatus e dos insetos, e a perda de peso dos produtos (mandioca e trigo). Foi observado que o ácaro apresenta potencial biótico maior que o dos hospedeiros R. dominica, D. minutus e T. castaneum. Desta forma, o número de larvas e adultos destes insetos sofreu reduções em relação à testemunha, o que também ocorreu com as perdas de matéria seca ocasionadas pelo ataque dos insetos. Também não foi observado parasitismo em populações do coleóptero O. surinamensis. Pelo número de ovos parasitados de R. dominica, D. minutus, T. castaneum e C. ferrugineus, conclui-se que o ácaro A. lacunatus é um inimigo natural eficaz destes insetos, não sendo, portanto, um parasita específico de R. dominica , como se imaginava. / With the necessity of searching for alternatives to the use of chemical control agents in stored products due to development of insecticide resistance in insect-pests and the possibility of foodstuff contamination by residue, pest eradication programs have been putting more emphasis on biological control. As a consequence, the present work was divided in three phases which aimed to assess the parasitism potential of the mite Acarophenax lacunatus (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) in five species of insects of stored products. In the first phase, the mite preference for eggs of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), Dinoderus minutus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) was assessed. In the second phase, the parasitism potential of the mote species of D. minutus attacking dried stored cassava was evaluated and in the third phase the parasitism potential of the same parasitic species was assessed in R. dominica, T. castaneum, O. surinamensis e Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) infesting wheat. All of the experiments were carried out under controlled conditions of 28 o C and 24 hours scotophase in climatic chambers of the B.O.D. type. The study of egg preference was carried out in two tests: one without opportunity of choice and other with it using Petri dishes divided in four areas. On the non-choice test five eggs of only one species was placed in each different area and a physogastric female of A. lacunatus was placed in the centre of the Petri dish (5 cm diameter). On the choice test there was only eggs of a single species in each of the four areas within the Petri dish and the same procedure was used for each potential prey species. The mite A. lacunatus did not attack eggs of O. surinamensis in any of the tests. No preference of A. lacunatus by eggs of any host was observed on the non-choice test. However, A. lacunatus attacked more eggs R. dominica and D. minutus than of T. castaneum. In the other phases of the work the final insect population (adults and larvae), egg parasitism, number of mites in physogastry, the instantaneous rate of increase of the mite and the insect populations (r i ) and weight loss of the stored product (wheat or cassava). It was observed that the mite has higher biotic potential than the hosts R. dominica, D. minutus and T. castaneum. Therefore, the number of larvae and adults of these insect species were lower than in the control treatment, what was also observed with the losses in dried matter caused by insect infestation. Again, no parasitism on eggs of O. surinamensis was observed. Based on the egg parasitism of R. dominica, D. minutus, T. castaneum and C. ferrugineus, the mite A. lacunatus is an efficient natural enemy for all of this species and not only to R. dominica, as initially reported. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria

Le monde, depuis des millénaires, est bâti sur les fondations de sociétés bilingues. Or, ce « parler multiple » semble depuis toujours être source de conflit. Loin d’être considéré comme une richesse, le bilinguisme (ou plurilinguisme) semble plutôt représenter un problème auquel on tâcherait de trouver une solution. « La multiplicité » dit Louis-Jean Calvet (1999), « est chose mauvaise, on lui préfère de façon toute jacobine un bon gros Etat monolingue bien cerné dans ses frontières politiques et linguistiques ».La région caraïbe occupe une place tout à fait intéressante sur cette scène en perpétuel mouvement qu’est la mondialisation. Ces pays/îles doivent continuellement chercher l’équilibre entre appartenance locale, régionale et internationale, grand nombre d’entre eux luttant toujours aujourd’hui pour concilier leur statut d’anciennes colonies et le rythme rapide de la mondialisation. Cette thèse porte sur la place des langues vivantes dans les écoles du premier degré à la Martinique et à la Dominique et sur les enjeux d’un enseignement bilingue pour ces deux îles qui appartiennent à la fois à la Caraïbe et au monde. Nous proposons, dans un premier temps, une étude de la situation actuelle de l’enseignement des langues dans les deux îles : quelles sont les politiques linguistiques dans les deux contextes? Dans quelle mesure sont-elles mises en œuvre? L’enseignement des langues répond-il aux exigences des textes officiels ? Les politiques linguistiques sont-elles adaptées aux réalités sociolinguistiques de ces îles ? Dans un deuxième temps, nous interrogeons la possibilité d’un enseignement bilingue dès l’école préélémentaire dans les îles de la Martinique et de la Dominique et nous expérimentons des approches d’enseignement des langues en milieu institutionnel et en contexte périscolaire. Nous nous interrogeons sur des modes de fonctionnement différents : ne pourrait-on pas imaginer d’autres manières de faire ? Que pouvons-nous proposer comme solutions complémentaires et/ou alternatives à l’existant ?Enfin, dans un troisième temps, dans une perspective plus globale, nous posons la question de l’éducation bilingue, par une approche comparée, en analysant les faits éducatifs dans deux systèmes différents et en nous intéressant à la question de l’altérité. La compréhension de l’Autre peut-elle améliorer l’existant dans le cas de la Martinique et de la Dominique ? Nous revenons ainsi à la question de l’intérêt et des enjeux d’une comparaison de l’enseignement des langues dans ces deux systèmes, en prenant en compte les identités locales, régionales et internationales à travers des analyses historiques et sociolinguistiques. A la suite de cette analyse, nous faisons des propositions concrètes en faveur d’un enseignement bilingue intégré dans ces deux îles. Ces propositions concernent les domaines tels que la didactique, la planification en éducation et le curriculum bilingue, la formation des enseignants et la politique linguistique de la Caraïbe. Notre question centrale est la suivante : comment enseigner aujourd’hui pour mieux préparer les citoyens caribéens au monde de demain ? / The Caribbean region occupies an interesting space in the perpetually changing scene of globalisation. Caribbean countries or islands must continually seek to balance their sense of belonging to a local, regional and international community. This is sometimes a difficult task as any of them are still fighting to balance their evolution as old colonies with the fast pace of globalisation in a new world.This thesis focuses on language teaching at primary level in the islands of Martinique and Dominica. It examines the many issues surrounding language teaching and questions the role of bilingual education in the development of these two Caribbean islands as they evolve within the Caribbean and the world. Firstly, we propose a careful study of the current situation of language teaching in Martinique and Dominica. What are the language policies of these islands? How and to what extent are they implemented? Does language teaching truly reflect the objectives of official texts? Are the present language policies adapted to the sociolinguistic reality of each island?Secondly, we raise the question as to the possibility of the implementation of bilingual education at the pre-primary level in the islands of Martinique and Dominica. We examine the question through the experimenting of different language teaching methods within a school setting and as part of an extracurricular bilingual program. Can we envision alternative approaches to the present situation? What complementary or alternative solutions can we propose to improve on what already exists?Lastly, we look at the subject from an overall perspective and we address the question of bilingual education. We analyse how comparative education, the study of other education systems and the understanding of others play a major role in developing solutions to present day situations. This analysis takes into account issues relating to local, regional and international identities through a study of the historical and sociolinguistic context of the islands of Dominica and Martinique.Based on our analysis and on the literature, we put forward concrete proposals for holistic bilingual education on the islands of Martinique and Dominica. These proposals focus on areas such as language teaching pedagogy, education planning, the bilingual curriculum, teacher training, and language policy for the Caribbean. The main question underlying this thesis is: how do we teach today to better prepare Caribbean citizens for the world of tomorrow?

Algunas plagas causan daños importantes en productos y granos almacenados, lo cual conlleva consecuentemente a pérdidas de producción y calidad en estos productos.Las principales plagas del arroz almacenado en España son, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), y Cryptolestes pusillus Schönherr (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Las dos primeras son plagas primarias que atacan directamente el grano y resultan bastante destructivas debido a que sus larvas se alimentan y desarrollan dentro de él. C.pusillus es, sin embargo, una plaga secundaria que se beneficia de granos que ya están dañados y rotos.Actualmente, el uso de fumigantes e insecticidas de síntesis sigue siendo el principal método de lucha para controlar las plagas de almacén, si bien recientemente (dadas las continuas restricciones al uso de agroquímicos) existe un gran interés en la utilización de otras alternativas tales como el control biológico, el almacenamiento a bajas temperaturas, o los tratamientos con calor entre otros.Igualmente muchos productos obtenidos principalmente de plantas y que derivan del metabolismo secundario de las mismas ofrecen una fuente de bioinsecticidas que podrían representar una alternativa ecológica frente a los insecticidas de síntesis ya que su uso masivo e indiscriminado ha ocasionado problemas tales como la aparición de resistencias en determinadas especies de insectos frente a diferentes materias activas, desequilibrios ecológicos y problemas medioambientales sin olvidar el riesgo que entrañan para la salud humana.Con este trabajo se ha pretendido estudiar la actividad plaguicida de los aceites esenciales extraídos de tres plantas: Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbelliferae), Carum carvii L. (Umbelliferae) y Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae) y su posterior fraccionamiento para identificar dentro de estos aceites los compuestos químicos responsables de esta actividad insecticida sobre tres plagas de almacén de arroz (S. oryzae, R.dominica y C.pusillus).Del estudio de estos monoterpenoides, linalol, S-carvona y estragol resultaron tener una alta actividad insecticida sobre estas plagas. Sin embargo el E-anetol fue más selectivo para R.dominica y C.pusillus, así como el limoneno, γ-terpineno, geraniol y eucaliptol sólo resultaron activos frente a C.pusillus.Algunos monoterpenoides podrían actuar de sinergistas potenciando la actividad de otros, como podría ser el caso del alcanfor, acetato de geranilo y E-anetol con linalol en R.dominica y C.pusillus, o el caso del metoxicinamaldehido, p-anisaldehido y linalol que pueden tener efecto sinergista sobre el estragol.Este trabajo también abarcó el estudio de un posible modo de acción de estos monoterpenoides, la inhibición de la acetilcolinesterasa, para alcanzar un mayor entendimiento del comportamiento de estas sustancias en el interior del insecto.Así se pudo observar como la mayoría de monoterpenoides estudiados inhibían en cierta medida esta enzima, siendo fenchona, S-carvona y linalol los monoterpenoides que mayor inhibición originaron.Del mismo modo se observó como fenchona, γ-terpineno, geraniol y linalol inhibían competitivamente la acetilcolinesterasa, mientras que S-carvona, estragol y alcanfor producían una inhibición mixta para esta enzima.Sin embargo no se observó inhibición de la acetilcolinesterasa por parte del E-anetol a las concentraciones de monoterpenoides ensayadas.Para completar este trabajo se examinó de igual forma la capacidad que tenían estos bioinsecticidas de generar resistencia en estas tres plagas así como el mecanismo de resistencia implicado en el desarrollo de este proceso. Para ello se fueron seleccionando las poblaciones de insectos mediante la aplicación de los diferentes monoterpenoides a dosis crecientes durante 7 generaciones. De este modo se pudo calcular el factor de resistencia en cada una de las plagas y para cada uno de los monoterpenoides comparando las concentraciones letales 50 de las poblaciones seleccionadas con las poblaciones iniciales (sensibles).A continuación se analizaron tres posibles sistemas de detoxificación enzimáticos gracias al uso de sinergistas para estudiar el mecanismo de resistencia que podría estar involucrado.De tal forma se observó como estos monoterpenoides inducían lentamente resistencias resultando ventajosos en un futuro para el control de estas plagas.Esta Tesis ha englobado un estudio íntegro y profundo de estos insecticidas ecológicos desde la extracción de los aceites esenciales, seguido de la identificación de compuestos puros (CG-EM) con actividad insecticida junto con el estudio de un modo de acción de estos insecticidas, la selección de resistencia en las poblaciones de insectos y los posibles mecanismos de resistencia que pudieran estar implicados en este proceso. / Some pests cause serious damage to stored grains and stored products and consequently production and quality losses in these products.The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Cryptolestes pusillus Schönherr (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) were the main damaging pests found in stored rice in Spain.S.oryzae and R.dominica are primary pests attacking directly the intact grain and are quite destructive because their larvi feed and develop inside the grain whereas C.pusillus is a secondary pest which benefits from grains previously damaged.At the present time, organic synthetic pesticides are still the main method to control stored grain pests, however, recently (due to restriction in agrochemicals use) there is a great interest in using other altenatives such as biological control, storage at low-temperatures, or heat treatment.Likewise, many products obtained mainly from plants and derived from secondary metabolism have insecticidal activity against insects, such as monoterpenoids, which present a broad variety of bioinsecticide products which could turn out to be an ecologic alternative to synthetic pesticides since the majority of alternative products are not harmful for the human healthy and they become less environmentally damaging, exhibiting a low impact on the environment.In addition, it cannot be ignored the different difficulties related to resistance due to several active compounds from organic pesticides found in some species of insects.With this work, we have considered remarkable to study the insecticide activity of essential oils extracted from three plants: Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbelliferae), Carum carvii L. (Umbelliferae) and Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae) and carry out a bioassay-guided fractionation of their essential oils to identify which compounds were responsible for the volatile toxicity shown on three stored rice pests (S. oryzae, R. dominica and C. pusillus).Linalool, S-carvone and estragole turned out to have a high insecticide activity on these pests. Nevertheless E-anetol was more selective to R. dominica and C. pusillus, being only active on C. pusillus limonene, γ-terpinene, geraniol and eucalyptol.Some monoterpenoids were found as synergists, increasing the activity of the other ones, like for instance, camphor, geranyl acetate and E-anethole with linalool in R.dominica and C.pusillus or metoxycinnamaldehyde, p-anysaldehyde and linalool which could activate to estragole.In this work, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase as a posible mode of action was studied as well, to reach a clear understanding about the action of these products inside the insects.The majority of monoterpenoids inhibited the enzyme acetylcholinesterase being fenchone, S-carvone and linalool the monoterpenoids that produced a higher inhibition.Furthermore, it was observed how fenchone, γ-terpinene, geraniol and linalool showed a competitive inhibition whereas S-carvone, estragole and camphor produced a mixed inhibition for this enzyme. However the enzyme acetylcholinesterase was not inhibited by E-anethole.To finish up this work, the selection for monoterpenoid resistance on these pests as well as the metabolic mechanisms implicated was studied.The resistant strains were selected from susceptible insect populations and survivors were reared separately for each monoterpenoid and successive generations were treated with higher concentrations. These populations were selected until seven times.As a result we could calculate the resistance factor on each pest (comparing lethal concentration 50 values of susceptible and resistant strains).Next, three enzymatic systems detoxifying these monoterpenoids were analysed to study the metabolic mechanism implicated.In this way we could realize that all monoterpenoids induced resistance slowly, concluding that these pesticides will be appropriated to control these pests in the future.This Thesis has concerned a study in depth about ecological insecticides from extraction of essential oils, identification of compounds (GC-MS) with insecticide activity, mode of action and study of resistance and mechanism of insecticide resistance involved in this process.

Book review of the collection titled ´East African literature: Essays on Written and Oral Tradition´ edited by J.K.S. Makokha, Egara Kabaji and Dominica Dipio

xi, 236 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Writers in the Caribbean, like writers throughout the postcolonial world, return to colonial texts to rewrite the myths that justified and maintained colonial control. Exemplary of a widespread, regional phenomenon that begins at mid-century, writers such as Aimé Césaire and George Lamming take up certain texts such as Shakespeare's The Tempest and recast them in their own image. Postcolonial literary theory reads this act of rewriting the canon as a political one that speaks back to power and often advocates for political and cultural independence. Towards the end of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the twenty-first century, Caribbean women writers begin a new wave of rewriting that continues in this tradition, but with certain differences, not least of which is a focused attention to gender and sexuality and to the literary legacies of romance. In the dissertation I consider a number of novels from throughout the region that rewrite the romance, including Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea (1966), Maryse Condé's La migration des coeurs (1995), Mayra Santos-Febres's Nuestra señora de la noche (2006), and Dionne Brand's In Another Place, Not Here (1996). Romance, perhaps more than any other literary form, exerts an allegorical force that exceeds the story of individual characters. The symbolic weight of romance imagines the possibilities of a social order--a social order dependent on the sexual behavior of its citizens. By rewriting the romance, Caribbean women reconsider the sexual politics that have linked women with metaphorical constructions of the nation while at the same time detailing the extent to which transnational forces, including colonization, impact the representation of love and desire in literary texts. Although ultimately these novels refuse the generic requirements of the traditional resolution for romance (the so-called happy ending), they nonetheless gesture towards a reordering of community and a revised notion of kinship that recognizes the weight of both gendered and sexual identities in the Caribbean. / Committee in charge: Karen McPherson, Chairperson, Romance Languages; David Vazquez, Member, English; Tania Triana, Member, Romance Languages; Judith Raiskin, Outside Member, Womens and Gender Studies

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