Les migrations constituent un phénomène transnational dont la gestion a traditionnellement occupé l’intérêt des Etats de destination des migrants dans l’exercice de leur souveraineté. Avec l’avènement de la mondialisation, le panorama migratoire s’est transformé. Les migrations occupent une place chaque fois plus importante dans les agendas des Etats ayant compris que la maîtrise des migrations nécessitait de la coopération et de l’action conjointe à l’échelle internationale. La gouvernance des migrations comporte tout un ensemble de défis tant pour les Etats de destination des migrants que pour les Etats d’origine et pour la communauté internationale dans son ensemble. D’une part se présente l’intérêt de contrôler l’arrivée des migrants très influencé par des conceptions sécuritaires; d’une autre part apparaissent les conceptions des migrations comme outils du développement qui visent à tirer profit des effets considérés comme positifs des migrations et restreindre ses effets négatifs. Et finalement nous constatons l’existence de circonstances pouvant mettre en danger les droits humains des migrants et face auxquelles des mesures doivent être prises pour assurer le respect total des droits de l’homme des migrants. Concilier les intérêts présents autour de la maîtrise des migrations n’est pas une tâche facile. Afin de trouver un cadre idéal pour la maîtrise des migrations et la protection des droits des migrants, nous explorons 5 hypothèses d’étude qui nous mènent à analyser la gestion mondiale migratoire, la gouvernance régionale des migrations (dans le cadre de l’Amérique latine et des relations bilatérales entre cette dernière et l’Union européenne), la protection des migrants en tant que personnes vulnérables titulaires des droits à vocation universelle, ainsi que la protection proposé par les Etats d’origine des migrants (le cas particulier de la Colombie). Les atouts et les défis de chaque espace de discussion sont analysés ainsi que leurs apports à la maîtrise des migrations et à la protection des migrants. / Migrations are a transnational phenomenon that its management has traditionally called attention from the destination states exercising its sovereignty. With the arrival of globalization, the migration perspective has changed. Migrations have an increasingly more important place in the government’s agenda, which has understood that migration management needed the cooperation and the joint action at an international level. The governance of migration involves multiple challenges for the destination countries as well as the countries of origin and for the international community. On one hand, it presents the interest of controlling the arrival of migrants, with a strong influence of security conceptions; on the other hand other ideas have immerged that consider migration as tools for development. Those ideas aim to profit from the effects that are considered as benefits of migration and to stop the negative effects. Finally, we consider the existence of the circumstances that can put in danger migrant’s human rights and for which some measures should be taken. Reconciling the interests surrounding the management of migration is not a simple task. For finding ideal management framework for the governance of migration and the protection of migrant’s human rights, we will explore 5 hypotheses. We will analyze the global administration of migration; the regional administration (in the framework of Latin America); the protection of migrants as vulnerable people having universal rights, as well as the protection from the migrant’s state of origin (in the particular case of Colombia). The assets and the challenges of each one of those discussion environments will be analyzed as well as its contributions to migration’s governance and migrant’s protection.

In order to meet the requests of the application as pixel switch and current driver in next generation active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD) and active-matrix organic light-emitting diodes (AMOLED). The materials of low temperature poly-silicon (LTPS) and metal-oxide are supposed to be the most potential material for active layer of thin-film transistors (TFTs) due to their high mobility compared to the traditional amorphous silicon TFTs. Therefore, in order to make the LTPS TFTs and metal-oxide TFTs affordable for the practical applications, the understanding of instability and reliability is critically important. In the first part, we studied the nonvolatile memory characteristics of polycrystalline-silicon thin-film-transistors (poly-Si TFTs) with a silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) structure. As the device was programmed, significant gate induced drain leakage current was observed due to the extra programmed electrons trapped in the nitride layer which. In order to suppress the leakage current and thereby avoid signal misidentification, we utilized band-to-band hot hole injection method to counteract programmed electrons and this method can exhibit good sustainability because the injected hot holes can remain in the nitride layer after repeated operations. On the other hand, we also investigated the degradation behavior of SONOS-TFT under off-state stress. After the electrical stress, the significant on-state degradation indicates that the interface states accompanied with hot-hole injection. Moreover, the ISE-TCAD simulation tool was utilized to model the degradation mechanism and analyze trap states distribution. Furthermore, we also performed the identical off-state stress for the device with different memory states. The different degradation behavior under different memory states is attributed to the different overlap region of injected holes and trap states. In the second part, the degradation mechanism of indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) caused by gate-bias stress performed in the dark and light illumination was investigated. The parallel threshold voltage indicates that charge trapping model dominates the degradation behavior under positive gate-bias stress. However, the degradation of negative gate bias stress is much slighter than the positive gate bias stress since the IGZO material is hard to induced hole inversion layer. In addition, the hole mobility is much lower than electron resulting in ignorable hole trapping effect. On the other hand, the identical positive and negative gate bias stress performed under light illumination exhibit opposite degradation behavior compared with dark stress. This degradation variation under dark and light illumination can be attributed to the effectively energy barrier variation of electron and hole trapping. Furthermore, to further investigate the light induced instability for IGZO TFTs, the device with and without a SiOx passivation were investigated under light illumination. The experiment results indicate that oxygen adsorption and desorption dominate the light induced instability for unpassivated device and the trap states caused during the passivation layer deposition process will induce apparent subthreshold photo-leakage current under light illumination. In the third part, we investigated the degradation mechanism of IGZO TFTs under hot-carrier and self-heating stress. Under hot-carrier stress, except the electron trapping induced positive Vt shift, an apparent on-current degradation behavior indicates that trap states creation. On the other hand, the identical hot-carrier stress performed in the asymmetric source/drain structure exhibits different degradation behavior compared with symmetric source/drain structure. For asymmetric structure, the strong electrical field in the I-shaped drain electrode will induce channel hot electron injection near the drain side and cause asymmetric threshold voltage degradation. In this part we also investigated the degradation behavior under self-heating stress. The apparent positive threshold voltage (Vt) shift and on-current degradation indicate that the combination of trap states generation and electron trapping effect occur during stress. The trap states generation is caused by the combination of Joule heating and the large vertical field. Moreover, the Joule heating generated by self-heating operation can enhance electron trapping effect and cause larger Vt shift in comparison with the gate-bias stress. Finally, the electrical properties and photo sensitivity of dual gate IGZO TFTs were investigated. The asymmetric electrical properties and photo sensitivity under top gate and bottom gate operation is attributed to the variation of gate control region. Furthermore, the obvious asymmetric photo sensitivity can be utilized to the In-cell touch panel technology and lower the process cost compared with the traditional a-Si TFTs due to the elimination of black matrix.

DESCRIPTION DES PHENOMENES CITES DANS LES TYPES DE TRANSISTORS SUIVANTS: TRANSISTOR VMOS, TRANSISTOR UMOS, TRANSISTOR HEXFET

Le Groupe de Recherche en Appareillage Médical de Sherbrooke (GRAMS) travaille actuellement sur un programme de recherche portant sur des photodiodes à avalanche monophotoniques (PAMP) opérées en mode Geiger en vue d'une application à la tomographie d’émission par positrons (TEP). Pour opérer dans ce mode, la PAMP, ou SPAD selon l’acronyme anglais (Single Photon Avalanche Diode), requiert un circuit d'étouffement (CE) pour, d’une part, arrêter l’avalanche pouvant causer sa destruction et, d’autre part, la réinitialiser en mode d’attente d’un nouveau photon. Le rôle de ce CE comprend également une électronique de communication vers les étages de traitement avancé de signaux. La performance temporelle optimale du CE est réalisée lorsqu’il est juxtaposé à la PAMP. Cependant, cela entraîne une réduction de la surface photosensible ; un élément crucial en imagerie. L’intégration 3D, à base d'interconnexions verticales, offr une solution élégante et performante à cette problématique par l’empilement de circuits intégrés possédant différentes fonctions (PAMP, CE et traitement avancé de signaux). Dans l’approche proposée, des circuits d’étouffement de 50 [mu]m x 50 [mu]m réalisés sur une technologie CMOS 130 nm 3D Tezzaron, contenant chacun 112 transistors, sont matricés afin de correspondre à une matrice de PAMP localisée sur une couche électronique supérieure. Chaque circuit d'étouffement possède une gigue temporelle de 7,47 ps RMS selon des simulations faites avec le logiciel Cadence. Le CE a la flexibilité d'ajuster les temps d'étouffement et de recharge pour la PAMP tout en présentant une faible consommation de puissance ( ~ 0,33 mW à 33 Mcps). La conception du PAMP nécessite de supporter des tensions supérieures aux 3,3 V de la technologie. Pour répondre à ce problème, des transistors à drain étendu (DEMOS) ont été réalisés. En raison de retards de production par les fabricants, les circuits n’ont pu être testés physiquement par des mesures. Les résultats de ce mémoire sont par conséquent basés sur des résultats de simulations avec le logiciel Cadence.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloSS.pdf: 794414 bytes, checksum: 7999790922c4cf74528e43d38c370e58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-28 / This document aims to improve the quality of the production test in vertical tanks with free water drain pipes, through a device to control the draining system. This proposal consists of an interface detector close to the tank bottle and a control valve on the pipe-drain; they are attached to a remote supervisor system, which will be minimizing the human influence in the conclusion of the test result. And for more consciousness the work shows the importance of the wells production test in the attendance and diagnosis of the productive process, informing the large number of tests executed and problems of the procedure adopted in the field today. There are many possible sources of uncertainty in this kind of test as shown in the experiments realized in the field; the object prototype of this dissertation will be made in the field, based upon the definition of parameters and characteristics of the devices proposal. For a better definition of the draining process the action results of the assessment test are shown, especially changed some for the understand ing of the real process. It shows the proposal details and the configuration that will be used in the tank of Monte Alegre s field Production Station, explaining the interface detector kind and the control system. It is the base to a pilot project now in development, named as the new project classified in the status of the new technology and production improvement of PETROBRAS in Rio Grande do Norte and Cear?. This dissertation concludes that the automation of the conventional test with the draining system will bring benefits both economically as metrologically, because it reduces the uncertainty of the test procedures with free water draining, and also decreases the number of tests with problems / Este trabalho tem por objetivo melhorar a qualidade dos testes de produ??o em tanques verticais com drenagem da ?gua livre, atrav?s da instala??o de dispositivos para controle autom?tico do sistema de drenagem do tanque. Esta proposta de melhoria consiste na montagem de um detector de interface pr?ximo do fundo do tanque e uma v?lvula de controle no dreno, interligados a um sistema de supervis?o remota, reduzindo a influ?ncia humana na finaliza??o e resultados do teste. O trabalho mostra a import?ncia do teste de produ??o dos po?os para o acompanhamento e diagn?stico do processo produtivo, atrav?s da cita??o da grande quantidade de testes realizados e das dificuldades do procedimento atualmente adotado. Existem muitas poss?veis fontes de incerteza neste tipo de teste, que foram constatadas por experimentos realizados no campo. O prot?tipo do objeto desta disserta??o ser? montado no campo, tendo como base a defini??o dos par?metros e caracter?sticas dos dispositivos desta proposta. Para melhor definir o processo de drenagem s?o mostrados os resultados das a??es de acompanhamento de testes, especialmente modificados para entendimento da problem?tica do processo atual. Com base nos resultados das pesquisas foi poss?vel detalhar a proposi??o de melhoria, e definir a configura??o a ser montada no tanque de teste da Esta??o Coletora do campo de Monte Alegre, inclusive o tipo de detector de interface e o sistema de controle a ser adotado. O resultado deste trabalho serviu de base para o projeto do piloto atualmente em implanta??o, com conclus?o prevista para abril/2009. Este piloto est? registrado como o projeto classificado na categoria de novas tecnologias e melhoria da produ??o da PETROBRAS, Unidade de Neg?cios do Rio Grande do Norte e Cear?. Esta disserta??o conclui que a automa??o do sistema de drenagem do teste convencional trar? benef?cios tanto econ?micos como metrol?gicos ao minimizar a incerteza do procedimento de teste com drenagem da ?gua livre e conseq?ente redu??o do n?mero de testes falhos

Currently, Brazil has 113 petroleum platforms, been 79 fixed and 34 floating, with daily production capacity of 2,1 million barrels of oil. Given this production is necessary a strategy for the efficient distribution of oil to refineries, where it will be processed and refined. Oil from the platforms is transported to refineries through pipelines or ships, with much of the operational cost of production is due to transport. For this reason the minimization of the cost of transport is extremely important. This work has for objective, using the technique of mathematical programming (linear mixed integer programming - LMIP), reduce costs arising from transport system. The model consists of a heterogeneous fleet of ships, which have compartments that can only be occupied by a single type of product on each trip. Initially are generated all possible routes and then selected the vessels, associated with their routes in order to attend the demand of refineries and the need for removal of oil in the storage tanks of the platforms. For the implementation of the model was used the software GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System), together with the method of CPLEX optimization. The results were satisfactory. / Atualmente, o Brasil possui 113 plataformas de petróleo, sendo 79 fixas e 34 flutuantes, com capacidade de produção de 2,1 milhões de barris diários de petróleo. Diante desta produção torna-se necessária uma estratégia eficiente para a distribuição deste petróleo para as refinarias, onde será processado e refinado. O petróleo proveniente das plataformas é transportado para as refinarias, através de navios ou dutos, sendo que grande parte do custo operacional de produção é devido ao seu transporte. Por este motivo a minimização do custo de transporte é extremamente importante. Este trabalho tem por objetivo, utilizando a técnica de programação matemática (programação linear inteira mista – PLIM), reduzir os custos decorrentes do sistema de transporte. O modelo consiste em uma frota heterogênea de navios, os quais apresentam compartimentos que só podem ser ocupados por um único tipo de produto, em cada viagem. Inicialmente são geradas todas as possíveis rotas e, posteriormente, selecionados os navios, associados às respectivas rotas, de forma a atender a demanda das refinarias e a necessidade de retirada de petróleo dos tanques de armazenamento das plataformas. Para a implementação do modelo foi utilizado o software GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System), juntamente com o método de otimização CPLEX. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios.

Annotation Erosion is a chronic problem in both agricultural and nonagricultural land. Its has an inconsiderable effect on overall stability of landscape. In the case of farming management on agricultural soils the risk of erosive processes increases severalfold. In foothill and mountain areas with dominance of slopes and hills the soil loss during higher maximum 24hrs N-rainfalls can reach up to several tons per hectare. This work deals with the evaluation of soil erosion vulnerability in selected catchment {--} Ostrice catchment {--} in the Lipno reservoir area. The CN method was used for calculations and following evaluation of soil loss.

There is a revolutionary change in the world of work that impacts on the individual, work and society. The future of work suggests flexibility, boundary less communities and change in work, as we know it today. As the world of work changes from a worker intensive industrial society towards an automated information society, the retention of technological advantages e.g., human, intellect and knowledge capital is no longer assured. Employers struggle to retain their valuable high technology employees due to a general shortage of experienced candidates and aggressive recruitment tactics by others in the high technology arena. The purpose of this study is to investigate specific retention factors that induce organisational commitment and can thus increase the retention of high technology employees. High technology industries operate in volatile market and experience accelerating growth and rates of change. High technology employees are educated, have a strong preference for independence and hold a large portion of the organisation's intellectual capital. A core belief in human resources is to retain and develop employees to obtain a competitive advantage. In order to retain these valuable employees it has become necessary for organisations to transform from using an employee controlling to a more employee commitment driven strategy. To gain employees' commitment to the organisation and increase retention, the employer needs to identify which retention factors induce organisational commitment. Compensation, job characteristics, training and development opportunities, supervisor support, career opportunities and work/life policies were identified as the top six retention factors in the content analysis done on high technology literature. Organisational commitment has been defined as a mindset, which ties the individual to the organisation. Different forms and foci of organisational commitment are discussed with the approach developed by Meyer and Allen's three component model (1991). The consequences of organisational commitment benefit the organisation in terms of increased job performance, intention to stay, increase in attendance, loyalty, decrease in turnover, greater creativity, more co-operation (particularly across discipline specialities), more volunteerism and more time devoted to productive work on behalf of the organisation. This study focused on a 100% South African owned telecommunications company based in the Gauteng province. A questionnaire was developed and a population of 94 telecommunications professionals, technicians and associated professionals were selected to investigate the influence of various identified retention factors on organisational commitment. The statistical analysis of the data culminated in a regression analysis that measured the significance and the strength of the relationship between the identified retention factors and organisational commitment. The main conclusions were that compensation, job characteristics, supervisor support and work/life policies were significantly related to organisational commitment. On the other hand, in this study training, development and career opportunities were not related. High technology organisations are not just interested in the retention of employees but also creating a mutually beneficial interdependence with employees. The identified retention factors might serve as a means to demonstrate the organisation's support for, or commitment to, their employees and in turn cultivate a reciprocal attachment by employees. Employees' organisational commitment is related to their belief that the identified retention factors are motivated by the desire to retain good employees and to be fair in the treatment of employees. Future research needs are discussed. / Dissertation (MCom (Human Resources Management))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

The subject of the master’s thesis is to design a reconstruction of the Letovice railway station for access for persons with reduced mobility and orientation. The thesis deals with adjustment to the railway superstructure, substructure and drainage system of the station. Part of the thesis is explore the possibility of building a new railway stop.

The task of the thesis is to propose the third track in track section Blansko - Rájec-Jestřebí and increasing line speed with maximum use of existing track body and grounds of SŽDC, s.o. Next is the design of the reconstruction of all engineering objects (bridges, runoffs, railway crossings and platforms). Additioning of the third track will cause extensive structural modifications at railway stations Blansko and Rájec-Jestřebí. Within the building will be verified construction of new railway stop Spešov.