Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 42 p. : ill., col. maps. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 25-27).

The subject of this thesis was to evaluate the use of sweeteners in a selected group of soft drinks from the viewpoint of the sensory quality. Using selected methods of sensory analysis were evaluated four samples of soft drinks with lemon flavor. The first sample A - Sprite contained aspartame, acesulfame K and fructose - glucose syrup. The second sample B - Slice consisted of the aspartame and acesulfame Ksweeteners. Sample C - Lemon contained only sugar and last sample D - Santerre, was composed of aspartame, acesulfame K and sodium saccharin. The evaluators were divided into two groups according to age. The first group of respondents was composed of students from the University of South Bohemia in the age of 18-27 years. The second group was composed of randomly selected people aged 40+. The aim of the thesis was to determine whether there is a disparity between the groups. Top rated sample became the sample A - Sprite. Differences occurred in sample B and C. Sample B which contains aspartame and acesulfame K was preferably evaluated bythe first group, whereas the second group consisting of older respondents evaluated preferably sample C Lemon. Lemon sample contains only sugar and its taste is therefore less noticeable or even perceived as without flavour, based on the evaluated results.The lowest rated sample was unambiguously sample D, which contains sweetener aspartame, acesulfame K and sodium saccharin. Part of this work was a questionnaire for consumers.Its main aim was to find out what mostly influences respondents when buying soft drinks, what attitude artificial sweeteners they have and if they find the composition of soft drinks determinative.

Submitted by TATIANA CAMACHO CHEREGATTO null (taticheregatto@gmail.com) on 2016-02-20T01:37:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final.pdf: 2331480 bytes, checksum: ca47895978f20b5cf422aae38a0c22a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-22T20:28:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cheregatto_tc_me_rcla.pdf: 2331480 bytes, checksum: ca47895978f20b5cf422aae38a0c22a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-22T20:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cheregatto_tc_me_rcla.pdf: 2331480 bytes, checksum: ca47895978f20b5cf422aae38a0c22a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / Os refrigerantes são bebidas gaseificadas, obtidas através da diluição do suco ou extrato vegetal de sua origem em água potável, adicionada de açúcares. Devido ao elevado teor de açúcar neste produto e ao baixo pH, os refrigerantes tornam-se propícios ao desenvolvimento de microrganismos, em especial as leveduras. A contaminação microbiológica é mais comum na etapa de produção, entretanto, a maioria dos contaminantes pode ser proveniente de matérias-primas como água ou equipamentos quando não higienizados de maneira adequada. De acordo com o histórico de análises microbiológicas da Indústria BEBIDAS POTY Ltda, foram detectados alguns pontos de contaminação por leveduras dentro do fluxograma de produção, as quais têm apresentado certa resistência aos sanificantes utilizados. Desta forma o presente trabalho teve como objetivo isolar, identificar leveduras de matérias primas e diversos equipamentos da produção e avaliar o efeito inibitório dos sanificantes nas leveduras isoladas, buscando conhecer a eficácia dessas preparações. Neste estudo, foram isoladas 26 leveduras apenas da água de enxágue após o processo de higienização dos equipamentos de produção em todas as linhas de produtos carbonatados. Dentre as leveduras isoladas, os gêneros mais comuns foram Candida tropicalis, C. orthopsilosis, C. viswanathii, C. boidinii, Pichia manshurica, Zygosaccharomyces bisporus, sendo a espécie C. sojae a mais frequente. Os isolados foram testados na presença de 1) detergente alcalino clorado, 2) detergente alcalino não clorado, 3) desinfetante ácido peracético e 4) base ácida com ação de detergência/desinfetante de duas marcas comerciais identificadas como Marca I e Marca II, na perspectiva de encontrar a concentração mínima inibitória. Os agentes químicos de basicidade elevada com ação de limpeza foram os mais eficientes nos testes de inibição/crescimento e o menos eficazes foram os detergentes alcalinos contendo cloro sendo necessária a utilização de concentrações muito elevadas para atingir a concentração mínima inibitória. Os agentes químicos com ação de desinfecção demonstraram que as leveduras, foram muito sensíveis para os ácidos fortes oxidantes como o nítrico, peracético e gás O3. / Soft drinks are carbonated beverages, obtained by diluting the juice or vegetable extract in drinking water, added of sugars. Because of the high sugar content of this product and the low pH, the refrigerants are susceptible to development of microorganisms, in particular yeasts. Microbial contamination is most common in the production step, however, most of the contaminants can come from raw materials and equipment such as water when not cleaned properly. According to the history of microbiological analyzes of Industry DRINKS POTY Ltda, some points of contamination by yeasts were detected within the production flow chart, which have shown some resistance to the sanitizers used. Thus, the present study aims to isolate and identify yeast from raw materials and from various equipment and evaluate the inhibitory effect of sanitizers on yeasts. It was isolated 26 yeasts strains from rinse water after the process of cleaning production equipment in all lines of carbonated products. Among the yeasts, the most common genera were Candida tropicalis. C. orthopsilosis, C. viswanathii, C. boidinii, Pichia manshurica, Zygosaccharomyces bisporus, the most frequent species was C. sojae. The isolates were tested in the presence of 1) chlorinated alkaline detergent, 2) alkaline detergent non-chlorinated, 3) disinfectant peracetic acid and 4) acid based detergent with disinfectant action two trademarks identified as Marca I and Marca II with a view to find the minimum inhibitory concentration. Chemical agents with high alkalinity were the most efficient in inhibition of yeast growth the less effective was alkali detergent containing chlorine being necessary to use very high concentrations to achieve the minimum inhibitory action. The data showed that the yeasts were very sensitive, to oxidizers such as nitric acid, peracetic acid and O3 gas.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O desgaste dentÃrio à a perda nÃo cariosa de tecido dentÃrio caracterizado por uma etiologia multifatorial tendo como principal fator a interaÃÃo entre erosÃo ocasionada por Ãcidos e forÃas abrasivas intra-orais. Essa dissertaÃÃo à constituÃda por dois artigos que objetivam, respectivamente: (1) revisar criticamente a literatura disponÃvel sobre as tÃcnicas de anÃlises de alteraÃÃes micromorfolÃgicas da estrutura dentÃria submetida a processos de erosÃo e/ou abrasÃo; (2) avaliar o efeito do NaF e MFP presentes em dentifrÃcios comercializados na prevenÃÃo da desmineralizaÃÃo da estrutura dentÃria por processos erosivos ou erosivos e abrasivos. No artigo 1, a literatura cientÃfica pertinente ao assunto foi obtida usando a base de dados nacionais e internacionais e busca manual de referÃncias citadas em artigos cientÃficos. No artigo 2, foi realizado um estudo in situ, randomizado, duplo-cego, cruzado, boca-dividida, em trÃs fases de 5 dias cada, com a participaÃÃo de 15 voluntÃrios, que utilizaram dispositivos palatinos, contendo 4 blocos de esmalte dental humano tratados com diferentes dentifrÃcios: controle (11,2 ppm F, silica), MFP (1450 ppm F, silica) e NaF (1450 ppm F, silica). Os blocos foram submetidos à erosÃo por imersÃo em bebida do tipo cola (Coca-ColaÂ) por 60 s, 4 vezes ao dia, em horÃrios prÃ-determinados. Em seguida, os voluntÃrios escovaram seus dentes por 25 segundos e, com o dispositivo na boca, bochecharam o dentifrÃcio/saliva por 60 segundos, sendo posteriormente um lado do dispositivo (2 blocos) escovado com uma pequena porÃÃo de dentifrÃcio por 40 movimentos de vai-e-vem. As alteraÃÃes no esmalte foram avaliadas por testes de microdureza e por microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura. Os dados obtidos foram testados usando ANOVA (p < 0,05). A anÃlise crÃtica do artigo 1 mostrou que a literatura apresenta diferentes mÃtodos para anÃlise de desgaste dentÃrio, variando de tÃcnicas bem estabelecidas a tÃcnicas de uso recente, sendo seus conhecimentos necessÃrios para o desenvolvimento de estudos futuros. Os resultados do artigo 2 demonstraram que nÃo houve diferenÃa no efeito da remineralizaÃÃo dos dentifrÃcios fluoretados nas condiÃÃes de erosÃo e erosÃo associada à abrasÃo em relaÃÃo ao grupo controle (p > 0,05). Contudo, os dados de dureza referentes à condiÃÃo (erosÃo ou erosÃo + abrasÃo) apresentaram-se diferentes estatisticamente (p < 0.0001). Conclui-se que o conhecimento sobre tÃcnicas de anÃlise acerca do desgaste dentÃrio à indispensÃvel para a sua determinaÃÃo e que à premente a realizaÃÃo de mais estudos para avaliaÃÃo do efeito do flÃor, na forma de NaF ou MFP, presente em dentifrÃcios comercializados utilizando tÃcnicas complementares que permitam a mediÃÃo do desgaste. / Dental wear is the non-carious loss of dental hard tissue, characterized by a multifactorial etiology with the main factor the interaction between erosion caused by acids from diet or endogenous and abrasives forces intra-oral. This dissertation consisting of two articles, which aim, respectively: (1) to critically review the available literature about the techniques of analysis of micromorphological changes in structure dental subject to erosion and/or abrasion, (2) to evaluate the effect of NaF and MFP in dentifrices available in market in the prevention of demineralization of tooth structure by erosive or erosive and abrasive process. In study 1, the scientific literature to the issue was searched using base of data nationals and internationals and manual tracing of references cited in scientific papers. In study 2, a in situ study, randomized, double-blind, crossover, slipt-mouth was conducted in three phases of 5 days each, with the participation of 15 volunteers who used palatal devices, containing 4 blocks of human tooth enamel treated with different dentifrices: control (11,2 ppm F, silica), MFP (1450 ppm F, silica) and NaF (1450 ppm F, silica). The slabs were subjected to erosion by immersion in a cola drink (Coca-ColaÂ) for 60 s, 4 times a day, at predetermined times. Then, the volunteers brushed their teeth, for 25 seconds and, with the device in the mouth, swished the dentifrice/saliva slurry for 60 seconds, after on side of appliance (2 blocks) was brushed with a small portion of the dentifrice by 40 brushing strokes. The enamel changes were evaluated for microhardness test and scanning electron microscopy. Data scores were submitted to ANOVA (p < 0,05). The critical review presented in study 1 showed which the literature presents different methods for analysis of dental wear, ranging from techniques well-established to techniques of recent use, therefore their expertise is needed for the development of future studies. The results of study 2 demonstrated that there was no differences in remineralization effect of fluoride dentifrices in the condition of erosion and erosion plus abrasion in relation of control group (p > 0,05). However, the harness data concerning to condition (erosion or erosion + abrasion) showed different statistically (p < 0.0001). The results of these studies indicate the knowledge about techniques of analysis of dental wear is essential for its determination. Moreover, it is imperative the realization of more studies to evaluate the fluoride effect in form of NaF or MFP, present in dentifrices available in the market using complementary techniques that allow the measurement of wear.

Actualmente, el consumidor peruano promedio se le dificulta preparar cócteles variados en casa, debido a la falta de insumos y conocimiento para elaborarlos. Por ello, la mayoría necesita visitar bares o discotecas para consumir estas bebidas, las cuales tienen un costo elevado. Asimismo, no existe ninguna iniciativa en el mercado peruano de bebidas alcohólicas que ofrezca la venta de estas con los insumos exactos para elaborarlos. Por este motivo, hemos creado Bartender Box, la primera alternativa en el Perú que ofrece la venta de licores y complementos a delivery para la preparación de cócteles sin la necesidad de tener conocimientos de barman para elaborarlos. Nuestra idea de negocio funcionará a través del canal digital mediante nuestras redes sociales y página web, donde ofrecemos a nuestros consumidores diferentes combinaciones con las medidas exactas para preparar cócteles. Ellos podrán acceder a las recetas a través de un código QR que los dirige a nuestra web. Nuestro público objetivo son personas de 18 a 50 años de los sectores A y B que consumen alcohol. Los ingresos procederán de la venta de los paquetes. Nuestros insumos serán obtenidos de la compra a mayoristas. Dentro de los planes evaluados se obtuvo que El VAN anual proyectado es de S/ 114,968.0 soles y se tiene una TIR de 60%. En base a estos resultados, confiamos en que el proyecto podrá satisfacer la necesidad de nuestro público objetivo, así como incrementar el comercio en el Perú. / Currently, the average Peruvian consumer finds it difficult to prepare varied cocktails at home, due to the lack of inputs and knowledge to prepare them. Therefore, most need to visit bars or clubs to consume these drinks, which have a high cost. Similarly, there is no initiative in the Peruvian market for alcoholic beverages that offers the sale of these with the exact inputs to prepare them. For this reason, we have created Bartender Box, the first alternative in Peru that offers the sale of spirits and complements to the delivery for the preparation of cocktails without the need to have knowledge of bartender to prepare them. Our business idea will work through the digital channel through our social networks and website, where we offer our devices different combinations with the exact measures to prepare cocktails. They can access the recipes through a QR code that directs our website. Our target audience is people aged 18 to 50 in sectors A and B who consume alcohol. The income comes from the sale of the packages. Our supplies will be necessary to buy from wholesalers. Among the plans evaluated, the projected annual NPV is S / 114,968.00 soles and has an IRR of 44%. Based on these results, we are confident that the project will be able to meet the needs of our target audience, as well as increase trade in Peru. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente proyecto tiene como finalidad demostrar que la idea de negocio es factible y aceptable debido a que la industria de bebidas naturales se ha convertido en un poderoso sector, el cual ha ido creciendo a nivel mundial en los últimos años. De esta manera, el mercado de las bebidas naturales es una excelente oportunidad para el sector porque los consumidores cada vez tienen más conocimiento sobre la alimentación balanceada y el impacto que le genera una dieta saludable a su bienestar. Kiwandina nace con el objetivo de contribuir con la sociedad a través de la alimentación, nos dedicamos a la venta de bebidas a bases de hierbas naturales que brindan beneficios a la salud de nuestros consumidores. No tendrán ningún efecto nocivo para el organismo, por lo contrario, ayudará a la hidratación mientras aporta vitaminas, antioxidantes. Este trabajo, se enfocará en la evaluación de un modelo de negocio; con productos saludables. Dicho esto, decidimos crear la empresa Kiwandina una bebida al instante, la idea de negocio se debe a que los establecimientos no brindan este tipo de producto, donde se incorpora y se comercializará a través de nuestras máquinas expendedoras y envases que cuidan del medio ambiente. Kiwandina elaborará sus productos a partir de hierbas naturales altamente seleccionadas para ofrecer al consumidor, serán seis sabores y beneficios como: el Anís, Manzanilla, Hierba Luisa, Muña, Toronjil y Eucalipto. / The purpose of this project is to demonstrate that the business idea is feasible and acceptable because the natural drinks industry has become a powerful sector, which has been growing worldwide in recent years. In this way, the natural drinks market is an excellent opportunity for the sector because consumers increasingly have more knowledge about balanced nutrition and the impact that a healthy diet has on their well-being. Kiwandina was born with the goal of contributing to society through food. We are determined to selling natural herbal drinks that provide health benefits to our consumers. They will not have any harmful effect on the body, on the contrary it will help hydration while providing vitamins, antioxidants. This work will focus on the evaluation of a business model; with healthy products. That said, we decided to create the Kiwandina company an instant drink, the business idea is because the establishments do not provide this type of product, where it is incorporated and will be marketed through our vendor machines and packaging that take care of the environment. Kiwandina will elaborate its products from highly selected natural herbs to offer to the consumer, there will be six flavors and benefits such as: Anise, Chamomile, Luisa, Muña, Lemon Balm and Eucalyptus. / Trabajo de investigación

Objetivo: Comparar in vitro la rugosidad superficial de una resina compuesta tipo BulkFill: Aura® BulkFill (SDI) con la resina Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill (Ivoclar Vivadent) al ser inmersas a dos bebidas rehidratantes: Sporade® y Gatorade®. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 88 especímenes de resina divididos en cuatro grupos, confeccionados con una matriz metálica (10mm x 4mm). Se insertó las resinas con una espátula de resina, y se fotoactivó con la lámpara Elipar LedTM, con una intensidad de 1200 mW/cm2. Se sumergieron los especímenes en agua destilada. A las 24 horas, se midió la rugosidad con el rugosímetro Mitutoyo SJ-210P. Luego, se realizó la inmersión en bebidas rehidratantes y se midió la rugosidad final a los 7 días. Resultados: La rugosidad inicial y final de las resinas Aura® BulkFill (SDI) y Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill (Ivoclar Vivadent) presentaron diferencias significativas después de la inmersión en bebidas rehidratantes. Para los especímenes de Aura® BulkFill (SDI) al someterla a Sporade® se encontró una media inicial de 1.20 y una media final de 1.76 y los valores para Gatorade® fueron 0.77 y 1.73. Mientras que la rugosidad superficial de Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill (Ivoclar Vivadent) al sumergirla en Sporade® fue 0.82 y 1.55, y en Gatorade® 0.77 y 1.73. Al comparar la diferencia de la rugosidad superficial final e inicial (deltas), la resina Aura® BulkFill presentó diferencias significativas mientras que, Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill no tuvo diferencias al sumergirlas en ambas bebidas rehidratantes. Conclusiones: Las resinas estudiadas incrementaron su rugosidad luego de ser inmersas a las bebidas mencionadas. / Objective: To compare in vitro the surface roughness of a BulkFill composite resin: Aura® BulkFill (SDI) with Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill resin (Ivoclar Vivadent) when immersed in two rehydration drinks: Sporade® and Gatorade®. Materials and methods: 88 resin specimens divided into four groups were used, with a metal matrix (10 mm x 4 mm). The resins were inserted with a resin spatula, and photo-activated with the Elipar LedTM lamp, with an intensity of 1200 mW/cm2. The specimens were immersed in distilled water. After 24 hours, the roughness was measured with the Mitutoyo SJ-210P rugosimeter. Then, the immersion in rehydration drinks was performed and the final roughness was measured after 7 days. Results: The initial and final roughness of the resins Aura® BulkFill (SDI) and Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill (Ivoclar Vivadent) showed significant differences after immersion in rehydration drinks. For specimens of Aura® BulkFill (SDI) when subjected to Sporade® an initial mean of 1.20 and a final average of 1.76 was found and the values for Gatorade® were 0.77 and 1.73. While the surface roughness of Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill (Ivoclar Vivadent) when immersed in Sporade® was 0.82 and 1.55, and in Gatorade® 0.77 and 1.73. When comparing the difference of the final and initial surface roughness (deltas), the Aura® BulkFill resin showed significant differences while, Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill did not have differences when immersing them in both rehydration drinks. Conclusions: The resins studied increased their roughness after being immersed in the aforementioned beverages. / Tesis

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Because of the increased demand for low calorie products, more products are being sweetened with artificial sweeteners. Perceived sweetness may be affected by other food ingredients, such as hydrocolloids. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of xanthan gum, carboxymethyicellulose-low, and carboxymethylcellulose-medium on the attributes of a lemon flavored beverage sweetened with an artificial sweetener. Each hydrocolloid was added to the beverages to attain the following viscosities - 10 cps, 15 cps, and 20 Ctps. The table top formulations of artificial sweeteners used to sweeten the beverage samples were Sweet One® (contains acesulfame-K) and Equal® (contains aspartame). A modified Quantitative Descriptive Analysis method was used as the sensory evaluation technique to determine the intensity of sourness, sweetness, lemon flavor, bitterness, and aftertaste in the beverages of varying viscosities. In the samples containing Sweet One®, CMC-L increased sweetness whereas in the samples containing Equal®, sweetness first decreased significantly before increasing with increasing viscosity. CMC-M did not Significantly affect the sweetness of either sweetener although it tended to decrease the sweetness of Equal®. CMC-L and CMC-M decreased lemon flavor and sourness in the samples with both sweeteners; CMC-L decreased the intensity of these attributes more than CMC-M. The only significant change caused by the addition of xanthan gum to the beverages was a decrease in the sweetness of the samples sweetened with Equal®. Xanthan gum affected the attributes of the lemon flavored beverages the least whereas CMC-L had the greatest effect on the attributes. / Master of Science