The goal of this Diploma Thesis was the detection of the potential trends of manufactural and business activities in manufactural division AZ KLIMA, Ltd and to suggest the appropriate measures .The starting situation of this company is described in an extensive analytical part. The output is a summary of its strenghts and weakness aspects, opportunities and threats. The suggest of strategy is presented by an extended marketing mix. The emphasis is placed first of all on product sphere. There are mentioned technological and organisational impacts of commencement of production of bolting and welding ducts, spiral tubes and ending distribution elements. Afterwards there are suggested methods of economy in manufactural process, market targeting and personal impacts. At the end there are outlined the time-dependent implementation harmonogram of suggested strategy, feasibility control and evaluation of expected benefits.

The goal of this thesis is to create a methodic and a system, which would involve customized computing and consequent design of the transition duct using input and applied data effectively and would achieve optimized set of parameters. The methodic described in the thesis is applied on transition duct within air main ducting between the filter and gas turbine. Transition duct is a huge mounted assembly consisting of welded parts. NX 5 application was chosen as system environment of the thesis. Master model is a root for both design model and computing model. Weight and material optimization is a desired result which will serve as basis for designing. It is not the goal of this thesis to create one perfect computation model BUT to create a methodic, which would be manageable by any designer equipped by basic knowledge of engineering.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem dvojtlakého horizontálního kotle využívající teplo spalin za spalovací turbínou na zemní plyn. Zahrnuje návrh a výpočet jednotlivých výměníků, jejich základní uspořádání s ohledem na požadované parametry výstupní páry a dané vstupní a výstupní parametry spalin. Dále tato práce zahrnuje výpočet a konstrukční návrh parních bubnů, zavodňovacích trubek a převáděcích potrubí. Tato práce je zakončena výpočtem a prověřením tlakových ztrát mezi vstupem a výstupem kotle. Důležitou součástí této práce je přiložena výkresová dokumentace.

Loss of hearing affects more than 10 % of the population, and one newborn in a thousand is born with defects of the inner ear. Transcriptional factors involved in the development of inner ear are important in our understanding of the causes of inner ear defects. ISLET1 is one of these factors. ISLET1 expression is detected in the sensory and neuronal cells of the inner ear. It participates in otocyst formation, and the specification and differentiation of cells of cochlea and vestibular system. The functional role of ISLET1 during inner ear development was investigated. Its role was studied by using Pax2-Isl1 transgenic mice that overexpress Islet1 under the control of the Pax2 promoter. Two transgenic lines were generated, Pax2-Isl1/300 and Pax2- Isl1/52. Two copies of the Pax2-Isl1 transgene were inserted to Pax2-Isl1/300 genome and one copy was inserted to the Pax2-Isl1/52 genome. Defects in sense of hearing were detected in both lines and circling behavior, a defect of balance, was detected in the Pax2-Isl1/300 transgenic mice. We observed high postnatal lethality in heterozygote transgenic mice. Pax2-Isl1/52 homozygote mutation is lethal at embryonic day 10 (E10,5). Pax2-Isl1/300 homozygote letality couldn't be detected because of the inability to breed heterozygote mutated mice of this line....

The differentiation, in an infant with cholestasis, between extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) and the neonatal hepatitis syndrome (NHS) is important in that laparotomy is always indicated in EHBA but is undesirable in NHS. This differentiation is particularly difficult in those infants with complete cholestasis. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy is a commonly used investigation in infants with obstructive jaundice. The scintigraphic demonstration of excretion into the gut excludes extrahepatic obstruction, however, absence of excretion may be due to EHBA, severe cholestasis with patent extrahepatic bile ducts or poor uptake of the agent, and is therefore not diagnostic. This study has examined the quantitative measurement of the hepatic uptake of p-butyl IDA and Sn colloid, and an estimation of liver shape, in a group of patients with complete cholestasis in whom conventional scan interpretation, based on excretion into the-gut, would not be useful. The scans were recorded as dynamic studies and the resultant time-activity curves were subjected to curve fitting to calculate a rate constant for uptake of radiopharmaceutical. Liver shape was determined from the anterior static image of the colloid scan. The results show a significant difference between the EHBA and the NHS patients in the rate of uptake of p-butyl IDA, in the ratio of the rate of uptake of p-butyl IDA/the rate of uptake of colloid and in the measurements used to express liver shape. Using this method of scan interpretation, a diagnostic accuracy of 85% was achieved in this study of patients who clinically, and on scan, had no evidence of bile flow. Hepatic scintigraphy is therefore a useful investigation in the diagnostic work-up of infants presenting with obstructive jaundice even when bile flow is completely absent.

Long-range communication proves to be a challenge due to the Earth’s curvature, since electromagnetic waves propagate away from the Earth’s surface in a free atmosphere. A possible solution to beyond line-of-sight communication is the atmospheric phenomenon known as the evaporation duct. Ducting occurs when the refractive index of the atmosphere rapidly decreases with height, which leads to ray trajectories bending inward towards the surface of the Earth, effectively creating a waveguide and enabling long-distance communication. In this work, the models by Paulus-Jeske and Babin-Young-Carton are investigated and implemented in MATLAB for calculation of the evaporation duct height and for modelling the refractive index of the atmosphere. The rapid decrease in refractive index giving rise to evaporation ducts occurs due to evaporation of water within the atmosphericsurface layer (<100 m over the surface), which is the domain of turbulent mixing in the atmosphere. With atmospheric data from a Weather API by Meteomatics, Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the atmospheric surface layer is combined with a bulk flux parameterization scheme from the COARE experiment to determine the air-sea fluxes in the lower troposphere. The surface layer variables with stability functions from Businger-Dyer, Beljaars-Holtslag, Cheng-Brutsaert, and the SHEBA experiment are used in the evaporation duct models proposed by Paulus-Jeske and Babin-Young-Carton to calculate the evaporation duct height, finding that the latter is a valid method with Monin-Obukhov stability functions based on the SHEBA experiment. The modelled refractive index is inserted into an already existing wave propagation model to investigate and validate the findings. / Långdistanskommunikation är en utmaning på grund av jordens krökning, eftersom elektromagnetiska vågor sprider sig bort från jordens yta vid propagering i fri atmosfär. En möjlig lösning för kommunikation bortom siktlinjen är det atmosfäriska fenomenet som kallas avdunstningskanal. Det uppstår när atmosfärens brytningsindex snabbt minskar med höjden, vilket leder till att strålbanorna böjer sig inåt mot jordens yta, vilket i praktiken skapar en vågledare och möjliggör långdistanskommunikation. I detta arbete undersöks och implementeras modeller beskrivna av Paulus-Jeske och Babin-Young-Carton i MATLAB för beräkning av avdunstningskanalens höjd och för modellering av atmosfärens brytningsindex. Den snabba minskningen av brytningsindexet som ger upphov till avdunstningskanaler beror på avdunstning avvatten i det atmosfäriska ytskiktet (<100 m över ytan), som är det område där den turbulenta blandningen i atmosfären sker. Med atmosfäriska data från Weather API av Meteomatics kombineras Monin-Obukhovs likvärdighetsteori för det atmosfäriska ytskiktet med ett parametriseringsschema för bulkflöden från COARE-experimentet för att bestämma luft- och havsflödena i den nedre troposfären. Variablerna för ytskiktet med stabilitetsfunktioner från Businger-Dyer, Beljaars-Holtslag, Cheng-Brutsaert och SHEBA-experimentet används i de modeller för avdunstningskanaler som föreslagits av Paulus-Jeske och Babin-Young-Carton för att beräkna avdunstningskanalens höjd, varvid det konstateras att den sistnämnda metoden är en giltig metod med Monin-Obukhovs stabilitetsfunktioner baserade på SHEBA-experimentet. Det modellerade brytningsindexet införs i en redan befintlig vågutbredningsmodell för att undersöka och validera resultaten.

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Sound transmission loss of vehicle seals was studied in this thesis. Reverberation room test and semi-anechoic chamber test were respectively studied. By comparing the sound pressure level, sound intensity level and average sound power level at the receiving side, it proved that a simple sound pressure level test may obtain same measurement accuracy when there is little reflected sound. A semi-anechoic chamber was designed for testing sound transmission losses of the seals on a trial vehicle. By comparing the sound pressure levels between the location of the passenger ear and door area, it proved that most of outside sound energy passed through the door seals into the interior. The sound transmission losses of different sealing conditions were measured which included well sealed and imperfectly sealed conditions; Sound pressure levels at passenger’s ear in three different types of vehicles were also compared, these comparison results indicated this laboratory was capable of distinguishing different sealing conditions. The installation procedure was compared with the one in reverberation room test. Numerical analysis showed that the latter method produced a different compression shape which would definitely influence the sound insulation abilities of the seals.   The transmission mechanism of the acoustic waves through a vehicle seal was also discussed. Contact analysis showed high compression ratio leaded to tremendous inner stress intensity. But any further increase of the contact depth would not improve the effect of wind noise prevention. A vehicle seal with a complex shape was replaced by a simple model. The sound transmission theory of multiple partitions on the basis of mass law was applied. Whereas, compared with the experimental result, a different trend in the high frequency range was found. When taking the transmission though the side material and integration of incident angle into account, the result was quite similar to the experimental one. FEM analysis was also performed. The majority of sound power was believed to transmit along the seal wall into the interior instead of passing through the multiple partitions. A distorted circular duct model is believed to be close to the real geometry. / QC 20101117

An aerodynamic shape optimization procedure was performed on a low observable engineintake duct. The intake duct was fixed in its throat and aerodynamic interface plane (AIP)sections, while leaving up to 7 design parameters free to deformation in the centroid curveand mid section profile. The optimization setup consisted of an optimizer block implementedin MATLAB, where the NSGA-II optimization algorithm was implemented, and a simulationblock using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The objective functions for the optimizationprocess were the pressure recovery and the DC60 distortion coefficient in the AIP section.In total, four optimizations with gradually increasing degrees of deformation were conducted.The first optimization process was a validation case, performed on a test duct design, whilethe remaining optimizations were performed using a duct designed by the Swedish DefenceResearch Agency (FOI) as a starting point, for cruise and take-off conditions. The connection of NSGA-II and the CFD setup proved useful, as the distortion was decreasedby up to 52.8% relative the original value while keeping the pressure recovery within 0.06% ofthe original duct. The algorithm was successful in finding an improvement for both consideredoperating conditions, with the largest improvement for the cruise case. In total 975 duct designswere evaluated in the four processes, using a uniform inflow boundary condition on a boundaryextruded one meter from the throat of the intake duct. The importance of the handling of non-converged solutions in the automated optimizationprocess was also pointed out, as an oscillating solution affected the third optimization, therebyrendering that solution useless. / En aerodynamisk formoptimering av en insynsskyddad luftintagskanal för en stridsdrönaregenomfördes genom att koppla den genetiska optimeringsalgoritmen NSGA-II samt CFD i enautomatiserad process. Optimeringens två målfunktioner var att maximera tryckåtervinstenoch minimera flödesdistorsionen på AIP-randen. Luftintagskanalen som användes som basför optimeringen var fixerad vid inlopps- samt AIP-profilerna, medan deformation tilläts imellanliggande delar, styrt av upp till 7 styrparametrar. Den kanal som användes som bas föroptimeringsprocessen togs fram av FOI, Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut, i samband med ettNATO-STO projekt för den obemannade stirdsdrönaren MULDICON. Totalt genomfördes fyra optimeringsprocesser, där 975 kanaler evaluerades, varav den förstaoptimeringen skedde på en något modifierad test-kanal som verifikationssteg, medan de senareoptimeringarna skedde på FOI-kanalen. Två optimeringar genomfördes på marschhöjdsförhållanden på 11km höjd, medan resterande optimeringar genomfördes för start-förhållandenpå standard havsnivå. Metoden gav goda resultat, med maximalt 52,8% relativ minskning av flödesdistorsionenmedan tryckåtervinsten bibehölls inom 0.06% av ursprungliga värdet. Det framgick att metodengav störst förbättring för fallet vid marschhöjd, jämfört med originalkanalen. Det påpekades också att den implementerade metoden har begränsningar och är känslig förkraftiga separationer och flödesinstabiliteter, vilket kan skapa oscillationer i lösaren och därmedge falska resultat. Det påverkade den tredje optimeringsprocessen där den optimala lösningenvar okonvergerad, och därmed inte gav verklig förbättring av kanalens prestanda

L'encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est un syndrome neuropsychiatrique dû à une dysfonction hépatique où l'ammoniaque est un facteur central. Il a déjà été rapporté que l’intoxication aiguë d'ammoniaque induise le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif. La présente étude cible à évaluer le rôle du stress oxydatif/nitrosatif dans 2 modèles de l’EH chronique : (1) l’anastomose portocave (PCA) et (2) la ligation de la voie biliaire (BDL). Ces 2 modèles sont caractérisés par une hyperammoniémie et une augmentation d’ammoniaque centrale, cependant l’œdème cérébral est trouvé seulement chez les rats BDL. Des marqueurs du stress oxydatif/nitrosatif ont été évaluées dans le plasma et cortex frontal. Un stress nitrosatif central a été observé chez les rats PCA; tandis qu’un stress oxydatif/nitrosatif systémique a été démontré seulement chez les rats BDL. Ces résultats suggèrent (1) que l’hyperammoniémie chronique n’induise pas le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif systémique et (2) qu’un synergisme existe entre l’ammoniaque et le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif, en association avec l’œdème cérébral. / Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric complication due to liver failure where ammonia is believed to be central in the pathogenesis. Acute ammonia intoxication has demonstrated to induce oxidative/nitrosative stress in both in vivo and in vitro models. The present study was aimed to assess the role of oxidative/nitrosative stress in 2 models of chronic liver failure/HE; 1. portacaval anastomosis (PCA) and 2. bile duct ligation (BDL). Both models are characterised with hyperammonemia and increased brain ammonia however cerebral edema is only found in BDL rats. Oxidative/nitrosative stress markers were evaluated in plasma and frontal cortex of both animal models. Central nitrosative stress was observed in PCA rats, but systemic oxidative/ntrosative stress was demonstrated only in BDL rats. The results of our study suggest i) chronic hyperammonemia does not induce oxidative stress and ii) a synergistic effect between ammonia and systemic oxidative/nitrosative stress is associated with cerebral edema.