La prédiction des vibrations induites par un écoulement est essentielle dans la conception des conduits de nombreuses installations industrielles, en particulier dans l’industrie du gaz. Notre étude concerne la prévision du bruit et la vibration des conduits soumis à un écoulement turbulent à faible nombre de Mach. Notre objectif est de présenter une étude numérique et expérimentale permettant aux ingénieurs de mieux comprendre le couplage entre l’excitation aléatoire et le conduit pour deux géométries (circulaire ou rectangulaire). Une approche expérimentale est développée et utilisée pour valider les prévisions numériques. Deux cas sont étudiés : (i) un conduit droit sans singularité, où les modes acoustiques du conduit sont excités par une couche limite turbulente (TBL) et (ii) un conduit droit avec un diaphragme inséré en amont qui génère une source acoustique localisée. La contribution acoustique est déterminée soit par des méthodes de mesure d’interspectres, soit à l’aide des outils de mécanique des fluides numérique (CFD) et d’analogies aéroacoustiques. La réponse de la structure est estimée par une approche dite de « couplage faible » qui utilise des fonctions de transfert modale d’un conduit fini simplement appuyé. Les mesures conduiront à évaluer et suggérer des améliorations de modèles empiriques existants de densité interspectrale de puissance (CPSD) dans un contexte d’écoulements internes turbulents. Une analyse modale expérimentale d’un conduit rectangulaire finie est confrontée à des méthodes de calcul pour évaluer l’effet des conditions aux limites, du rayonnement acoustique et de l’amortissement aérodynamique. Le couplage fluide structure est analysé par la fonction de « joint acceptance » à la fois dans le domaine spatial et dans le domaine des nombres d’onde. L’excitation comprend à la fois les contributions acoustiques et hydrodynamiques à l’aide des CPSD exprimées sur la base des fonctions de cohérence de type Corcos, champ diffus et modes acoustiques d’ordre élevé. Enfin, les études numériques et expérimentales de cette thèse ont été utilisées pour développer un cadre d’étude et de modélisation du bruit et des vibrations dans les conduites, qui relie la dynamique des fluides, les modèles analytiques et empiriques à des techniques efficaces d’analyse aléatoire. / Pipeline and duct vibrations can cause a range of issues from unplanned shutdownsto decreased equipment life time. Thus, the prediction of flow-induced vibrations is essential in piping design in many industrial plants, especially, for Gas industry. This study deals with the prediction of pipe flow noise and vibration at low Mach number. We aim to present a numerical and experimental study which can offer engineers a better understanding of the coupling between random excitation and duct section for two geometries (circular or rectangular). An experimental facility and measurement approach is developed and used to validate numerical predictions. Two cases are investigated: (i) a straight duct with no singularity, duct acoustic modes are excited by the Turbulent Boundary Layer (TBL) and (ii) a straight duct with a diaphragm inserted upstream generating a localized acoustic source. The acoustic contribution is either measured via cross-spectra based methods or calculated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and aeroacoustic analogies. The response of the structure is estimated via a ‘blocked’ approach using analytical modal Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) of a simply supported finite duct. Measurements will lead to evaluate and suggest improvements to existing Cross Power Spectral Density (CPSD) empirical models in a context of internal turbulent flows. Experimental modalanalysis of a finite rectangular duct are confronted to computational methods to assess the effect of the Boundary Conditions (BCs), the resistive damping from coupling with the internal acoustic medium and aerodynamic damping. The fluid-structure coupling is analyzed through the joint acceptance function both in the spatial and wave number domain. The excitation includes both the acoustic and hydrodynamic contributions using CPSD written on the basis of Corcos, Diffuse Acoustic Field (DAF) and acoustic duct mode coherence functions. Finally, the numerical and experimental studies in this thesis were used to develop a framework for studying and modelling pipe flow noise and vibration which links CFD, analytical and empirical models to efficient random analysis techniques.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:25:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 roberto murillo.pdf: 2004529 bytes, checksum: 922288a99b81781fd0c71c63d132dd5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-29 / The most common etiology for congenital epiphora is the obstruction of the lacrimonasal duct. Congenital obstruction of the lacrimonasal duct (CLNDO) is the most frequent abnormality of the lacrimal sac of the child. It s incidence varies from 1.8% to 20%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of lacrimonasal duct dilatation using balloon-catheter for treatment of CLNDO in children between two and six years old. Besides, to evaluate the anatomical findings of lower lacrimal system of children with CLNDO using multi-detectors computerized tomography dacryocystography (MD-CT-DCG) with three dimension (3D) reconstruction, before and after the balloon-catheter dilatation. This was a prospective interventional case series study, performed with children treated at the Centro de Referência em Oftalmologia (CEROF) from the Universidade Federal de Goiás, with CLNDO. The cases were selected consecutively accordingly with the demand of the service. Thirthy-eight lacrimal systems from 29 children with CLNDO were included and treated with balloon-catheter dilatation. The age varied from 24 to 64 months, with average of 38.13 ± 11.26 months. Among the 38 lacrimal systems treated, 33 had complete resolution of the signs and symptoms of epiphora (success rate of 86.84%). A radiological study from the last 18 operated lacrimal systems was performed before and five minutes after balloon-catheter dacrioplasty. The circumference of the largest portion of lacrimal system, measured before the procedure, varied from 0.64 to 2cm with an average of 1.30 ± 0.45cm. The amount of contrast prior to the procedure varied from 0.01 to 0.38cm3, with an average of 0.12 ± 0.08cm3. The amount of contrast after the procedure varied from 0.01 to 0.20cm3, with an average of 0.07 ± 0.06cm3 (p = 0.01). The multivariate logistic regression analysis ( backward" model) showed that the difference in the amount of contrast before and after the procedure (p=0,04) and the largest portion of lacrimal sac (p=0,01) were the variables determining for the success of the procedure. There were no complications with the procedure. In conclusion, the balloon-catheter dilatation was proved to be effective as the first procedure in the vast majority of children with CLNDO. The technique of MD-CT-DCG-3D provides detailed information about the anatomy of the lacrimal system, including the lacrimal flow immediately after the dilatation. The difference in the amount of contrast before and after the procedure and the largest portion of lacrimal sac were the variables determining for the success of the procedure. / A etiologia mais comum para epífora congênita é a obstrução do ducto lacrimonasal. A obstrução congênita do ducto lacrimonasal (OCDLN) é a anormalidade mais freqüente do aparelho lacrimal da criança. Sua incidência varia de 1,8% a 20%. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da técnica de dilatação do ducto lacrimonasal usando cateter-balão para tratamento da obstrução congênita do segmento inferior das vias lacrimais em crianças com idade entre dois e seis anos. Além disso, buscou-se avaliar os achados anatômicos das vias lacrimais de crianças com OCDLN por meio da dacriocistografia por tomografia computadorizada com multi-detectores (DCG-TC-MD) com reconstrução em três dimensões (3D), antes e após a dilatação com cateter-balão. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, intervencional do tipo série de casos. Dele participaram crianças atendidas no ambulatório do Centro de Referência em Oftalmologia (CEROF), do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás, com diagnóstico de OCDLN no período de janeiro a outubro de 2008. Os casos foram selecionados consecutivamente de acordo com a demanda do serviço. Foram incluídas 38 vias lacrimais de 29 crianças com OCDLN, tratadas com a dilatação por cateter-balão como procedimento primário. O tempo de seguimento mínimo foi de um ano. A idade variou de 24 a 64 meses, com média de 38,13 ± 11,26 meses. Entre as 38 vias lacrimais tratadas, 33 apresentaram desaparecimento dos sinais e sintomas de lacrimejamento (taxa de sucesso de 86,84%). Realizou-se o estudo radiológico das últimas 18 vias lacrimais operadas, antes e cinco minutos após a dacrioplastia com cateter-balão. A circunferência da porção mais dilatada da via lacrimal, medida antes do procedimento, variou de 0,64 a 2,50cm, com média de 1,30 ± 0,45cm. O volume de contraste antes do procedimento variou de 0,01 a 0,38cm3, com média de 0,12 ± 0,08cm3. O volume de contraste depois do procedimento variou de 0,01 a 0,20cm3, com média de 0,07 ± 0,06cm3 (p=0,01). A análise de regressão logística multivariada com modelo de entrada de variáveis tipo backward mostrou que a diferença do volume de contraste antes e depois (p=0,04) e a porção mais dilatada do saco lacrimal (p=0,01) foram determinantes para o sucesso do procedimento. Não foram encontradas complicações com o procedimento. Em conclusão, a dilatação com cateter-balão mostrou-se eficaz como primeiro procedimento em crianças com OCDLN com idade entre dois e seis anos. A técnica de DCG-TC-MD-3D fornece informações detalhadas sobre a anatomia do sistema lacrimal das crianças com OCDLN, incluindo o fluxo lacrimal logo após a dilatação. A diferença do volume de contraste antes e depois do procedimento e a porção mais dilatada do saco lacrimal foram as variáveis determinantes para o sucesso do procedimento.

<p>This thesis contains three papers investigating problems of interest for noise control in ducts.</p><p>The first part of this thesis treats the sound propagation in rectangular ducts with flexible walls. Various experimental techniques are performed to measure the internal sound propagation and radiation to the surrounding. An analytical model is derived to calculate the coupled propagation wavenumber and radiated sound power. The two-port formalism is used.</p><p>The second part starts with the sound propagation in open ended circular straight pipe with airflow (a tailpipe). Various aspects such as: acoustic damping, reflection and transmission at the open termination are investigated. Sound absorption due to vorticity shed at the opening is also treated. The geometry of the opening is then modified (oblique cuts, diffusers) and comparisons with the reference straight pipe is made for the sound transmission and flow induced noise generation. The effect of an upstream bend close to the opening is also investigated.</p><p>In the third part the acoustic impedance of perforated plates are investigated. In particular the application to small perforation ratios ( ≈ 1% ) and holes or slits with apertures of sub-millimetre size, so called micro-perforated plates, are of interest. Linear and non-linear regimes are investigated. A model is derived to calculate the linear acoustic impedance of perforated elements.</p>

This study aimed to investigate the course of the nasolacrimal drainage system in three different brachycephalic dog breeds in comparison to normocephalic dogs and to draw conclusions on potentially adverse consequences for the drainage function. A computed tomographic-dacryocystography (CT-DCG) was performed in 51 brachycephalic dogs, consisting of 23 Pugs, 18 French and 10 English bulldogs. Six normocephalic dogs of different breeds and body size served as a comparison. Two- and three dimensional images were obtained and evaluated. Several parameters (length, angulation, gradient) were used to describe the nasolacrimal drainage system and to quantify distinctions between different breeds. Furthermore several additional characteristics were analysed, including the relative position of lacrimal foramen and nasolacrimal ostium, crossing of the nasolacrimal duct below the root of the upper canine tooth, the patency of the lacrimal drainage system and the presence of an accessory opening. While the length of the nasolacrimal duct is substantially reduced in brachycephalic dogs, their lacrimal canaliculi have much larger dimensions than those of normocephalic dogs. Additionally varying parts of the nasolacrimal drainage system follow an inverse direction in short-headed dogs, giving the entire nasolacrimal apparatus a characteristic U- or V-shaped appearance. The nasolacrimal duct exhibits a much steeper alignment in brachycephalic dogs compared to normocephalic ones. This strong slope however does not interfere with drainage function because of a consistently present accessory opening, being the main or only outflow pathway in all brachycephalic dogs and hence facilitating proper tear drainage regardless of the steepness.

There is no consensus about the hemodynamic significance and, therefore, the need to treat a persistent ductus arteriosus in preterm newborns. Since the diagnosis of a hemodynamically significant persistent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) is made by a summary of non-uniform echo-criteria in combination with the clinical deterioration of the preterm neonate, standardized clinical and ultrasound scoring systems are needed. The objective of this study was the development of a clinical score for the detection and follow-up of hsPDA. In this observational cohort study of 154 preterm neonates (mean gestational age 28.1 weeks), clinical signs for the development of hsPDA were recorded in a standardized score and compared to echocardiography. Analyzing the significance of single score parameters compared to the diagnosis by echocardiography, we developed a short clinical score (calculated sensitivity 84% and specificity 80%). In conclusion, this clinical diagnostic PDA score is non-invasive and quickly to implement. The continuous assessment of defined clinical parameters allows for a more precise diagnosis of hemodynamic significance of PDA and, therefore, should help to detect preterm neonates needing PDA-treatment. The score, therefore, allows a more targeted use of echocardiography in these very fragile preterm neonates.

The predictable nature of the tides offers a regular, reliable source of renewable energy that can be harnessed using tidal stream turbines (TSTs). The UK's practically extractable tidal stream energy resource has the potential to supply around 7 % of the country's annual electricity demand. As of 2016, the world's first commercial scale arrays have been deployed around the UK and France. The harsh nature of the marine operating environment poses a number of engineering challenges, where the optimal turbine design solution remains under investigation. In this thesis, a numerical model is developed to assess the power production and hydrodynamic behaviour of horizontal axis tidal turbines. The developed model builds upon well established and computationally efficient Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) method for modern three-bladed wind turbines. The main novel contribution of this thesis is extending the application to an alternative design of a ducted, high solidity and open centre TST. A validation study using measurements from multiple different scale model experimental tank tests has proven the applicability of the model and suitability of the imposed correction factors. The analytical modifications to account for ducted flow were subsequently indirectly verified, where predictions of turbine power and axial thrust forces under optimal operating speeds were within 2 % of those using more advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. This thesis presents a commercial application case of two turbines designed by OpenHydro, examining the BEMT performance with a sophisticated blade resolved CFD study. A comparison of results finds that the model is capable of predicting the average peak power to within 12 %, however it under predicts thrust levels by an average of 35 %. This study concludes that the model is applicable to ducted turbine configurations, but is limited in capturing the complex flow interactions towards the open centre, which requires further investigation. The computational efficiency of the newly developed model allowed a structural analysis of the composite blades, thus demonstrating it is suitable to effectively evaluate engineering applications. Stresses are seen to be dominated by flap-wise bending moments, which peak at the mid-length of the blade. This tool will further enable EDF to perform third party assessments of the different turbine designs, to aid decision making for future projects.

[pt] O crescimento da demanda por serviços de telecomunicações em terra firme também pode ser encontrado em ambientes marítimos por usuários a bordo de embarcações, sejam elas civis ou militares. Nestes ambientes, um fenômeno conhecido como duto de evaporação influencia a propagação eletromagnética na troposfera, proporcionando a comunicação ponto-a-ponto em distâncias além do horizonte rádio. Este trabalho utiliza a técnica de traçado de raios para analisar o comportamento da onda eletromagnética nestes meios. Foi elaborado um algoritmo capaz de traçar raios e determinar amplitudes e fases do campo elétrico em meios inomogêneos bidimensionais dado um mapa de refratividade modificada M. A partir destes mapas, o algoritmo calcula os gradientes verticais de M, que podem variar ao longo do percurso, e traça os raios, a partir da antena transmissora. Como aplicação, além de cenários com dutos de evaporação, foram utilizados mapas de M estimados com base em dados meteorológicos fornecidos por radiossondas lançadas no litoral brasileiro. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos fornecidos pelo software Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction System (AREPS), baseado na solução numérica de equação parabólica. Este trabalho também apresenta resultados estatísticos de dutos de evaporação no litoral brasileiro, a partir de dados meteorológicos fornecidos por boias oceanográficas do Programa Nacional de Boias (PNBOIA). Para tal, é utilizado, com pequenas alterações, o algoritmo de Paulus-Jeske, que estima a altura de dutos de evaporação. / [en] The demand growth for land-based telecommunications services can also be found in maritime environments by users on board ships, whether civilian or military. In these environments, a phenomenon known as the evaporation duct influences electromagnetic propagation in the troposphere, providing point-to-point communication at distances beyond the radio horizon. This work uses the raytracing technique to analyze the behavior of electromagnetic waves in these media. An algorithm capable of tracing rays and determining electric field amplitudes and phases in two-dimensional inhomogeneous media was developed, given a map of modified refractivity M. From these maps, the algorithm calculates the vertical gradients of M, which can vary along the path, and traces rays from the transmitting antenna. As an application, in addition to scenarios with evaporation ducts, M maps were estimated based on meteorological data provided by radiosondes launched in the Brazilian coast. The results obtained were compared with those provided by the Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction System (AREPS) software, based on the numerical solution of parabolic equation. This work also presents statistical results of evaporation ducts in the Brazilian coast, based on meteorological data provided by oceanographic buoys of Programa Nacional de Boias (PNBOIA). For this, the Paulus-Jeske algorithm, which estimates the height of the evaporation ducts, is used with small changes.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-12T16:50:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GICELIA MOREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 5021034 bytes, checksum: 457c2c52b8b0021ca9e6c10a53a0f200 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T16:50:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GICELIA MOREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 5021034 bytes, checksum: 457c2c52b8b0021ca9e6c10a53a0f200 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / Vazamento em oleodutos, além de prejuízos financeiros pode causar diversos danos ambientais, onde, o conhecimento dos fenômenos interfaciais de líquidos imiscíveis permite entender o processo de migração advectiva em dutos submarinos. Portanto, estas informações, possibilitam prever o comportamento e a forma geométrica da interface água-óleo e fornecer uma boa fundamentação fenomenológica no que diz respeito às teorias de perturbação, aos critérios de estabilidade e a modelagem matemática, bem como os padrões de escoamento nas vizinhanças do vazamento em dutos submersos. Diante disto, este trabalho, tem por objetivo estudar numericamente a influência do vazamento de óleo no mar a partir de duto submerso e vice-versa sobre o comportamento de fluidos. Para isso, adotou-se um modelo bidimensional com base nas equações de conservação de massa, momento linear e o modelo de turbulência k-ε padrão disponibilizado no Ansys CFX. O comportamento dinâmico do óleo e da água é representado com auxílio de campos de pressão, velocidade superficial e fração volumétrica de óleo e da água, vetores de velocidade. Os resultados das simulações indicam a presença de vazamento de óleo na correnteza marítima e de água para a corrente de óleo no tubo através do orifício de vazamento. / Leaks in pipelines, beyond financial losses can cause various environmental damage, where the knowledge of interfacial phenomena of immiscible liquids allows us to understand the advective migration process in subsea pipelines. Therefore, these informations allows to predict the behavior and geometrical form of water-oil interface and provide a good phenomenological foundation with respect to the theories of perturbation, the criteria of stability and the mathematical model as well as the flow patterns in around of the leakage starting from underwater pipelines. In view of this, this work aims to numerically study the influence of the oil leak in the sea starting from submerged pipe or the opposite about behavior of fluids. For this, it was adopted a two-dimensional model based on mass conservation and linear momentum equations and the k-ε standard turbulence model available in Ansys CFX. The dynamic behavior of oil and water is shown with the aid of pressure, superficial velocity and volumetric fraction fields of oil and water and velocity vectors. The simulation results indicate the presence of oil spills in sea water in the stream and the water for oil tube through of the orifice leakage.

Propõe-se o estudo do separador gravitacional de fundo de poço do tipo shroud invertido para poços direcionais e horizontais. A geometria inovadora é observada pela inclinação imposta, solução que transforma um escoamento vertical descendente, veloz e caótico, num escoamento inclinado e segregado em canal livre. Com a inclinação, minimizasse a incorporação de gás, no impacto do escoamento em superfície livre contra a interface de líquido formada pelo nível do anular interno (NAI), e a segregação é incrementada devido ao gradiente de velocidades e ao aparecimento da componente da gravidade na direção radial do poço de petróleo. O trabalho experimental tem como uma de suas metas o levantamento da eficiência de separação em função das vazões de líquido e gás, do ângulo de inclinação e o grau de interferência do escoamento no duto anular formado entre o separador e a parede do poço de petróleo, chamado neste trabalho de anular externo. Foi feito um trabalho de semelhança dimensional e foram detectados os números adimensionais pertinentes ao problema. Constatou-se que a vazão de gás e o escoamento no anular externo não interferem na eficiência de separação. Além disso, foi realizado um trabalho de caracterização dos padrões do escoamento gás-líquido em duto anular, através de visualização e análise no domínio do tempo e da frequência do sinal dinâmico da queda de pressão. Também são propostos dois modelos matemáticos, um modelo fenomenológico baseado em princípios físicos fundamentais, que foi capaz de prever com eficácia a região de máxima eficiência do separador shroud invertido, e um modelo numérico, que reproduziu a fenomenologia do processo de separação do gás. / This research project proposes the study of the inverted-shroud gravitational gas separator for directional and horizontal wells. The innovative geometry is observed by the inclination that transforms a vertical, fast and chaotic downward flow into an inclined and segregated free channel flow. Due to inclination, the incorporation of gas at the internal gasliquid interface (NAI) is minimized; the segregation is increased due to the velocity gradient and the gravitational term that arises in the radial direction of the oil well. One of the aims of the experimental work is the obtaining of new data of gas separation efficiency as a function of the flow of liquid and gas, inclination angle and the evaluation of the degree of interference of the external annular duct flow. A dimensional analysis was undertaken to identify the relevant dimensionless numbers. It was found that the gas flow and the flow pattern in the external annular duct do not interfere in the separation efficiency. A flow pattern characterization was carried out through visualization and time and frequency domain analysis of differential pressure signature signal. Two mathematical models are proposed, a phenomenological model based on fundamental physical principles, which was able to predict with good accuracy the region of maximum separation efficiency, and a numerical model, which reproduced the phenomenology of the gas separation process.

Operações de produção de petróleo, que utilizam sistemas de bombeamento centrífugo submerso, constantemente encontram a presença de gás livre nos poços, o que pode gerar ou agravar problemas como cavitação e falhas dinâmicas, quando o gás é succionado pela bomba. O separador gravitacional do tipo shroud invertido é uma solução possível para este problema nos casos de operação em poços direcionais de petróleo. O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo do diâmetro das bolhas que ocorrem no interior de um separador gravitacional gás-líquido do tipo shroud invertido. A finalidade é o aprimoramento de um modelo fenomenológico do funcionamento deste tipo de separador, aplicado à indústria petrolífera, sendo que o modelo fenomenológico garante total separação de gás, fornecidas determinadas condições. O modelo prevê, através do cálculo da energia cinética turbulenta, o tamanho médio das bolhas carregadas para o seio do líquido por aeração no duto anular. Partindo de estudos anteriores, uma verificação do modelo fenomenológico foi feita utilizando um aparato experimental com misturas bifásicas ar-água e ar-óleo em três diferentes inclinações. O aparato possui dimensões radiais reais de um poço de petróleo offshore. Foi utilizado um sensor 3D ORM para a medição do tamanho médio (sauter) das bolhas arrastadas pelo líquido até a entrada do tubo de produção, em diversas combinações de vazões da mistura água-ar. Esta medição permite o ajuste das correlações que regem o modelo fenomenológico, no que diz respeito às equações dependentes do diâmetro teórico de bolhas arrastadas pela fase líquida. As descobertas provenientes deste estudo foram implementadas em um código computacional que será utilizado pela PETROBRAS, financiadora do projeto, para suas operações de bombeamento. / Oil mining operations powered by centrifugal submersible pumping systems suffer constant setbacks due to the presence of free gas in wells. Decompression in the reservoir liberates this gas in the form of bubbles that, upon reaching the suction end of the pump, cause cavitation and dynamic failures resulting in production and equipment losses. The Inverted-shroud gravitational separator is a possible solution to this problem. This work presents a study on diameters of bubbles that occur inside this separator. The goal is the improvement of the understanding of this kind of separator as well as the enhancement of a previously reported phenomenological model, which ensures total gas separation when the separator is installed in directional wells and under specific operational conditions. Empirically adjusted correlations are used to ensure that all entrained bubbles do not reach the pump. The model was tested for two-phase flows of water-air and oil-air mixtures using three different inclinations. Tests were performed with an experimental apparatus that simulates a pilot-scale well casing with an inverted-shroud separator installed. A 3D ORM particle-size sensor was employed in order to measure the average (sauter) diameter of entrained bubbles that are dragged by the liquid flow towards the end of the production tube. This investigation will be used to improve the reliability of the phenomenological model and reduce its dependency on a theoretical prediction of the bubble size. The findings were incorporated to the final version of an in-house gas separator design software developed at the request of PETROBRAS, the project funder and Inverted-shroud patent holder, for usage on its oil mining operations.