Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e longitudinal realizado na Seção de Implante Coclear, Centro de Pesquisas Audiológicas do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (IC-CPA/HRAC/USP). O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o desempenho da percepção auditiva da fala de indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de reimplante coclear. No total de 1.323 indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de implante coclear no período de 1990 a janeiro de 2016, consta o registro de 84 indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de reimplante coclear, correspondendo a 6,3% do total. Deste total de 84, 68 indivíduos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão/exclusão da pesquisa e foram avaliados utilizando-se testes de percepção auditiva da fala, em três momentos: antes da segunda intervenção cirúrgica, após o reimplante e última avaliação de acompanhamento. As variáveis estudadas foram: a) motivo do reimplante coclear; b) etiologia da perda auditiva; c) idade na primeira cirurgia; d) tempo de uso do implante coclear antes do reimplante; e) tempo de recuperação do escore anterior à intervenção; f) tempo de uso atual; g) escore nos procedimentos de avaliação da percepção auditiva da fala, pré e pós-reimplante coclear. Na análise dos dados foi possível observar que a causa mais comum do reimplante foi a falha do dispositivo interno, seguido de razões médicas. Na avaliação auditiva da fala, um total de 61 (89,7%) recuperaram o desempenho observado antes do reimplante coclear e sete (10,3%), não alcançaram o mesmo desempenho. Constatou-se que as variáveis idade do primeiro Implante e tempo de uso do primeiro Implante Coclear, assim como tempo de reimplante, influenciaram nos resultados encontrados. A cirurgia de reimplante coclear é um procedimento viável, contudo a família e o paciente devem ser orientados quanto aos possíveis comprometimentos na percepção auditiva da fala / A retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal study performed in the Cochlear Implant Section, Audiological Research Center of the Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies of the University of São Paulo (IC-CPA / HRAC / USP). This study aimed at characterizing the auditory speech perception of individuals undergoing cochlear reimplantation surgery. Out of 1,323 individuals undergoing cochlear implant surgery from 1990 to January 2016, 84 (6.3%) subjects underwent cochlear reimplantation surgery. From this total of 84, 68 individuals met the inclusion / exclusion criteria of the study and were evaluated using auditory speech perception tests in three moments: before the second surgical intervention, after reimplantation and the last follow-up evaluation. The variables studied were: a) reason for cochlear reimplantation; b) etiology of hearing loss; c) age at first surgery; d) time cochlear implant use before reimplantation; e) recovery time from the previous intervention score; f) time of current use; g) score in the procedures of assessment of auditory speech perception before and after cochlear reimplantation. The data analysis showed that the most common cause of reimplantation was the failure of the internal device, followed by medical reasons. In the auditory speech evaluation, a total of 61 (89.7%) recovered performance before cochlear reimplantation, and seven (10.3%), did not reach the same performance. It was verified that the variables age at the first Implant and time using the first Cochlear Implant, as well as time of reimplantation, influenced the results. Cochlear replantation surgery is a viable procedure, however, the family and the patient should be advised on the possible compromising risks to the auditory speech perception

Ce travail de thèse concerne l'étude d'extracteurs d'air hybrides éoliens. Il se décompose en des investigations amont et appliquées. Dans la partie amont, des simulations fines ont été effectuées en conduite carrée avec et sans rotation, pour des nombres de Reynolds turbulents de l'ordre de 600, afin d'analyser l'impact de la rotation sur la turbulence. Elles ont montré que la rotation rompt la symétrie de l'écoulement. La partie appliquée est dédiée à la conception d'une nouvelle géométrie d'extracteur d'air. Cette géométrie a été proposée à partir de l'analyse de simulations RANS. Ses performances ont été confirmées par des mesures expérimentales sur banc d'essais. Les tests en soufflerie d'un système de captage d'énergie éolienne, conçu pour l'extracteur, ont mis en évidence son adéquation au régime de fonctionnement de l'extracteur. Les essais expérimentaux de l'extracteur complet, montrent que le système de captage apporte une part significative de l'énergie. Des essais en soufflerie ont permis d'observer le comportement global de l'extracteur. / This PhD work concerns the study of hybrid air extractors. It is composed of upstream and applied investigations. In the upstream part, fine simulations are realized in square duct flow with and without rotation to analyse the impact of rotation on turbulence. It is found that rotation removes symmetry property of the flow with turbulent Reynolds number of 600. The applied part is dedicated to the conception of a new air extractor geometry. This geometry is proposed from the analyse of RANS simulations. Its performances are confirmed by experimental measurements on test rig. Wind tunnel tests of a wind power capturing system, designed for the extractor, show a good adequation to the operating regime of the extractor. Experimental investigations on the complete air extractor, show the wind power capturing system brings a significant part of the energy. Wind tunnel tests allow to observe the complete air extractor behaviour.

Abstract Mammalian female sex development was considered a default developmental pathway. However, the deletion of the Wnt4 gene, a member of the Wnt family of secreted signals, was shown to reverse the sex of XX female mouse embryo and caused exhibition of certain male characteristics. This indicated that the female sexual development cannot be default but depends on active signaling and cell-cell interaction. The aim of the current study was to reveal the functional role of the Wnt4 gene in the control of sex determination, ovariogenesis and female sex duct formation. This study demonstrates that testosterone is produced by the ovary of Wnt4-deficient female embryos. The inhibition of androgen action by an antiandrogen, flutamide, during gestation leads to complete degeneration of the Wolffian ducts in 80% of the Wnt4 mutant females. This suggests that testosterone is the possible mediator of the masculinization phenotype in Wnt4-deficient females. Wnt4 is expressed by ovarian somatic cells, which are vital for the control of female germline development. This work has shown that Wnt4 is the factor maintaining germ cell cysts, cell-cell interaction and early follicular gene expression. In addition, the findings indicate a critical role for Wnt4/5a signaling in meiosis. Our research has proven that Wnt4 has roles during postnatal ovary development as its defective signaling leads to premature ovarian failure associated with diminished Amh levels, defective basement membrane and cell polarization. The Mullerian duct, the anlagen of oviduct, uterus and upper part of vagina, does not form in Wnt4-deficient females. This study indicates that Wnt4 is needed for migration initiation and maintenance during Mullerian duct formation prenatally. During the postnatal uterine differentiation Wnt4 is essential for endometrial gland formation. The present study provides new evidence for Wnt4 function during embryonic and adult female sexual differentiation. / Tiivistelmä Nisäkkäiden naaraspuolista kehitystä pidettiin aiemmin sukupuolisen erilaistumiskehityksen oletusarvona. Signaloivien proteiinien Wnt-perheeseen kuuluvan Wnt4-geenin puutteen todettiin kuitenkin johtavan XX naarasalkion sukupuolen kääntymisen koiraaksi sekä aiheuttavan tiettyjä koiraille ominaisia piirteitä. Tämä osoitti, ettei naaraspuolinen kehitys ole oletusarvo, vaan se riippuu aktiivisesta signaloinnista ja solujen välisestä interaktiosta. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tarkoitus oli selvittää Wnt4-geenin roolia sukupuolen määräytymisessä, munasarjojen kehittymisessä sekä naaraan sukupuolitiehyitten muodostumisessa. Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin, että munasarjat tuottavat testosteronia niillä naaraspuolisilla alkioilla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. 80 prosentilla naaraista, joilla on Wnt4-geenin puute, androgeenivaikutuksen esto raskauden aikana annettavalla antiandrogeenilla, flutamidilla, estää sukupuolen vaihtumisen fenotyypin. Tämä viittaa siihen, että testosteroni toimii mahdollisena koiraan fenotyypin välittäjänä naarailla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. Wnt4 ilmentyy munasarjojen somaattisissa soluissa, jotka ovat tärkeitä naaraspuolisen ituradan kehityksen säätelyn kannalta. Väitöstutkimus osoittaa, että Wnt4 on itusoluryppäitä, solujen välistä interaktiota sekä varhaista follikkeligeeni-ilmentymistä ylläpitävä tekijä. Tulokset osoittavat myös, että Wnt4/5a -signaloinnilla on tärkeä rooli meioosissa. Tutkimus osoittaa lisäksi, että Wnt4 vaikuttaa munasarjojen kehitykseen myös syntymän jälkeen. Puutteellinen signalointi alentaa Anti-Müllerian hormonin tasoa, heikentää tyvikalvoa ja vähentää solujen polarisaatiota, joka johtaa ennenaikaiseen munasarjojen toiminnan hiipumiseen. Müllerin tiehyet, joista myöhemmin kehittyvät munanjohtimet, kohtu ja vaginan yläosa, jäävät kokonaan muodostumatta naarailla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että Wnt4 on tarpeen alkioaikaiseen Müllerin tiehyen muodostavien solujen liikkeellelähtöön ja ylläpitoon. Wnt4:llä on myös keskeinen rooli kohturauhasten muodostumisessa sukukypsyyden saavuttamisen aikana ja sen jälkeen.

[EN] This Thesis is focused on the development and implementation of efficient numerical methods for the acoustic modelling and design of noise control devices in the exhaust system of combustion engines. Special attention is paid to automotive perforated dissipative silencers, in which significant differences are likely to appear in their acoustic behaviour, depending on the temperature variations within the absorbent material. Also, material heterogeneities can alter the silencer attenuation performance. Therefore, numerical techniques considering all these features are required to guarantee the accuracy of the results. A literature review is carried out, mainly related to one-dimensional models, as well as to acoustic models for absorbent materials and perforated surfaces. However, plane wave model limitations make indispensable using alternative multidimensional methods. In addition, the possibility of using new acoustic elements is explored. These elements have as an objective being a potential alternative to the fibrous absorbent materials, which can have a negative impact on health. The Thesis considers the use of microperforated and sintered surfaces. The latter have, in some cases, a nearly constant acoustic impedance, whose value depends, among others, on the thickness and porosity of the plates. To avoid the limitations of plane wave models, a finite element (FE) approach is proposed for the acoustic analysis of dissipative silencers including a perforated duct with uniform axial mean flow and an outer chamber with a heterogeneous distribution of the absorbent material. On the other hand, property variations can be also produced by temperature gradients. In this case, a hybrid FE model has been derived for perforated dissipative silencers including: (1) Thermal gradients in the central duct and the chamber; (2) A perforated passage carrying non-uniform axial mean flow. A FE approach has been implemented to solve the pressure-based wave equation for a non-moving heterogeneous medium, associated with the chamber. Also, the governing equation in the central duct has been written and solved in terms of an acoustic velocity potential to allow the presence of an axially inhomogeneous flow. The coupling between both regions has been carried out by means of a perforated duct and its acoustic impedance, adapted here to include absorbent material heterogeneities and mean flow effects. It has been found that the presence of non-homogeneities can have a significant influence on the acoustic attenuation of a silencer and should be included in the theoretical models. Optimization techniques for industrial noise control devices are relevant, since they lead to the production of elements with better characteristics. Evolutionary algorithms are emergent techniques able to obtain a solution, even in those problems in which the traditional optimization have difficulties. Optimization techniques are combined with the FE method to achieve the maximum attenuation in the frequency range of interest. A multichamber silencer optimization problem is defined and several analyses are carried out to obtain the most suitable configuration for each application. Under certain assumptions of axial uniformity, several techniques have been considered to reduce the computational effort of a full 3D FE analysis for dissipative silencers with temperature gradients and mean flow. These are based on a decomposition of the acoustic field into transversal and axial modes within each silencer subdomain, and a matching procedure of the modal expansions at the silencer area changes through the continuity conditions of the acoustic fields. The relative computational efficiency and accuracy of predictions for the matching techniques are studied, including point collocation at nodes and Gauss points and also mode-matching with weighted integration. All of them provide accurate predictions of the attenuation and improve the computational cost of a FE calculation / [ES] Esta Tesis se centra en el desarrollo e implementación de métodos numéricos eficientes para el diseño y modelado de componentes de la línea de escape en motores de combustión interna. Merecen especial atención los silenciadores disipativos perforados de automóviles, ya que su comportamiento acústico puede sufrir variaciones importantes debidas a las variaciones de temperatura en el material absorbente, así como a las heterogeneidades de la fibra. Por tanto, se requieren técnicas numéricas que consideren estos casos para garantizar la precisión de los resultados. Se lleva a cabo una revisión bibliográfica que recoge los modelos de onda unidimensionales, así como modelos acústicos de materiales absorbentes y superficies perforadas. Sin embargo, las limitaciones de los primeros hacen indispensable el uso de modelos multidimensionales. Además se explora la posibilidad de usar nuevos elementos acústicos, cuyo objetivo es ser una alternativa potencial a los materiales absorbentes, que pueden tener un efecto negativo sobre la salud. La Tesis considera el uso de superficies microperforadas y sinterizadas. Estas últimas en algunos casos presentan una impedancia casi constante, cuyo valor depende, entre otras cosas, del espesor y la porosidad de las placas. Para evitar las limitaciones de los modelos de onda plana, se propone un enfoque en elementos finitos (EF) para el análisis acústico de silenciadores disipativos que incluyen un conducto con flujo medio axial uniforme y una cámara externa con una distribución heterogénea de material absorbente. Por otro lado, la variación de las propiedades también puede producirse por gradientes térmicos. En este caso, se propone una formulación híbrida de EF para silenciadores disipativos perforados que incluye: (1) Gradientes térmicos en el conducto central y la cámara; (2) Un conducto perforado que canaliza flujo medio axial no uniforme. Se ha implementado una formulación de EF para resolver la ecuación de ondas en términos de presión para el medio estacionario heterogéneo asociado a la cámara. Además, la ecuación asociada al conducto central, expresada en términos de potencial de velocidad acústica, permite la presencia de flujo axial no uniforme. El acoplamiento entre ambas regiones se ha realizado mediante un conducto perforado y su impedancia acústica y se ha adaptado para incluir la citada falta de homogeneidad. Se ha visto que las heterogeneidades pueden influir notablemente en la atenuación acústica de un silenciador, debiéndose incluir en los modelos teóricos. Las técnicas de optimización para componentes industriales de control de ruido son importantes, ya que producen elementos con mejores características. Los algoritmos evolutivos son técnicas emergentes capaces de obtener una solución, incluso cuando la optimización tradicional tiene dificultades. Las técnicas de optimización se combinan con el MEF para conseguir la máxima atenuación posible en el rango de frecuencias de interés. Se ha definido un problema de optimización de un silenciador multicámara y se han llevado a cabo varios análisis para obtener la configuración más adecuada para cada caso. Bajo ciertas hipótesis de uniformidad axial, se han considerado varias técnicas para reducir el coste computacional de un análisis 3D completo para silenciadores disipativos con gradientes de temperatura y flujo medio. Éstas se basan en la descomposición del campo acústico en modos axiales y transversales dentro de cada subdominio, y un procedimiento de acoplamiento de las expansiones modales en los cambios de sección del silenciador mediante las condiciones de continuidad de los campos acústicos. Se estudia la eficiencia computacional y precisión de las predicciones de las técnicas de acoplamiento, incluyendo colocación puntual en nodos y puntos de Gauss, así como ajuste modal. Todos ellos proporcionan predicciones precisas de la atenuación mejorando el coste / [CAT] Aquesta Tesi es centra en el desenvolupament i implementació de mètodes numèrics eficients per al disseny i modelatge de components de la línia d'escapament en motors de combustió interna. Mereixen especial atenció els silenciadors dissipatius perforats d'automòbils, ja que el seu comportament acústic pot patir variacions importants degudes a les variacions de temperatura en el material absorbent, així com a les heterogeneïtats de la fibra. Per tant, es requereixen tècniques numèriques que considerin aquests casos per garantir la precisió dels resultats. Es porta a terme una revisió bibliogràfica que recull els models d'ona unidimensionals, així com models acústics de materials absorbents i superfícies perforades. No obstant això, les limitacions dels primers fan indispensable l'ús de models multidimensionals. A més s'explora la possibilitat d'usar nous elements acústics amb l'objectiu que siguen una alternativa potencial als materials absorbents, que poden tenir un efecte negatiu sobre la salut. La Tesi considera l'ús de superfícies microperforades i sinteritzades. Aquestes últimes en alguns casos presenten una impedància gairebé constant. El seu valor depèn, entre altres coses, del gruix i la porositat de les plaques. Per evitar les limitacions dels models d'ona plana, es proposa un enfocament amb elements finits (EF) per a l'anàlisi acústic de silenciadors dissipatius que inclouen un conducte amb flux mig axial uniforme i una càmera externa amb una distribució heterogènia de material absorbent. D'altra banda, la variació de les propietats també es pot produir per gradients tèrmics. En aquest cas, es proposa una formulació híbrida d'EF per silenciadors dissipatius perforats que inclou: (1) Gradients tèrmics en el conducte central i la càmera; (2) Un conducte perforat que canalitza flux mig axial no uniforme. S'ha implementat una formulació d'EF per resoldre l'equació d'ones en termes de pressió per al medi estacionari heterogeni associat a la càmera. A més, l'equació associada al conducte central, expressada en termes de potencial de velocitat acústica, permet la presència de flux axial no uniforme. L'acoblament entre les dues regions s'ha realitzat mitjançant un conducte perforat i la seva impedància acústica i s'ha adaptat per incloure la esmentada falta d'homogeneïtat. S'ha vist que les heterogeneïtats poden influir notablement en l'atenuació acústica d'un silenciador i s'han d'incloure en els models teòrics. Les tècniques d'optimització per a components industrials de control de soroll són importants, ja que produeixen elements amb millors característiques. Els algoritmes evolutius són tècniques emergents capaces d'obtenir una solució, fins i tot quan l'optimització tradicional té dificultats. Les tècniques d'optimització es combinen amb el mètode d'elements finits (MEF) per aconseguir la màxima atenuació possible en el rang de freqüències d'interès. S'ha definit un problema d'optimització d'un silenciador multicàmera i s'han dut a terme diverses anàlisis per obtenir la configuració més adequada per a cada cas. Sota certes hipòtesis d'uniformitat axial, s'han considerat diverses tècniques per reduir el cost computacional d'una anàlisi 3D complet per silenciadors dissipatius amb gradients de temperatura i flux mig. Aquestes es basen en la descomposició del camp acústic en modes axials i transversals dins de cada subdomini, i un procediment d'acoblament de les expansions modals en els canvis de secció del silenciador mitjançant les condicions de continuïtat dels camps acústics. S'estudia l'eficiència computacional i precisió de les prediccions de les tècniques d'acoblament, incloent col·locació puntual en nodes i punts de Gauss, així com ajust modal. Tots ells proporcionen prediccions precises de l'atenuació millorant el cost computacional d'EF. / Sánchez Orgaz, EM. (2016). Advanced numerical techniques for the acoustic modelling of materials and noise control devices in the exhaust system of internal combustion engines [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64090 / TESIS

The main objective of this Master´s thesis is the appropriate calculation proposal of pressure and discharge conditions in extensive ducts in unsteady flow. The calculation proposal was aimed at the conenction of two commercial programmes. Exacly the programme Ansis Fluent and Matlab, which deals with the connection of onedimensional (1D) calculation in Matlab and multidimensional (2D) calculation in Ansys Fluent programme. This Mastr’s thesis also deals with creation of the independent 1D model (Matlab, method of characteristic) and independent 2D model flow (Ansys Fluent, Inviscid model).

This diploma thesis deals with proposal of a two-lane vertical boiler using the waste heat after gas turbine. In the first part the heat calculation has been done followed by the arrangement of particular heat exchange surfaces and the drawing of real saw diagram. There are also dimensions of drums, inlet and outlet pipes and transfer pipelines drafted. Furthermore, I have listed the materials that are used for casing the boiler and pipelines. Finally, the boiler loss is calculated and the boiler hydraulic calculation is performed. The supplement contains a boiler drawing.

This master thesis is focused on design and aerodynamic analysis of subsonic turbine engine inlet in NACA duct configuration for unmanned aircraft. The first part of this paper is methodics for design considerations for NACA duct, which is based on theoretical analysis of this type of inlet. The acquired knowledge is used to design an inlet for the specified unmanned aircraft that is subject of CFD analysis. The impact of deflectors is considered in the evaluation and the solution is compared to the S-duct inlet. The proposed inlet with deflectors meets DC60 distortion criterion for all specified cases and the pressure losses requirements are met for lower velocities. Based on the results, the recommended application is for aircraft that flies in optimal design conditions for most of the mission.

This theses work is concerned with assessment of transfer line exchanger behind pusher furnace. First part is describing technical characteristic and parametres. The most important part of this theses is thermic calculation of the boiler. Last following part is concerned with suggestions of constructional modifications of heating surface for proper functioning of boiler. These modifications are demonstrated by scheme in the enclosure.

The focus of this thesis is a proposal of a horizontal dual-pressure heat recovery steam generator. The introductory part includes thermal calculation, as well as a design of the layout and a design of the heat transfer surfaces and the layout of the boiler. Individual chapters are broken down according to the outline of the proposal for the arrangement of the heating surfaces, according to the parameters of the flue gas and steam. The master thesis contains a scheme of a real heat transfer temperature diagram and it also includes the calculation of connecting and downcomer pipes and drums. The final part describes the calculation of the boiler draft loss. The main idea of the thesis is accompanied by the technical documentation of the drawing of the boiler.

This master thesis deals with design of a subsonic intake which is used to supply small jet engine integrate into the fuselage of agile small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Some kinds of these intakes are listed in order to inspire and introduce future designers into this part of jet plane design. This thesis contains a small amount of theory about compressible flow, and necessary knowledge which are important to know before the very first attempt to design an intake. Two models were designed in order to prove that the theory listed in this thesis is useful and can be used as a guide in design process of subsonic intakes. Both designs have the same layout. S-duct design with one intake placed on the belly of fuselage was chosen. After CFD analysis of first model it was found that there are huge area with separated flow and vortex. Separated flow leads to big total pressure loss and pressure distortion. While designing the second model the emphasis was to avoid this vortex and improve flow conditions. This optimization was success and the second design have smaller pressure loss in compare to the first design. The difference is more than 50% at fly speed M=0,8.