Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka stadsplanering vid tre tidsepoker. Genom att jämföra mellanrummen i staden och sedan plocka ut de positiva inslag som vi tror tilltalar de flesta människorna vill vi komma fram till hur en idealstad skulle kunna se ut. De tidsepoker vi valt är Kvartersstaden, Funktionalismens stad och Dagens byggande. För att kunna bygga framtidens städer måste man titta tillbaka och ta till vara på det som fungerat och lära sig av sina misstag. Från den korrekta kvartersstaden via det storskaliga funktionalistiska samhället till dagens förtätningar finns det tydliga likheter såväl som olikheter. Grönskan har stor betydelse för en stad och dess invånare. Människan uppskattar känslan av närhet till naturen och gröna stadsrum bidrar till en uppskattad stadsmiljö. Vi har kommit fram till att det finns vissa element som skapar en attraktiv stad. Genom ett samspel vid stadsbyggande mellan kommunen, byggherrar och de boende i staden skulle det kunna byggas städer som de flesta människor trivs i. / The main purpose with this diploma work is to examine cityplanning at three different time periods. By comparing public spaces and pick the most positive elements that we think appeals to most people, our conclusion would end up in with thoughts of an ideal city and how it would look like. The time periods we choose is the 19th-century (“blockcity”), the modernistic city and building of today. Too build the cities of the future we have to look back and learn from our mistakes and take care of the functioning elements. From the strict “blockcity” via the modernistic large-scaled society to the condensing of the present city, there are clear similarities as well as differences. The vegetation is significant to a city and its inhabitants. People appreciate the sense of closeness to nature and green public spaces contribute to an appreciated urban environment. There are certain components that in our opinion creates an attractive city. A good teamwork between the city’s planning board, property developers and the citizens is crucial to building cities that most people like.

<p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka stadsplanering</p><p>vid tre tidsepoker. Genom att jämföra mellanrummen i staden</p><p>och sedan plocka ut de positiva inslag som vi tror tilltalar de</p><p>flesta människorna vill vi komma fram till hur en idealstad skulle</p><p>kunna se ut.</p><p>De tidsepoker vi valt är Kvartersstaden, Funktionalismens stad</p><p>och Dagens byggande. För att kunna bygga framtidens städer</p><p>måste man titta tillbaka och ta till vara på det som fungerat och</p><p>lära sig av sina misstag. Från den korrekta kvartersstaden via det</p><p>storskaliga funktionalistiska samhället till dagens förtätningar</p><p>finns det tydliga likheter såväl som olikheter. Grönskan har stor</p><p>betydelse för en stad och dess invånare. Människan uppskattar</p><p>känslan av närhet till naturen och gröna stadsrum bidrar till en</p><p>uppskattad stadsmiljö.</p><p>Vi har kommit fram till att det finns vissa element som skapar</p><p>en attraktiv stad. Genom ett samspel vid stadsbyggande mellan</p><p>kommunen, byggherrar och de boende i staden skulle det kunna</p><p>byggas städer som de flesta människor trivs i.</p> / <p>The main purpose with this diploma work is to examine</p><p>cityplanning at three different time periods. By comparing public</p><p>spaces and pick the most positive elements that we think appeals</p><p>to most people, our conclusion would end up in with thoughts of</p><p>an ideal city and how it would look like.</p><p>The time periods we choose is the 19th-century (“blockcity”),</p><p>the modernistic city and building of today. Too build the cities of</p><p>the future we have to look back and learn from our mistakes and</p><p>take care of the functioning elements. From the strict “blockcity”</p><p>via the modernistic large-scaled society to the condensing of the</p><p>present city, there are clear similarities as well as differences.</p><p>The vegetation is significant to a city and its inhabitants. People</p><p>appreciate the sense of closeness to nature and green public</p><p>spaces contribute to an appreciated urban environment.</p><p>There are certain components that in our opinion creates an</p><p>attractive city. A good teamwork between the city’s planning</p><p>board, property developers and the citizens is crucial to building</p><p>cities that most people like.</p>

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att jämföra de två byggproduktionsmetoderna, industriellt/prefabricerat byggande och platsbygge. Vi undersöka om någon av metoderna är fördelaktigare än det andra, samt varför man allt mer använder sig av prefabricerat. Jämförelsen behandlar främst aspekterna byggtid, ekonomi och kvalitet. Genom en litteraturstudie och intervjuer med aktiva personer inom byggbranschen har vi införskaffat oss det material vi behöver. Att bygga och montera så mycket som möjligt inne i fabrik gör att kvaliteten ökar då materialet inte utsätts för fukt och kyla före montering. Huset byggs upp mycket fortare då byggarbetsplatsen endast blir en montageplats av olika färdiga delar. Materiallager på bygget försvinner då delarna levereras när de ska monteras. Levereras elementen i tid minskas också byggtiden, vilket i sig innebär lägre kostnader. / The main purpose with this diplomawork is to compare the two production methods, premanufacturing and on-site construction. We want to investigate if one of the methods is more advantageous than the other and why premanufactured elements are used more often. The comparisons mostly consider aspects of building time, economy and quality. We gathered the material we needed through a literature study and by interviewing active persons in the building industry. Building as much as possible in a production hall increases the quality since it’s not being exposed to moisture and cold before assembly. The house is built much faster when the building site becomes a montage place with different finished elements. There is no material storage at the building site since the elements are delivered when it’s time to assemble the specific element. If the elements are delivered when needed, building time will decrease which means reduced costs for the whole project.

<p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att jämföra de två byggproduktionsmetoderna, industriellt/prefabricerat byggande och platsbygge. Vi undersöka om någon av metoderna är fördelaktigare än det andra, samt varför man allt mer använder sig av prefabricerat. Jämförelsen behandlar främst aspekterna byggtid, ekonomi och kvalitet. Genom en litteraturstudie och intervjuer med aktiva personer inom byggbranschen har vi införskaffat oss det material vi behöver.</p><p>Att bygga och montera så mycket som möjligt inne i fabrik gör att kvaliteten ökar då materialet inte utsätts för fukt och kyla före montering. Huset byggs upp mycket fortare då byggarbetsplatsen endast blir en montageplats av olika färdiga delar. Materiallager på bygget försvinner då delarna levereras när de ska monteras.</p><p>Levereras elementen i tid minskas också byggtiden, vilket i sig innebär lägre kostnader.</p> / <p>The main purpose with this diplomawork is to compare the two production methods,</p><p>premanufacturing and on-site construction. We want to investigate if one of the methods is more advantageous than the other and why premanufactured elements are used more often. The comparisons mostly consider aspects of building time, economy and quality. We gathered the material we needed through a literature study and by interviewing active persons in the building industry.</p><p>Building as much as possible in a production hall increases the quality since it’s not being exposed to moisture and cold before assembly. The house is built much faster when the building site becomes a montage place with different finished elements. There is no material storage at the building site since the elements are delivered when it’s time to assemble the specific element. If the elements are delivered when needed, building time will decrease which means reduced costs for the whole project.</p>

O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o principal ectoparasita bovino e causa importantes perdas econômicas nas criações de bovino. O controle imunológico é estudado como um método alternativo para seu controle, no entanto, uma vacina eficaz ainda necessita ser desenvolvida. A proteína BYC (Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin) é uma aspártico proteinase presente no ovo do carrapato e envolvida na embriogênese, já tendo sido testada como imunógeno vacinal. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar se a inoculação de plasmídeos para expressão em células eucarióticas (BYCr-PC e BYCr-PME) contendo a região codificante para a proteína BYC poderiam gerar uma resposta imune específica. A região codificante da proteína BYC foi amplificada por PCR e clonada em dois vetores de expressão eucariotos (pcDNA3 e pME18Neo). Os clones, BYCr-PC e BYCr-PME foram utilizados para testes de inoculação de camundongos BALB/C por via intramuscular. Os camundongos receberam duas inoculações de 100 μg das construções (BYCr-PC ou BYCr-PME) e os controles negativos receberam somente PBS, pcDNA3 ou pME18Neo. A produção de anticorpos, após a inoculação, foi avaliada por Western Blotting e ELISA, sendo detectados anticorpos contra a proteína BYC nos camundongos inoculados com a construção BYCr-PC. A imunolocalização da proteína BYC nas amostras de músculo no local da inoculação foram realizadas com o monoclonal BrBm5 (anti-BYC). Estes resultados mostraram que a inoculação com o plasmídeo BYCr-PC induz a produção de anticorpos específicos e possibilita testar o uso de uma vacina de DNA como um método alternativo para o controle de carrapatos. / The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick is the major bovine ectoparasite and causes important economical losses on cattle breeding. The immunologic control has been studied as an alternative method for the tick control. However, an effective vaccine remains to be developed. BYC (Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin) is an aspartic proteinase found in eggs that is involved in the embryogenesis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and it has been proposed as a probable antigen in vaccine development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the immunization containing rBYC (rBYC-PC and rBYC-PME) could elicit a specific anti-BYC immune response in vivo. The cDNA of BYC was amplified by PCR and it was cloned into two eukaryotic expression vectors (pcDNA3 and pME18Neo). The clones, rBYC-PC and rBYC-PME, were produced in large scale for immunoassays. To evaluate the immunogenicity of BYC, BALB/c mice were immunized with DNA vaccine by intramuscular injection. The mice received two intramuscular inoculations of 100μg plasmids DNA (rBYCPC or rBYC-PME) and the negative controls received only PBS, pcDNA3 or pME18Neo. The production of antibody after the immunizations was evaluated by Western Blotting and ELISA. Antibodies against BYC in mice inoculated with rBYC-PC were detected. Immunolocalization of the rBYC protein in muscle samples from the injection site with rBYCPC was detected with monoclonal BrBm5 anti-BYC. These results show that DNA immunization produced specific anti-BYC antibodies and suggest that a DNA vaccine could prove useful to develop an alternative method for tick control.

O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o principal ectoparasita bovino e causa importantes perdas econômicas nas criações de bovino. O controle imunológico é estudado como um método alternativo para seu controle, no entanto, uma vacina eficaz ainda necessita ser desenvolvida. A proteína BYC (Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin) é uma aspártico proteinase presente no ovo do carrapato e envolvida na embriogênese, já tendo sido testada como imunógeno vacinal. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar se a inoculação de plasmídeos para expressão em células eucarióticas (BYCr-PC e BYCr-PME) contendo a região codificante para a proteína BYC poderiam gerar uma resposta imune específica. A região codificante da proteína BYC foi amplificada por PCR e clonada em dois vetores de expressão eucariotos (pcDNA3 e pME18Neo). Os clones, BYCr-PC e BYCr-PME foram utilizados para testes de inoculação de camundongos BALB/C por via intramuscular. Os camundongos receberam duas inoculações de 100 μg das construções (BYCr-PC ou BYCr-PME) e os controles negativos receberam somente PBS, pcDNA3 ou pME18Neo. A produção de anticorpos, após a inoculação, foi avaliada por Western Blotting e ELISA, sendo detectados anticorpos contra a proteína BYC nos camundongos inoculados com a construção BYCr-PC. A imunolocalização da proteína BYC nas amostras de músculo no local da inoculação foram realizadas com o monoclonal BrBm5 (anti-BYC). Estes resultados mostraram que a inoculação com o plasmídeo BYCr-PC induz a produção de anticorpos específicos e possibilita testar o uso de uma vacina de DNA como um método alternativo para o controle de carrapatos. / The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick is the major bovine ectoparasite and causes important economical losses on cattle breeding. The immunologic control has been studied as an alternative method for the tick control. However, an effective vaccine remains to be developed. BYC (Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin) is an aspartic proteinase found in eggs that is involved in the embryogenesis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and it has been proposed as a probable antigen in vaccine development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the immunization containing rBYC (rBYC-PC and rBYC-PME) could elicit a specific anti-BYC immune response in vivo. The cDNA of BYC was amplified by PCR and it was cloned into two eukaryotic expression vectors (pcDNA3 and pME18Neo). The clones, rBYC-PC and rBYC-PME, were produced in large scale for immunoassays. To evaluate the immunogenicity of BYC, BALB/c mice were immunized with DNA vaccine by intramuscular injection. The mice received two intramuscular inoculations of 100μg plasmids DNA (rBYCPC or rBYC-PME) and the negative controls received only PBS, pcDNA3 or pME18Neo. The production of antibody after the immunizations was evaluated by Western Blotting and ELISA. Antibodies against BYC in mice inoculated with rBYC-PC were detected. Immunolocalization of the rBYC protein in muscle samples from the injection site with rBYCPC was detected with monoclonal BrBm5 anti-BYC. These results show that DNA immunization produced specific anti-BYC antibodies and suggest that a DNA vaccine could prove useful to develop an alternative method for tick control.

O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o principal ectoparasita bovino e causa importantes perdas econômicas nas criações de bovino. O controle imunológico é estudado como um método alternativo para seu controle, no entanto, uma vacina eficaz ainda necessita ser desenvolvida. A proteína BYC (Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin) é uma aspártico proteinase presente no ovo do carrapato e envolvida na embriogênese, já tendo sido testada como imunógeno vacinal. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar se a inoculação de plasmídeos para expressão em células eucarióticas (BYCr-PC e BYCr-PME) contendo a região codificante para a proteína BYC poderiam gerar uma resposta imune específica. A região codificante da proteína BYC foi amplificada por PCR e clonada em dois vetores de expressão eucariotos (pcDNA3 e pME18Neo). Os clones, BYCr-PC e BYCr-PME foram utilizados para testes de inoculação de camundongos BALB/C por via intramuscular. Os camundongos receberam duas inoculações de 100 μg das construções (BYCr-PC ou BYCr-PME) e os controles negativos receberam somente PBS, pcDNA3 ou pME18Neo. A produção de anticorpos, após a inoculação, foi avaliada por Western Blotting e ELISA, sendo detectados anticorpos contra a proteína BYC nos camundongos inoculados com a construção BYCr-PC. A imunolocalização da proteína BYC nas amostras de músculo no local da inoculação foram realizadas com o monoclonal BrBm5 (anti-BYC). Estes resultados mostraram que a inoculação com o plasmídeo BYCr-PC induz a produção de anticorpos específicos e possibilita testar o uso de uma vacina de DNA como um método alternativo para o controle de carrapatos. / The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick is the major bovine ectoparasite and causes important economical losses on cattle breeding. The immunologic control has been studied as an alternative method for the tick control. However, an effective vaccine remains to be developed. BYC (Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin) is an aspartic proteinase found in eggs that is involved in the embryogenesis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and it has been proposed as a probable antigen in vaccine development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the immunization containing rBYC (rBYC-PC and rBYC-PME) could elicit a specific anti-BYC immune response in vivo. The cDNA of BYC was amplified by PCR and it was cloned into two eukaryotic expression vectors (pcDNA3 and pME18Neo). The clones, rBYC-PC and rBYC-PME, were produced in large scale for immunoassays. To evaluate the immunogenicity of BYC, BALB/c mice were immunized with DNA vaccine by intramuscular injection. The mice received two intramuscular inoculations of 100μg plasmids DNA (rBYCPC or rBYC-PME) and the negative controls received only PBS, pcDNA3 or pME18Neo. The production of antibody after the immunizations was evaluated by Western Blotting and ELISA. Antibodies against BYC in mice inoculated with rBYC-PC were detected. Immunolocalization of the rBYC protein in muscle samples from the injection site with rBYCPC was detected with monoclonal BrBm5 anti-BYC. These results show that DNA immunization produced specific anti-BYC antibodies and suggest that a DNA vaccine could prove useful to develop an alternative method for tick control.

Long-range communication proves to be a challenge due to the Earth’s curvature, since electromagnetic waves propagate away from the Earth’s surface in a free atmosphere. A possible solution to beyond line-of-sight communication is the atmospheric phenomenon known as the evaporation duct. Ducting occurs when the refractive index of the atmosphere rapidly decreases with height, which leads to ray trajectories bending inward towards the surface of the Earth, effectively creating a waveguide and enabling long-distance communication. In this work, the models by Paulus-Jeske and Babin-Young-Carton are investigated and implemented in MATLAB for calculation of the evaporation duct height and for modelling the refractive index of the atmosphere. The rapid decrease in refractive index giving rise to evaporation ducts occurs due to evaporation of water within the atmosphericsurface layer (&lt;100 m over the surface), which is the domain of turbulent mixing in the atmosphere. With atmospheric data from a Weather API by Meteomatics, Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the atmospheric surface layer is combined with a bulk flux parameterization scheme from the COARE experiment to determine the air-sea fluxes in the lower troposphere. The surface layer variables with stability functions from Businger-Dyer, Beljaars-Holtslag, Cheng-Brutsaert, and the SHEBA experiment are used in the evaporation duct models proposed by Paulus-Jeske and Babin-Young-Carton to calculate the evaporation duct height, finding that the latter is a valid method with Monin-Obukhov stability functions based on the SHEBA experiment. The modelled refractive index is inserted into an already existing wave propagation model to investigate and validate the findings. / Långdistanskommunikation är en utmaning på grund av jordens krökning, eftersom elektromagnetiska vågor sprider sig bort från jordens yta vid propagering i fri atmosfär. En möjlig lösning för kommunikation bortom siktlinjen är det atmosfäriska fenomenet som kallas avdunstningskanal. Det uppstår när atmosfärens brytningsindex snabbt minskar med höjden, vilket leder till att strålbanorna böjer sig inåt mot jordens yta, vilket i praktiken skapar en vågledare och möjliggör långdistanskommunikation. I detta arbete undersöks och implementeras modeller beskrivna av Paulus-Jeske och Babin-Young-Carton i MATLAB för beräkning av avdunstningskanalens höjd och för modellering av atmosfärens brytningsindex. Den snabba minskningen av brytningsindexet som ger upphov till avdunstningskanaler beror på avdunstning avvatten i det atmosfäriska ytskiktet (&lt;100 m över ytan), som är det område där den turbulenta blandningen i atmosfären sker. Med atmosfäriska data från Weather API av Meteomatics kombineras Monin-Obukhovs likvärdighetsteori för det atmosfäriska ytskiktet med ett parametriseringsschema för bulkflöden från COARE-experimentet för att bestämma luft- och havsflödena i den nedre troposfären. Variablerna för ytskiktet med stabilitetsfunktioner från Businger-Dyer, Beljaars-Holtslag, Cheng-Brutsaert och SHEBA-experimentet används i de modeller för avdunstningskanaler som föreslagits av Paulus-Jeske och Babin-Young-Carton för att beräkna avdunstningskanalens höjd, varvid det konstateras att den sistnämnda metoden är en giltig metod med Monin-Obukhovs stabilitetsfunktioner baserade på SHEBA-experimentet. Det modellerade brytningsindexet införs i en redan befintlig vågutbredningsmodell för att undersöka och validera resultaten.