This diploma thesis introduces Olympus i-SPEED 2 high speed video camera and its use in the testing of rubber parts. The results gained will be applied to tyre tread development. Two mutually connected high speed cameras were used to record the testing process. Final recordings were put together in order to create panoramic photos.

Rainbow trout are an important salmonid species whose poor utilization of dietary carbohydrates spurred research investigating molecular and physiological components of its glucoregulation. Among the environmental factors described to exert robust changes in glucose metabolism in rainbow trout, nutrition and social stress are among the most studied: Diets exceeding 20% of carbohydrates and chronic social stress induce hyperglycemia in adult and juvenile rainbow trout, respectively. Common to both responses is a contribution of hepatic de novo gluconeogenesis, which has been described to evade repression in response to high dietary carbohydrate content and to be stimulated in subordinate rainbow trout. Compared to previous studies investigating the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis at the molecular level, the recent publication of the annotated rainbow trout genome has opened novel possibilities to investigate paralogue-specific and posttranscriptional regulation of gluconeogenesis. In this thesis, I identify and describe the regulation of the novel phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase paralogue pck2b in rainbow trout and identify specific miRNA candidates predicted to contribute to gene paralogue-specific regulation of gluconeogenesis in nutritional and social contexts using small RNA next generation sequencing, real-time RT-PCR and in silico target prediction approaches. In nutritional and social status experiments, in silico predicted targets of differentially expressed hepatic miRNAs are enriched for gluconeogenesis regulation, suggesting a posttranscriptional component in regulating gluconeogenic transcript abundance. Differentially expressed hepatic miRNAs in both experiments comprise evolutionarily conserved and teleost-specific miRNAs, and are indicative of both environmental factor-specific and common regulation of gluconeogenesis transcripts in rainbow trout liver. Together this work provides novel comparative insight into hepatic miRNA-dependent glucoregulation and identifies several specific candidate miRNAs for future functional validation in hepatic glucoregulation in rainbow trout.

Der Karpfen, Cyprinus carpio, ist eine tetraploide Fischart aus der Familie Cyprinidae, die vor 20-50 Mio Jahren entstanden ist. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war der Versuch, die funktionelle Rolle der duplizierten GH Gene des Karpfens durch das Studium ihrer Struktur, Evolution und Expression zu verstehen. Die Introns des zweiten GH Gens des Karpfens wurden erstmalig sequenziert und Sequenzvergleiche der kodierenden und nicht-kodierenden Bereiche von Allelen beider GH Gene wurden vorgenommen. Eine phylogenetische Analyse wurde durchgefuhrt, um die Beziehungen der GH Gene des Karpfens zu denen des tetraploiden Goldfischs und anderer diploider Cypriniden zu untersuchen. Zusatzlich wurden weitere duplizierte Gene des Karpfens, von denen einige auch fur das Wachstum von Bedeutung sind, phylogenetisch analysiert. Der Test der relativen Evolutionsrate nach Tajima (1993) zeigte einen statistisch signifikanten Anstieg der Evolutionsrate des GH I Gens beim Karpfen. Es wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit einige weitere duplizierte Genpaare des Karpfens und Goldfischs gefunden, die ebenfalls eine Lockerung funktioneller Zwange oder sogar Beweise fur positive Darwin?sche Selektion bei einem der beiden Duplikate zeigen. Der Expressionstest hat gezeigt, dass die GH I und GH II Gene auf identischen Niveaus bei Karpfenbrut exprimiert werden, wahrend bei ein Jahr alten Karpfen, drei Jahre alten Mannchen und Weibchen sowie den 10 Monate alten, an kalte Temperaturen (2°C) angepassten Fischen die Expression von GH II statistisch signifikant geringer war als die von GH I. Es wurde eine neue und einfache Methode zur Herstellung von rekombinanten, biologisch aktiven GH-Proteinen ohne Notwendigkeit des Refolding entwickelt. Sie ermoglicht spatere Tests, ob die Aktivitat von unterschiedlichen GH-Varianten des Karpfens gleich oder unterschiedlich ist. / The common carp, Cyprinus carpio, is a tetraploid fish species from the family Cyprinidae that arose about 20-50 Myr ago. The aim of the present work was attempting to understand the functional role of the duplicated common carp GH genes by studying their structure, evolution and expression. The introns of the second GH gene of common carp were sequenced for the first time and sequence comparisons of coding and non-coding regions of alleles of both GH genes were carried out. A phylogenetic analysis was done to examine the relationships of common carp GH genes with GH genes of the tetraploid goldfish and other diploid Cyprinids. In addition, phylogenetic analyses were done with other duplicated genes of common carp, some of which also important for growth. The relative rate test of Tajima (1993) showed a statistically significant increase in the evolution rate of the common carp GH I gene. In addition, some other duplicated gene pairs in common carp and goldfish with relaxation of functional constraints or even evidence of positive Darwinian selection in one of the two gene duplicates were found in the present study. The test of expression rates of the two GH genes has shown that the GH I and GH II genes were expressed at similar levels in carp fry. In contrast, the expression of GH II was statistically significantly lower than that of GH I in one year old carp, three years old males and females as well as in 10 months old fish adapted to cold temperature (2°C). To enable testing the hypothesis if activity of GH diverged between different GH variants of common carp a new and simple method for production of recombinant, biologically active GH proteins without the necessity of refolding was developed.

A mature code-base of 1 300 000 LOC for a period of 20 months has been examined. This paper investigates if churn is a significant factor in finding refactoring candidates. In addition it looks at the variables Lines of Code (LOC), Technical Debt (TD), Duplicated lines and Complexity to find out if any of these indicators can inform a coder as to what to refactor. The result is that churn is the strongest variable out of the studied variables followed by LOC and TD. / En kodbas på 1 300 000 rader kod har undersökts under 20 månader. Denna uppsats undersöker om kodens användningsfrekvens är en signifikant faktor för att finna refaktoreringskandidater. Uppsatsen tittar även antal kodrader, teknisk skuld, antal duplicerade kodrader och komplexitet för att undersöka om dessa indikatorer kan informera en programmerare om vad som ska refaktoreras. Resultatet är att kodens användningsfrekvens är den starkaste variabeln följt av antal kodrader samt teknisk skuld.

La truite arc-en-ciel carnivore (Oncorhynchus mykiss) est considérée comme une espèce pauvre utilisatrice de glucides alimentaires. Des études récentes ont montré qu'une hypométhylation globale de l'ADN hépatique induite par un régime alimentaire riche en glucides et pauvre en protéines pourrait être impliquée dans l'établissement / le maintien du de ce phénotype chez la truite, mais le détail des mécanismes sous-jacents reste inconnu. La thèse vise à étudier les mécanismes épigénétiques sous-jacents à ce phénotype de faible utilisation des glucides alimentaire chez la truite et à examiner si le métabolisme du glucose et l’épigénome chez les juvéniles peuvent être programmés par un stimulus hypoxique précoce. Nous avons d’abord identifié tous les gènes paralogues liés aux voies de méthylation / déméthylation de l’ADN (dnmt, tet et tdg) dans le génome de la truite, clarifié leurs histoires évolutives et analysé leurs profils d’expression au cours de la gamétogenèse et de l’embryogenèse chez la truite. Nous avons ensuite étudiés plus en détail les processus et les mécanismes potentiellement à l’origine de l'hypométhylation de l'ADN hépatique global constatée chez la truite après un régime riche en glucides et pauvre en protéines. Les résultats ont montré pour la première fois qu'une diminution du taux deprotéines et une augmentation du taux de glucides dans l’aliment induisent de manière indépendante et en interaction une hypométhylation hépatique globale chez la truite, qui semble établie par le biais d'une voie de déméthylation active. Nous avons également constaté qu’une forte hyperglycémie induite par une injection de glucose induit une hypométhylation globale de l’ADN au niveau des sites CmCGG dans le foie de la truite. Les mécanismes détaillés de ces processus de déméthylation restent à élucider. Enfin, grâce à la stratégie de programmation métabolique, nous avons pour la première fois confirmé que l’utilisation d’un stimulus non nutritionnel au début de la vie, l’hypoxie, pouvait moduler de façon persistante la transcription des gènes liés au métabolisme du glucose chez la truite juvénile sans nuire aux performances de croissance. De plus, selon sa nature chronique ou aigue, l’hypoxie, a tendance à induire des effets de programmation opposés sur les gènes codants pour les transporteurs au glucose notamment dans le foie et le muscle de la truite juvénile. Dans son ensemble, la thèse met en avant notre compréhension du rôle du méthylome dans la contribution à la faible capacité d'utilisation des glucides alimentaires chez la truiteLa thèse met aussi en lumière le potentiel d'utilisation de l'hypoxie comme stimulus pour programmer le métabolisme du glucose, l'épigénome et l'utilisation des glucides alimentaires chez la truite arc-en-ciel. / The carnivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is considered as a poor user of dietary carbohydrates. Recent studies showed that a high-carbohydrate/low protein diet inducing hepatic global DNA hypomethylation could be involved in the establishment/maintenance of the poor dietary carbohydrates utilisation phenotype in trout, but the detail mechanisms remain unclear. The present thesis aimed at investigating the epigenetic mechanisms underlying this poor dietary carbohydrate utilisation phenotype in trout, and exploring if the glucose metabolism and the epigenome in juveniles can be programmed through a hypoxic stimulus during early life. We first identified all the paralogous genes related to DNA methylation/demethylation pathways (dnmt, tet and tdg) in trout genome, clarified their molecular evolution histories and monitored their transcriptional expression patterns during gametogenesis and embryogenesis in trout. Besides, we investigate further the causes, processes and potential mechanisms about the hepatic global DNA hypomethylation in trout after feeding a high carbohydrate/low protein diet. Results for the first time demonstrated that a decrease in protein content and an increase in carbohydrate content in the diet can independently as well as interactively induce hepatic global hypomethylation in trout. This global loss of methylation is probably established through an active demethylation pathway. We also found that a strong hyperglycaemia induced by glucose injection induces global CmCGG hypomethylation in the liver of trout. The detailed mechanisms of these demethylation processes remain to be elucidated. Finally, through metabolic programming strategy, we confirmed for the first time that using a non-nutritional stimulus, hypoxia, during early life stage persistently modulates the transcription of glucose metabolism-related genes in juvenile trout without negative effects on growth performance. Moreover, acute and chronic hypoxia tended to induce opposite programming effects on glucose-transporter encoding genes in both liver and muscle of juvenile trout. Together, the present thesis brings forward our understandings about the roles of epigenetics in contributing to the low ability to use dietary carbohydrates in trout, and sheds light on the potential of using hypoxia as the stimulus in metabolic programming strategy to tailor the glucose metabolism, the epigenome and dietary carbohydrate utilisation in rainbow trout.

<p>Den dokumentation som görs i patientjournaler får allt större betydelse för patientens säkerhet och delaktighet samt för uppföljning och utveckling av vårdens kvalitet. IT-stöd ökar informationens tillgänglighet, men studier visar på brister vad gäller struktur och innehåll.</p><p>Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga i vilken omfattning dubbeldokumentation förekom i den tvärprofessionella, elektroniska patientjournalen, relaterat till sjuksköterskans dokumentation (delstudie I), samt att undersöka personals uppfattningar om dubbeldokumentation och värdet av att använda egen och annan professions dokumentation (delstudie II).</p><p>Studien genomfördes på ett länsdelssjukhus där datorjournaler använts i ca 10 år. Trettio strokepatienters journaler analyserades utifrån VIPS-modellens sökord och arbetsterapeuter, läkare, sjukgymnaster och sjuksköterskor (N = 111) besvarade en studiespecifik enkät.</p><p>Resultatet visade att 15 % av innehållet i omvårdnadsdokumentationen (exklusive epikris) också fanns dokumenterat på annan plats i journalen, en eller flera gånger. Av omvårdnadsanamnesernas innehåll var 43 % dubbeldokumenterat. Motsvarande andel för omvårdnadsstatus och omvårdnadsåtgärder var 6 % respektive 10 %. När det gäller omvårdnadsepikriserna var 41 % av innehållet även dokumenterat i annan professions epikris. Dubbeldokumentationer förekom oftare mellan sjuksköterska och läkare än mellan sjuksköterska och arbetsterapeut/sjukgymnast. Samtliga professioner ansåg det värdefullt att kunna ta del av varandras dokumentation. Läkarens dokumentation följdes i stor utsträckning av alla. Arbetsterapeuter, sjukgymnaster och sjuksköterskor följde varandras dokumentation i stor utsträckning. Det var vanligare att man sökte specifik information än läste dokumentationen för att skaffa sig en helhetsbild. Sjuksköterskor sökte också ofta information för att i sin tur lämna denna vidare. Dubbeldokumentation ansågs förekomma mest inom journalens anamnesdel. Tänkbara orsaker till dubbeldokumentation ansågs vara att man inte läser vad andra har dokumenterat, att man vill visa vad som gjorts samt att diktaten skrivs in för sent. Vid jämförelse mellan sjuksköterskor med äldre utbildning respektive de med utbildning enligt 1993 års studieordning visades att sjuksköterskor med äldre utbildning instämde i högre utsträckning till att dubbeldokumentation ofta förekommer mellan läkare och sjuksköterska.</p><p>För att undvika onödig dubbeldokumentation krävs, förutom att aktuell information finns tillgänglig, att roller och ansvarsförhållanden mellan professionerna tydliggjorts.</p> / <p>The documentation made in patients’ charts is becoming of greater importance for the safety and involvement of patients and for the follow up and development of the quality of care. IT support increases the accessibility of information, but studies even show deficits pertaining to structure and content. The aim for this study was to survey to what extent double documentation occurs in multiprofessional, electronic patient charts, related to the nurse’s documentation and to investigate staffs’ understanding of the value and usage of other professionals’ documentation.</p><p>The study was conducted at a county hospital where computer charts have been in use for about 10 years. Thirty stroke patients’ charts were analysed on the basis of the VIPS models key words and occupational therapists, physicians, physiotherapists, and nurses completed a study specific survey.</p><p>The results showed that 15% of the content in nursing care documentation (excluding epicrisis) was also documented in other places in the chart, one or more times. Of the content of the nursing anamnesis 43% were double documented. The corresponding share of the nursing status and nursing interventions were 6% respectively 10%. When it comes to nursing epicrisis 41% of the content was also documented in other professionals’ epicrisis. Double documentation occurs more often between nurses and physicians than between nurses and occupational therapists/physiotherapists.</p><p>All of the occupations considered that it is valuable to be able to take part in each others documentation. Physicians’ documentation was followed to a great extent by all. Occupational therapists, physiotherapists, and nurses followed each others documentation to a great extent. It was more common to seek specific information that to read the documentation in order to acquire an overall picture. Nurses sought also often information which in turn was given to others. Double documentation was considered to occur mostly in the section of the chart for anamnesis. Conceivable reasons for double documentation were considered to be caused by not reading what others had documented, to show what had been done, and that dictation was written in too late. At a comparison between nurses with an older education and those with an education according to the 1993 curriculum showed that nurses with an older education agreed to a greater extent that double documentation occurred between physicians and nurses.</p><p>Avoiding unnecessary double documentation demands, besides that current information is available, that the conditions of rolls and responsibilities between professionals are clarified.</p>

Den dokumentation som görs i patientjournaler får allt större betydelse för patientens säkerhet och delaktighet samt för uppföljning och utveckling av vårdens kvalitet. IT-stöd ökar informationens tillgänglighet, men studier visar på brister vad gäller struktur och innehåll. Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga i vilken omfattning dubbeldokumentation förekom i den tvärprofessionella, elektroniska patientjournalen, relaterat till sjuksköterskans dokumentation (delstudie I), samt att undersöka personals uppfattningar om dubbeldokumentation och värdet av att använda egen och annan professions dokumentation (delstudie II). Studien genomfördes på ett länsdelssjukhus där datorjournaler använts i ca 10 år. Trettio strokepatienters journaler analyserades utifrån VIPS-modellens sökord och arbetsterapeuter, läkare, sjukgymnaster och sjuksköterskor (N = 111) besvarade en studiespecifik enkät. Resultatet visade att 15 % av innehållet i omvårdnadsdokumentationen (exklusive epikris) också fanns dokumenterat på annan plats i journalen, en eller flera gånger. Av omvårdnadsanamnesernas innehåll var 43 % dubbeldokumenterat. Motsvarande andel för omvårdnadsstatus och omvårdnadsåtgärder var 6 % respektive 10 %. När det gäller omvårdnadsepikriserna var 41 % av innehållet även dokumenterat i annan professions epikris. Dubbeldokumentationer förekom oftare mellan sjuksköterska och läkare än mellan sjuksköterska och arbetsterapeut/sjukgymnast. Samtliga professioner ansåg det värdefullt att kunna ta del av varandras dokumentation. Läkarens dokumentation följdes i stor utsträckning av alla. Arbetsterapeuter, sjukgymnaster och sjuksköterskor följde varandras dokumentation i stor utsträckning. Det var vanligare att man sökte specifik information än läste dokumentationen för att skaffa sig en helhetsbild. Sjuksköterskor sökte också ofta information för att i sin tur lämna denna vidare. Dubbeldokumentation ansågs förekomma mest inom journalens anamnesdel. Tänkbara orsaker till dubbeldokumentation ansågs vara att man inte läser vad andra har dokumenterat, att man vill visa vad som gjorts samt att diktaten skrivs in för sent. Vid jämförelse mellan sjuksköterskor med äldre utbildning respektive de med utbildning enligt 1993 års studieordning visades att sjuksköterskor med äldre utbildning instämde i högre utsträckning till att dubbeldokumentation ofta förekommer mellan läkare och sjuksköterska. För att undvika onödig dubbeldokumentation krävs, förutom att aktuell information finns tillgänglig, att roller och ansvarsförhållanden mellan professionerna tydliggjorts. / The documentation made in patients’ charts is becoming of greater importance for the safety and involvement of patients and for the follow up and development of the quality of care. IT support increases the accessibility of information, but studies even show deficits pertaining to structure and content. The aim for this study was to survey to what extent double documentation occurs in multiprofessional, electronic patient charts, related to the nurse’s documentation and to investigate staffs’ understanding of the value and usage of other professionals’ documentation. The study was conducted at a county hospital where computer charts have been in use for about 10 years. Thirty stroke patients’ charts were analysed on the basis of the VIPS models key words and occupational therapists, physicians, physiotherapists, and nurses completed a study specific survey. The results showed that 15% of the content in nursing care documentation (excluding epicrisis) was also documented in other places in the chart, one or more times. Of the content of the nursing anamnesis 43% were double documented. The corresponding share of the nursing status and nursing interventions were 6% respectively 10%. When it comes to nursing epicrisis 41% of the content was also documented in other professionals’ epicrisis. Double documentation occurs more often between nurses and physicians than between nurses and occupational therapists/physiotherapists. All of the occupations considered that it is valuable to be able to take part in each others documentation. Physicians’ documentation was followed to a great extent by all. Occupational therapists, physiotherapists, and nurses followed each others documentation to a great extent. It was more common to seek specific information that to read the documentation in order to acquire an overall picture. Nurses sought also often information which in turn was given to others. Double documentation was considered to occur mostly in the section of the chart for anamnesis. Conceivable reasons for double documentation were considered to be caused by not reading what others had documented, to show what had been done, and that dictation was written in too late. At a comparison between nurses with an older education and those with an education according to the 1993 curriculum showed that nurses with an older education agreed to a greater extent that double documentation occurred between physicians and nurses. Avoiding unnecessary double documentation demands, besides that current information is available, that the conditions of rolls and responsibilities between professionals are clarified.

No description available.

Brandväggar är en kritisk komponent i nätverkssäkerhet som kontrollerar och filtrerar nätverkstrafik för att skydda mot obehörig åtkomst och cyberhot. Effektiv hantering av brandväggsregler är avgörande för att säkerställa att ett nätverk fungerar smidigt och säkert. I stora företagsnätverk som Scania kan hanteringen av dessa regler bli komplex och resurskrävande, vilket kan leda till duplicerade och överlappande regler som försämrar systemets prestanda.Detta examensarbete undersöker tillämpningen av generativ artificiell intelligens (GAI) och maskininlärning för att hantera och optimera brandväggsregler, med fokus på identifiering och hantering av duplicerade och överlappande regler. Problemställningen adresserar de växande utmaningarna med att underhålla effektiva brandväggsregler i stora företagsnätverk som Scania. Genom att implementera och utvärdera en prototyp baserad på XGBoost, utforskar arbetet potentialen hos AI-tekniker för att förbättra hanteringen och säkerheten av nätverkstrafik. Resultaten visar att AI kan spela en kritisk roll i automatiseringen av processer för upptäckt och korrigering av felaktiga regler, vilket bidrar till ökad nätverkssäkerhet och optimerad resursanvändning. Studien bekräftar att användningen av AI inom brandväggshantering erbjuder betydande fördelar, men lyfter också fram behovet av fortsatt forskning för att adressera säkerhetsutmaningar relaterade till AI-lösningar. / Firewalls are a critical component of network security, controlling and filtering network traffic to protect against unauthorized access and cyber threats. Effective management of firewall rules is essential to ensure that a network operates smoothly and securely. In large enterprise networks like Scania, managing these rules can become complex and resourceintensive, leading to duplicate and overlapping rules that degrade system performance and security.This thesis investigates the application of generative AI (GAI) and machine learning to manage and optimize firewall rules, focusing on the identification and handling of duplicate and overlapping rules. The problem addresses the growing challenges of maintaining effective firewall rules in large enterprise networks like Scania. By implementing and evaluating a prototype based on XGBoost, this work explores the potential of AI techniques to improve the management and security of network traffic. The results demonstrate that AI can play a critical role in automating the processes for detecting and correcting faulty rules, contributing to increased network security and optimized resource usage. The study confirms that the use of AI in firewall management offers significant benefits but also highlights the need for further research to address security challenges related to AI solutions.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a utilização de serviços de saúde financiados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde por beneficiários de planos de saúde e pretende contribuir para o debate sobre o mix público-privado no sistema de saúde brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo baseado nos microdados de 1998 e 2003 da PNAD / IBGE e em dados secundários provenientes de bases de dados da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS). Com base na tipologia de mix público-privado proposta pela OECD (2004) e no referencial teórico acerca do acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde, buscou-se analisar aspectos relacionados à cobertura duplicada do segmento privado de saúde brasileiro e as desigualdades no uso dos serviços de saúde, a partir dos tipos de serviços mais utilizados, das diferenças regionais do uso do SUS por pessoas com cobertura de planos de saúde, do perfil dos usuários e das características dos planos de saúde cujos beneficiários mais fazem uso do sistema público no atendimento às demandas por serviços de saúde. Como resultado concluiu-se que, a despeito dos avanços alcançados com a regulamentação do setor suplementar, o SUS é responsável por uma parcela importante na assistência à saúde dos beneficiários de planos de saúde, tanto para as internações (10,7 por cento) como para os demais atendimentos (11,0 por cento), sendo a única fonte de financiamento que apresentou incremento da participação relativa entre 1998 e 2003 (+ 12,5 por cento nas internações e +29,6 por cento nos atendimentos), contribuindo para a existência de desigualdades no sistema de saúde brasileiro. / The present research aims at analyzing the use of health services funded by the National Health System (called SUS) for the population with health plans and to contribute to the debate on the public-private mix in the Brazilian health system. This is a quantitative study based on micro-data of the National Sample Household Survey (PNAD/IBGE), from 1998 and 2003, and secondary data from databases of the national regulatory agency for private health plans. (Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar - ANS). Based on the taxonomy of public-private mix proposed by the OECD (2004) and the theoretical framework on access and use of health services, sought to examine issues related to duplicated coverage of the private health insurance in the Brazilian Health System and inequalities in use of health services, from the types of services most used, regional differences in the use of SUS for people with health coverage plans, the profile of users and the characteristics of health plans whose customers make more use of the public to supply his needs for health care. As a result it was concluded that, despite the progress made with the regulations of the private health sector, the SUS is responsible for an important part in health care of population with health plans, both for hospital admissions (10,7%) as for the others health services (11,0%), being the only source of funding showed that increasing the relative share between 1998 and 2003 (+12.5% in hospital admissions and +29.6% in others health services), contributing to the existence of inequalities in the Brazilian health system.