The general aim of this research is to report on the evolution of the interpersonal relationships of young girls during the period of association with a street gang. This general objective is broken down into four specific objectives which consist of (1) establishing a portrait of the different relations that young girls have with those around them before they come into contact with a gang; (2) monitor the evolution of the interpersonal relationships maintained by young girls with those around them from the time of their first contact with a gang until the gang's association ceases, if applicable; (3) explore the relationship between the meaning of these relationships and the involvement of young girls in the gang; (4) develop avenues aimed at supporting intervention with young girls who are or have been in contact with a street gang. It is from the telling of a dozen young girls who have been in contact directly or indirectly with the universe of street gangs that these objectives were pursued. From their account, it emerges mainly data concerning the evolution of family, friendship, school relations during the pre-gang period, the personality of the young girls as they themselves describe it, the experience of the street gangs from the beginning to exit, if applicable, and, through this period, changing relationships with family, peers, male and female gang members, and interveners significant to them. These findings, which emerged from the testimonies collected, provide insight into the interventions to be promoted with young girls likely to be attracted to street gangs in order to prevent their affiliation with gangs or, where applicable, to encourage their way out. It is about targeting the needs met by gang affiliation and then attempting to respond to them in a more positive and prosocial manner. To do this, it may be appropriate to focus on interests and relationships dating from the pre-gang period, for the importance they take in the decision to cease contact with gangs such as the one that may have contributed to directing the girls there. If the young girl had grown up in a strong and present environment, affiliation could meet a need for experimenting or distancing frequently observed in adolescence. An attitude of understanding, without judgment, would in this case be the key to any questioning of young girls. The quality of the relationships maintained with those around them - family members, friends, or significant interveners - occupies, as we have seen, a large place in the questioning of young girls. It therefore seems useful to work above all to maintain or restore these relationships. For those who did not already have a strong network before they joined gangs, it is a question of helping them build a network of prosocial support that allows them to reduce the fear of the emptiness associated with exiting the gang. Faced with a young girl compensating for her relationship gaps by joining a gang, it is a question of offering open-mindedness support, of avoiding the guilt that can lead young girls to close themselves off and screw up the family or therapeutic relationship, and work on their ambivalence by bringing them to see the negative consequences of their new relationships on their present and their future. / L’objectif général de ce mémoire consiste à rendre compte de l’évolution des relations interpersonnelles des jeunes filles durant la période de fréquentation d’un gang de rue. Cet objectif général se découpe en quatre objectifs spécifiques qui consistent à 1) établir le portrait des différentes relations qu’entretiennent les jeunes filles avec leur entourage avant qu’elles n’entrent en contact avec un gang ; 2) suivre l’évolution des relations interpersonnelles entretenues par les jeunes filles avec leur entourage à partir du moment où se produit leur premier contact avec un gang jusqu’à ce que la fréquentation du gang cesse, le cas échéant ; 3) explorer la relation entre la signification que peuvent prendre ces relations et l’implication des jeunes filles dans le gang ; 4) développer des pistes visant à supporter l’intervention auprès de jeunes filles étant ou ayant été en contact avec un gang de rue. C’est à partir du témoignage d’une douzaine de jeunes filles ayant touché de près ou de loin à l’univers des gangs de rue que ces objectifs ont été poursuivis. De leur récit, il ressort principalement des données concernant l’évolution des relations familiales, amicales, scolaires durant la période pré-gang, la personnalité des jeunes filles telle qu’elles-mêmes la décrivent, l’expérience des gangs de rue du début de la fréquentation à la sortie, le cas échéant, et, à travers cette période, l’évolution des relations avec la famille, les pairs, les membres masculins et féminins du gang, et les intervenants significatifs pour elles. Ces constats, ressortis des témoignages livrés, permettent d’entrevoir les interventions à valoriser auprès des jeunes filles susceptibles d’être attirées par les gangs de rue pour prévenir leur affiliation aux gangs ou, le cas échéant, favoriser leur désistement. Il s’agit de cibler les besoins répondus par l’adhésion au gang pour, ensuite, tenter d’y répondre de manière plus positive et prosociale. Pour ce faire, il peut être propice de miser sur les intérêts et relations datant de la période pré-gang, pour l’importance qu’elles prennent dans la décision de cesser les contacts avec les membres du gang comme celle qui a pu contribuer à y diriger les filles. Dans le cas où la jeune fille aurait grandi dans un milieu solide et présent, l’affiliation pourrait répondre à un besoin d’expérimentation ou de distanciation fréquemment observé à l’adolescence. Une attitude de compréhension, exempte de jugement, serait dans ce cas la clef d’une remise en question éventuelle des jeunes filles. La qualité des relations maintenues avec l’entourage - membres de la famille, amis, ou intervenant significatif - occupe, on a pu le constater, une grande place dans les remises en question des jeunes filles. Il paraît dès lors utile de travailler avant tout au maintien ou au retour de ces relations. Pour celles qui n’avaient pas déjà un réseau solide avant leur fréquentation des gangs, il s’agit de les aider à se bâtir un réseau de soutien prosocial leur permettant de diminuer la crainte du vide associée à la sortie du gang. Face à une jeune fille compensant ses lacunes relationnelles par l’adhésion à un gang, il s’agit d’offrir un soutien marqué d’ouverture d’esprit, d’éviter la culpabilisation pouvant porter les jeunes filles à se refermer et à bousiller la relation familiale ou thérapeutique, et travailler l’ambivalence de celles-ci en les amenant à voir les conséquences négatives de leurs nouvelles relations sur leur présent et leur avenir.

Background The coronavirus pandemic poses many challenges for medical personnel. During the first phase of the pandemic, psychological stress became increasingly apparent. This was a complex and difficult situation, especially for physician residents specializing in family practice (GP trainees), who were not yet able to draw on years of practical experience. In this context, the Kompetenzzentrum Weiterbildung Allgemeinmedizin Sachsen (Competence Center for Continuing Education in General Medicine Saxony) (KWASa) developed a survey on how to deal with the concerns and challenges perceived at the time. The purpose of the study was to obtain information on psychological well-being in the pandemic context, as well as on expectations, fears, and protective measures in everyday work. The aim was to identify stress factors for general practice (GP) trainees during a pandemic situation to be able to consider the support needs in the design of future residency training programs, especially for GP trainees. Methods An online questionnaire was distributed from May 5, 2020 to June 4, 2020 among GP trainees enrolled in KWASa since 2018. The questionnaire consisted of standardized items, which were evaluated descriptively, and open-ended items with free-text answers, which were evaluated according to the principle of qualitative content analysis. Results The results show the relevance of the topic as 61% of respondents indicated that they were concerned about the coronavirus. Most GP trainees also gave an affirmative response regarding emotional challenges. In this context, various stressors could be identified within both the professional and personal environments. There were four particularly salient factors: (1) the fear of infecting one’s family as well as patients with the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (2) missing or insufficiently existing protective measures; (3) an increased need for consultation due to unpredictable patient behavior as well as uncertainties in patient treatment; and (4) communication difficulties within the collegial environment. Conclusions The study aimed to identify the support needs of GP trainees in crisis situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the survey can be used for the development of suitable continuing education programs for physicians in further training.

O controle da extrusão apical durante a reintervenção endodôntica é essencial para o sucesso do novo tratamento. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a quantidade de material sólido extruído na desobturação de canais radiculares variando-se a técnica de esvaziamento e o limite de obturação. Foram utilizados 40 incisivos inferiores previamente tratados divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o limite de obturação estabelecido. Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos levando-se em conta a técnica de desobturação empregada; manual (subgrupos A1 e B1) e mecânico-rotatória com limas de Ni-Ti (Quantec LX) (subgrupos A2 e B2). O material sólido extruído foi coletado por meio do sistema de filtração Millipore, levado à secagem em dessecador de sílica e pesado em balança analítica de precisão. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a ANOVA para dois fatores de variação sendo em seguida empregado o Teste de Tukey (&#945; = 5%). A técnica de desobturação mecânico-rotatória produziu menor extrusão (0,66mg) que a manual (1,11mg), havendo diferença estatística significante entre elas (p < 0,05). Os canais preenchidos até o vértice radiográfico apresentaram maior quantidade de extrusão (1,38mg) do que os obturados 1 mm aquém do forame (0,39mg), observando-se diferença estatística significante entre eles (p < 0,05). A menor quantidade extrusão foi observada no subgrupo A2 (0,20mg), em que foi empregada a técnica rotatória de desobturação em canais obturados 1mm aquém do forame apical, sendo constatada diferença estatisticamente significante deste subgrupo com os demais (p < 0,05). A extrusão de material sólido durante a desobturação de canais radiculares é influenciado pela técnica empregada e pelo limite apical de obturação. / The apical extrusion control during the endodontic retreatment is essential for the success of the new treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare the quantity of solid apically extruded material during filling removal according the gutta-percha removal technique and root filling limit. Forty mandibular incisors with a single straight canal were selected. The canals were previously endodontically treated and then divided into two groups according the filling level. Each group was subdivided in two groups considering the retreatment technique: stainless steel hand files (subgroups A1 and B1) versus niquel-titanium rotatory instruments (subgroups A2 and B2). The extruded solid material was collected by Millipore filtration system, dried in silica desiccators and weighed in an eletrobalance. The results were analyzed using ANOVA with two variation factors and Tukey Test (&#945; = 5%). The niquel-titanium rotatory instruments produced less extrusion (0,66mg) than the stainless steel hand files (1,11mg), with significant statistical difference between them (p < 0,05). The canals filled until the radiographic apex showed larger amount of extruded material (1,38mg) than those filled 1 mm beyond the foramen (0,39mg). It was observed significant statistical difference between them (p < 0,05). The smaller extruded debris amount was observed in subgroup A2 (0,20mg), in which one the rotary technique was used to remove the gutta-percha of canals filled 1mm beyond the apical foramen. It was verified significant statistical difference of this subgroup with the other ones (p < 0,05). The extrusion of solid material during the gutta-percha removal is influenced by the technique as well as the apical filling limit.

Hypertension is a global disease that many effected people in developing countries is not aware of. Hypertension is linked with cardiovascular disease. Prehypertension is not a disease but if not correctly treated, it could develop into hypertension. The aim of the study was to investigate if there are any differences in circadian blood pressure between two study groups, one group with normal blood pressure and one group with prehypertension. This study was a explorative study and its design is based on measurements of blood pressure values and a questionnaire was used to help get the data collection. 51 students volunteered to have their blood pressure taken from them and out of these 51, 24 where selected into two groups of 12 each for the Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. hese 24 students would be a part of our study and an ambulatory (Schiller-102 plus) blood pressure monitor was used to collect the data. The prevalence of prehypertension findings in the clinical testing phase was 37% of the population. There was a variation between the groups during the day (systolic) but there was not a significant difference during the night.

This diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of six selected zoonoses with the occurrence in South Bohemia (campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, listeriosis, tick-borne meningoencephalitis, Lyme borreliosis, tularemia) between the years 2003-2013. Campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis were evaluated the most common zoonoses in the South Bohemian Region during the monitored period. Their common feature is the alimentary transmission. Between 2003 to 2008 salmonellosis recorded the highest number of reported cases, on the contrary, campylobacteriosis has reported the highest number of occurrences since 2008. District of Czech Budweis showed the highest incidence of both zoonoses during the monitored period (4,139 cases of salmonellosis and 4,924 cases of campylobacteriosis). Another but not less important zoonotic is tick-borne meningoencephalitis, which incidence had the highest number in South Bohemian Region of all the regions of Czech Republic. The second part of the thesis is based on questionnaire studies focused on awareness of zoonoses and the issue of resistance and overuse of antibiotics. In total 479 questionnaires were evaluated. The survey findings may be equally described as interesting and positive, since the respondents had considerable awareness of the issue of antibiotic resistance.

O controle da extrusão apical durante a reintervenção endodôntica é essencial para o sucesso do novo tratamento. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a quantidade de material sólido extruído na desobturação de canais radiculares variando-se a técnica de esvaziamento e o limite de obturação. Foram utilizados 40 incisivos inferiores previamente tratados divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o limite de obturação estabelecido. Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos levando-se em conta a técnica de desobturação empregada; manual (subgrupos A1 e B1) e mecânico-rotatória com limas de Ni-Ti (Quantec LX) (subgrupos A2 e B2). O material sólido extruído foi coletado por meio do sistema de filtração Millipore, levado à secagem em dessecador de sílica e pesado em balança analítica de precisão. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a ANOVA para dois fatores de variação sendo em seguida empregado o Teste de Tukey (&#945; = 5%). A técnica de desobturação mecânico-rotatória produziu menor extrusão (0,66mg) que a manual (1,11mg), havendo diferença estatística significante entre elas (p < 0,05). Os canais preenchidos até o vértice radiográfico apresentaram maior quantidade de extrusão (1,38mg) do que os obturados 1 mm aquém do forame (0,39mg), observando-se diferença estatística significante entre eles (p < 0,05). A menor quantidade extrusão foi observada no subgrupo A2 (0,20mg), em que foi empregada a técnica rotatória de desobturação em canais obturados 1mm aquém do forame apical, sendo constatada diferença estatisticamente significante deste subgrupo com os demais (p < 0,05). A extrusão de material sólido durante a desobturação de canais radiculares é influenciado pela técnica empregada e pelo limite apical de obturação. / The apical extrusion control during the endodontic retreatment is essential for the success of the new treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare the quantity of solid apically extruded material during filling removal according the gutta-percha removal technique and root filling limit. Forty mandibular incisors with a single straight canal were selected. The canals were previously endodontically treated and then divided into two groups according the filling level. Each group was subdivided in two groups considering the retreatment technique: stainless steel hand files (subgroups A1 and B1) versus niquel-titanium rotatory instruments (subgroups A2 and B2). The extruded solid material was collected by Millipore filtration system, dried in silica desiccators and weighed in an eletrobalance. The results were analyzed using ANOVA with two variation factors and Tukey Test (&#945; = 5%). The niquel-titanium rotatory instruments produced less extrusion (0,66mg) than the stainless steel hand files (1,11mg), with significant statistical difference between them (p < 0,05). The canals filled until the radiographic apex showed larger amount of extruded material (1,38mg) than those filled 1 mm beyond the foramen (0,39mg). It was observed significant statistical difference between them (p < 0,05). The smaller extruded debris amount was observed in subgroup A2 (0,20mg), in which one the rotary technique was used to remove the gutta-percha of canals filled 1mm beyond the apical foramen. It was verified significant statistical difference of this subgroup with the other ones (p < 0,05). The extrusion of solid material during the gutta-percha removal is influenced by the technique as well as the apical filling limit.

This dissertation is a contextual reading of 1 Samuel 25:14-35 that highlights the Abigail approach to peacemaking. The synchronic analysis of this text done in the light of the context of North Kivu conflict resolution focuses on the literary analysis of the text. The interaction between the two contexts of peacemaking, in the Abigail narrative and the North Kivu context, allows me to recommend "participative negotiations" as a suitable diplomatic means to solve North Kivu conflicts for a lasting peace. In fact, participative negotiations inspired by the Abigail strategy contrast with the diplomacy of avoidance and competitive negotiations, by which North Kivu cannot reach lasting peace. However, the strategists of peacemaking, involving North Kivu rank-and-file in the peacemaking process, must first build mutual confidence between the parties in conflict during discussions, then analyse their respective interests, and bring them to suggest suitable strategies using objective criteria which can lead the parties to true consensus. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M. Th. (Old Testament)

This research explored, described and explained the nature and the extent of heritage crime as it manifested in the Gauteng Province of South Africa for the period 2006-2010. Gauteng was selected since it is deemed to be the hub of the legal trade. An operational definition of heritage objects was drafted for this study as ‘objects of artistic, cultural, historic or archaeological value regardless of age, housed in or curated by museums or galleries within Gauteng, and which are both tangible and moveable.’ Heritage crime for the purpose of this study was the illegal removal of any heritage object from a museum or gallery. The annual crime statistics released by the South African Police Services (SAPS) contain no reference to heritage crime of any sort. Therefore this research attempted to quantify the incidents of thefts experienced by museums and galleries in Gauteng for the period 2006-2010. Using a mixed method approach, data were gathered by qualitative and quantitative surveys. A total of 28 qualitative interviews were conducted. These data were integrated with the quantitative data which permitted the achievement of the strategic aims set out for this research. The following aims were achieved: • The roles and responsibilities of the custodians of the national estate were clarified; • International conventions designed to assist in combating crime perpetrated against cultural property were discussed; • The national legislation which guides the management, preservation and protection of heritage objects as well as the trade therein within South Africa was examined; • Policing agencies at the forefront of combating heritage crime were interviewed and international best practices were identified and compared with that which the SAPS are doing to address crime of this nature. These police agencies are situated in Italy, the United Kingdom, the USA and Germany; • The dynamics of the reported incidents of loss/theft were examined. Several anomalies were identified. Among these are the identification of the typologies of items being targeted and the possible identification of the type of thief perpetrating these crimes. • Through analysis of incidents it was also possible to highlight that the majority of thefts occur during the time when museums and galleries are open and that the items stolen are usually on open display (not affixed to the surface and not behind a barrier of any sort). Through the analysis of the data for legal trade and the theft incidents it was possible to design a Framework depicting the interface between the legal and illegal markets for trade in heritage objects. The research also provides law enforcement with minimum guidelines to ensure that crimes of this nature are addressed more effectively. / D.Litt. et Phil. / Department of Criminology (Police Science)

This work deals with issues of business trips in primary schools that are provided by municipality in relation to the law No. 365/2011 Sb., that changes law No. 262/2006 Sb., Labour code, as amended and other related laws valid since January 1st 2012 that says empoyees cannot give up on their rights in advance. Based on assumption that travel expenses that must have been paid to employees in full are huge burden on school budgets. All the travelling with pupils becomes very expensive. According to connection between theory and practical use, all activities cannot be provided only at school and it's necessary that teachers travel with children to learn away from school. This work summaries the rules for reimbursement of travel expenses and reflects the views of headmasters at issues of business trips in primary schools. Keywords: Business trip, working hours, time for relax, night shifts, be ready to work on call, weekend working, working during holiday, working overtime, travel espenses, meals, driving refunds, accommodation expenses, necessary side expenses, budget, financial sources

Beim Parameter „Druscheignung“ eines Bestandes wird gemeinhin angenommen, dass dieses Kriterium durch die Genetik der Sorte und den Witterungsverlauf, weitgehend unbeeinflusst von Landwirt, festgelegt ist. Und dennoch verändert der Landwirt mit all seinen Entscheidungen von der Auswahl der Sorten, über die Düngung, den Pflanzenschutz bis hin zum Erntemanagement die Druscheignung stetig. Zur Ernte, als letzten Abschnitt der Verfahrenskette, entfaltet die Druscheignung dann außerordentlich große ökonomische Auswirkungen. Anhand verschiedener Beispiele aus Züchtung, Pflanzenernährung, Pflanzenschutz und Erntetechnologie wurde dargestellt, wie auf die Druscheignung Einfluss genommen werden kann und wie diese Auswirkungen monetär zu bewerten sind. Aus dem Bereich der Züchtung wurde die Entwicklung eines neuen Wuchstyps bei den Rapshalbzwergen ausgewählt, der mit weniger Biomasse konkurrenzfähige Erträge erzielt. Die Abreife ist einheitlicher, der Erntetermin kann problemloser fixiert werden, der Drusch ist leistungsstark und verlustarm. Späte und intensiv geführte Sorten sind mit Hilfe einer Sikkation zeitlich früher und leichter zu beernten. Das schafft Erntesicherheit bei geringeren Verlusten, höheren Mähdrescherleistungen und sinkendem Kraftstoffverbrauch. Die bedarfsgerechte Ausbringung des Stickstoffs in Art, Menge und Zeit, entsprechend der kleinräumigen Heterogenität eines Schlages, führt zu einer Homogenisierung der Bestände. Die Bestände reifen gleichmäßiger ab und führen zu etwa 20 Prozent höherer Mähdrescherleistung sowie geringerem Kraftstoffverbrauch. Am Beispiel des Hochschnitts wurde verdeutlicht, wie sich die bessere Beerntbarkeit auf Maschinenkosten, Gesamternteverluste, Qualität und Trocknung auswirkt. Hebt man die Stoppellänge um 10 Zentimeter an, lässt sich die Mähdrescherleistung um ca. 15 bis 20 Prozent steigern. Diese Beispiele unterstreichen zugleich die Forderung, dass die Druscheignung nicht erst zur Ernte diese Führungsrolle übernimmt, sondern auch in den vorgelagerten Verfahrensabschnitten als ein starkes Entscheidungskriterium gelten muss. / The parameter “threshability” of a stand is commonly assumed to be a criterion defined by the genetics of the strain and the weather conditions which is mainly not influenced by the farmer. Nevertheless, the farmer continuously changes the “threshability” with all his decisions, from the selection of the strains, via the use of fertilizers to the harvest management. For harvest, as the last stage of the process chain, the threshability develops extraordinarily high economic effects. On the basis of several examples from cultivation, plant nutrition, plant protection and harvest technology it was described, how the threshability can be influenced and how this effect is to be assessed monetarily. In the field of cultivation, the development of a new growth type of semi-dwarf rape has been selected, which yields competitive returns with less bio mass. Ripeness is more homogeneous, the harvest date can be fixed without problems, threshing is efficient and with low loss. Using the method of siccation, late and intensively controlled strains can be harvested earlier and easier. This offers harvest safety with low loss, higher combine harvester performance and reduced fuel consumption.The need-based spreading of nitrogen referring to type, quantity and time according to the small-scale spatial heterogeneity of a field leads to a homogenisation of the stands. The stands ripen more evenly and this fact causes about 20 percent higher combine harvester performance, as well as reduced fuel consumption. Using the example of high-cut top harvest it was clarified how the better harvestability influences the machine costs, the total harvest losses, the quality, and the drying process. If the length of the stubbles is extended by 10 centimetres, the combine harvester performance can be increased by 15 to 20 percent. These examples also emphasize the requirement that the threshability does not just take over the leading role for the harvest but has also to be considered as a strong decision criterion within the prior stages of the process.