Dans cette étude ethnographique menée dans les villages ruraux du bas-Tapajós (commune de Santarém, Amazonie brésilienne), j'examine comment, en l'absence de transmission explicite, sont acquis les savoirs pratiques, l'art du récit, le sens de la hiérarchie et la maîtrise émotionnelle. L'observation fine des interactions entre les personnes plus expérimentées et les novices, quel que soit leur âge, permet d'établir une modalité propre à ces populations dont la pédagogie peut paraître paradoxale. Les plus expérimentés ne font rien pour faciliter la tâche aux novices, ils n'ont aucune attitude pédagogique à proprement parler, si ce n'est précisément de multiplier les obstacles de diverses manières, y compris en leur interdisant souvent de participer aux activités. En somme, le novice n'a le droit d'intégrer une activité que lorsqu'il l'a maîtrise suffisamment, aux yeux des personnes plus expérimentées qui la mènent. L'erreur est très peu tolérée. Les maladresses ou gaucheries sont immédiatement sanctionnées par le sarcasme mordant des plus expérimentés, qui se positionnent comme les « maîtres du savoir », un savoir dont ils gardent jalousement l'accès et qu'ils ne partagent qu'avec parcimonie, lorsque leur intérêt immédiat en dépend. L'hypothèse qui résulte de mon enquête est que cette modalité singulière de transmission doit se comprendre en fonction du contexte culturel du Tapajós dans lequel elle s'insère ; un contexte marqué par la hiérarchie intergénérationnelle et par un style relationnel empreint de dérision et d'antagonisme. La modalité de l'apprentissage que j'ai appelée « malgré les adultes » contribue de manière décisive à ce que le novice acquière des compétences valorisées au sein de ce groupe. Ces compétences sont indispensables à la construction de la personne chez des riverains du Tapajós, même si elles n'apparaissent pas dans les diverses représentations explicites que ces riverains se font de leur propre « culture ». / In this thesis I analyze learning practices that take place in the everyday life (outside of school or other institutional setting) of three villages in the Amazonian region of the Tapajós River basin in Brazil. I examine, particularly, the transmission of practical knowledge (hunting, fishing, agricultural tasks), the art of storytelling, the sense of hierarchy and the acquisition of emotional control. In depth observation of interactions between more experimented persons and novices, whatever their age, reveal a way of learning that can seem paradoxical. While the learners may be keen participant observers, more experimented persons, who serve as role models somewhat despite themselves, display little interest in collaborating with novices or evince much empathy for them. Mistakes are scarcely tolerated. Clumsiness or bungling immediately trigger sarcastic comments from the more experienced, who position themselves as "masters knowledge", a knowledge they share with parsimony, only when their immediate interest is at stake. The hypothesis that stems from my fieldwork is that this unusual learning modality can only be understood if we consider broader aspects of social relationships among peoples of the Tapajós ; relations that are marked by hierarchy between generations and an interactional style tinted with antagonism and mockery. The way of learning I named "despite adults" contribute decisively to the novices' acquisition of valued competences. These competences are directly implied in the construction of personhood among the river-dwellers of the Tapajós, even if they don't appear in any of the divers representations they make of themselves. / Esta tese apresenta uma etnografia de situações de aprendizagem não escolares na região do rio Tapajós (estado do Pará). Da observação das interações entre pessoas mais e menos experientes, quaisquer que sejam suas idades, é possível depreender uma modalidade de aprendizagem própria a essas populações que, à primeira vista, parece sem dúvida paradoxal. Os mais experientes não facilitam em nada o processo de aprendizagem daqueles que são, às vezes muito pouco, menos experientes que eles. Na verdade, qualquer que seja a diferença de idade ou de competência (e mesmo entre pais e filhos), o que se observa é que aqueles que têm mais traquejo e experiência impedem ou dificultam muito a participação de qualquer pessoa que eles consideram ainda "não garantir" uma performance adequada na atividade em questão. Erros são mal tolerados; nada mais distante da modalidade local de aprendizagem que a ideia de que "é errando que se aprende". Nas interações quotidianas o sarcasmo é manifesto e é nesse registro, com provocações ou com deboche, que os deslizes são recebidos. No Tapajós, as pessoas mais experientes se comportam assim como "donos" de um saber que eles partilham parcimoniosamente, sobretudo quando seus interesses imediatos estão em jogo. A hipótese que a análise do material etnográfico me permite formular, é a de que essa modalidade particular de aprendizagem deve ser entendida considerando o contexto cultural do Tapajós no qual ela se insere; um contexto marcado pela hierarquia intergeracional e por relações sociais fortemente antagônicas. A modalidade de aprendizagem que designei pela expressão "apesar dos adultos" (ou "apesar das pessoas mais experientes", e, em português, "apesar de você") contribui de maneira decisiva à apropriação de competências extremamente valorizadas localmente. São competências cuja apropriação é intrinsecamente ligada ao processo de construção da pessoa para os ribeirinhos do Tapajós (mesmo que não seja a essas competências que eles façam referência nos diversos discursos que eles têm sobre sua própria "cultura").

Swartkrans Cave, famous for abundant hominin fossils of P. robustus and the site where the first evidence of the co-existence of two hominin species was recovered, has yielded a wealth of information on early hominin behaviour. In 2005 a new program of research and excavation began at the site, and its results form the central part of this thesis. This study has focused on the early Pleistocene Member 1 deposits which include an Earlier Stone Age industry and the late Pleistocene Member 4 Middle Stone Age deposits. The thesis has four areas of focus. First the new work has resulted in clarification and new interpretations for the formation of the hominin rich Hanging Remnant deposit of Member 1, which lacks stone tools. This extensive calcified conglomerate which spans most of the north wall of the cave is now seen as a non-homogenous unit that represents material entering from at least four avens. However, this study also established that the newly exposed central portion of the Hanging Remnant and the hominin fossil-rich northwest corner infill worked by Robert Broom in the 1940s derived from the same depositional episode. Secondly, the new excavations in the Lower Bank of Member 1 have resulted in an enlargement of the previously ambiguous Earlier Stone Age assemblage. Analysis of this new assemblage, in conjunction with recently released dating results, has now confirmed that the artefacts belong to the Oldowan Industrial Complex. Thirdly, new excavations in the Member 4 deposit have resulted in the recovery of over 3,200 Middle Stone Age (MSA) stone tools and a clearer understanding of their context. The stone tool-bearing deposits of Member 4 are now understood to derive from a surface colluvium, rather than a cave infill. This MSA assemblage consists of a high number of retouched pieces that are dominated by steep-sided scrapers and denticulated scrapers with a near-absence of points. The technology of a variety of core types suggests a superior understanding of raw material flaking qualities by the tool makers. The limited types of formal tools suggest that the site was used for one or more specific activities, rather than for a range of activities by the tool makers. Fourthly, excavation of the deposits underlying the Member 4 colluvium has resulted in the discovery of two previously unknown hominin-bearing deposits. It is now established that what was originally called Member 4 is composed of three distinct deposits. The lowest of these is an east extension of the Member 1 Lower Bank (LB East Extension), which has yielded P. robustus fossils. This is overlain by a large talus cone (TCD), which also has yielded P. robustus fossils. The latter is capped by flowstone dated to ~110,000 years, followed by the MSA-tool bearing colluvium.

Frequentemente, moradores da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo veem obras hidráulicas serem implantadas em seus bairros sem que tenham qualquer participação ou mesmo conhecimento sobre as mesmas. Sentem-se totalmente alheios à obra e podem passar a rejeitá-la ou a não usá-la corretamente, limitando a universalização de um atendimento eficaz. Por outro lado, são os mesmos moradores que tomam decisões importantes. Decidem como descartar o lixo doméstico e outros resíduos sólidos; como se desfazer do esgoto; como usar a infra-estrutura de água urbana, aqui entendida como o abastecimento, o esgotamento e a drenagem. Dada a importância das decisões dos moradores, com este trabalho se pretendeu analisar a possibilidade de incluí-los no processo de gestão compartilhada da água urbana, uma estratégia da governança, por meio do Monitoramento por Moradores em seu Domicílio e Arredores. O trabalho baseou-se em referencial sobre o potencial do morador como agente de mudanças e em documentação teórico-metodológica para o seu envolvimento no monitoramento. A principal conclusão a que se chegou é sobre a importância da interação morador-técnico das agências provedoras de serviços de água urbana, com apoio de autoridades locais, para o engajamento dos moradores no monitoramento e em ações corretivas no local onde os problemas acontecem: o domicílio e seus arredores. Assim, o morador assume a responsabilidade por melhorias que contribuam para a durabilidade da obra e a sustentabilidade dos serviços que oferece, como contrapartida do trabalho das agências provedoras de serviços e de autoridades locais. O trabalho de campo, realizado em algumas áreas da RMSP, revelou, em um dos bairros estudados que, em interação com técnicos, os moradores se engajam no planejamento do monitoramento. Uma vez implantada a obra demandada como prioridade, os moradores tenderão a assumir a implantação do monitoramento no seu domicílio e arredores para maximizar os benefícios da solução técnica. / In the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, city dwellers frequently see hydraulic works being implemented in their neighbourhoods without having any information about them, let alone participating in its planning. They feel strange to the works and may reject them or not use them properly, hindering the universal access to an effective service. On the other hand, the residents themselves take important decisions at the household level. They decide how to dispose of domestic and other waste; how to dispose of domestic sewage; how to use the available urban water infra-structure: water supply, sanitation and drainage. Due to the importance of the decisions taken by city dwellers, this study aims at analysing the possibility of including them in urban water shared-management, a strategy of governance, through Monitoring by City Dwellers at the Household Level. The study was based on relevant literature to understand the city dweller as an agent of changes and on theoretical-methodological documentation on how to involve them on the monitoring activity. The study concluded on the importance of the interaction between city dwellers and the technicians of agencys providing urban water services, with support of local authorities, to engage them in the monitoring activity. This includes taking corrective action where the problems tend to occur: the household. Through monitoring, the city dweller engages in improvements to preserve the works and the sustainability of the services they provide, in collaboration with the agencies and local authorities. The field work carried out in some areas of Metro São Paulo, showed, in one of the neighbourhoods, that residents, in interaction with technicians, will engage in planning the monitoring activity. Once their priority demand is met, they will tend to engage in monitoring to maximize the benefits of the technical solution.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T16:19:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Nenhuma / As áreas úmidas são importantes ecossistemas para a proteção da biodiversidade, apresentando grande riqueza de espécies e altos níveis de endemismo. Esses ambientes são fontes de recursos naturais para as populações humanas e estão entre os ecossistemas mais produtivos do mundo. Os impactos nas áreas úmidas incluem tanto a alteração do habitat como a destruição do mesmo. A humanidade depende do uso sustentado das áreas úmidas. A etnobiologia estuda o conhecimento que as populações humanas possuem acerca dos recursos naturais, taxonomias, classificações e dos ecossistemas dos quais dependem para as suas atividades comerciais ou de subsistência. A admissão de populações nativas como parte do ecossistema é fundamental para conservação da biodiversidade. O ecossistema é afetado direta e indiretamente pelas relações que as populações humanas mantêm com os recursos hídricos. Diante disso e reconhecendo a importância de conservar as áreas úmidas e de admitir (reconhecer) a intensa interação e conhecimento que popul / Wetlands are important ecosystems for biodiversity protection; they show a great wealth of species and high levels of endemism. These environments are sources of natural resources for human populations, and they are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. Impacts on wetlands include both some habitat changes and destruction. Mankind depends on the sustained usage of wetlands. Ethnobiology studies the body of knowledge human populations have about the natural resources, the taxonomies, the classifications and the ecosystems on which they depend for their trade or subsistence. To acknowledge the native populations as part of the ecosystem is essential for biodiversity preservation. The ecosystem is directly and indirectly influenced by the relationships the human populations keep with hydrological resources. This being said and upon recognizing the significance of wetlands preservation, besides admitting (acknowledging) the great interaction and body of knowledge traditional populations have about th

This dissertation examines the ways in which the narrative fiction of early modern (1600-1868) Japan constructed urban identity and explored its possibilities. I orient my study around the social category of chōnin (“townsman” or “urban commoner”)—one of the central categories of the early modern system of administration by status group (mibun)—but my concerns are equally with the diversity that this term often tends to obscure: tensions and stratifications within the category of chōnin itself, career trajectories that straddle its boundaries, performative forms of urban culture that circulate between commoner and warrior society, and the possibility (and occasional necessity) of movement between chōnin society and the urban poor. Examining a range of genres from the late 17th to early 19th century, I argue that popular fiction responded to ambiguities, contradictions, and tensions within urban society, acting as a discursive space where the boundaries of chōnin identity could be playfully probed, challenged, and reconfigured, and new or alternative social roles could be articulated. The emergence of the chōnin is one of the central themes in the sociocultural history of early modern Japan, and modern scholars have frequently characterized the literature this period as “the literature of the chōnin.” But such approaches, which are largely determined by Western models of sociocultural history, fail to apprehend the local specificity and complexity of status group as a form of social organization: the chōnin, standing in for the Western bourgeoisie, become a unified and monolithic social body defined primarily in terms of politicized opposition to the ruling warrior class. In contrast, I approach the category of chōnin as a diverse and internally stratified social field, the boundaries of which were perpetually redefined through discourse and practice. I argue that literary depictions of chōnin identity responded not to tensions between dominant and dominated classes but rather to internal tensions within commoner society. Fiction written by and for commoners was focused on topics of everyday concern: how to make a living, how one should (or should not) exist within one’s family or community, how to advance (or merely maintain, or imprudently spend and exhaust) one’s social, economic, or cultural capital. I seek to replace the politicized trope of “chōnin literature” with an image of multiple urban literatures: a series of writings and rewritings through which urban writers and readers probed, questioned, and reimagined the range of identities that were possible to them. To do so, I use an interdisciplinary method that draws from recent scholarship in social history and historical sociology on the status group system, building in particular on studies of the social structure of early modern urban space. The two-and-a-half centuries of the Tokugawa reign saw dramatic transformations in how urban identity was conceived. As a result of the increasing integration of early modern society, categories of identity that were once collective, external functions of social relationships and community membership came to be internalized and expressed by the individual as patterns of behavior, taste, and disposition—speech, sartorial expression, habits of consumption, aesthetic tastes, lifestyle, and so on—and the circulation of print media itself was part of these shifts, communicating new social and aesthetic norms across boundaries and to new readers. The readings that I develop in this dissertation are situated at key turning points in this overarching narrative. By contextualizing my close readings in relation to the shifting matrix of discourses, practices, spaces, and media forms shaping chōnin identity, I reveal how techniques of literary characterization were both shaped by and used to understand the contemporary urban world. In Chapter 1, I offer a polemical reading of Nippon eitaigura (Japan’s Eternal Storehouse, 1688), a collection of stories of commercial success and failure written by Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693). Ihara Saikaku has often been taken as the archetypal chōnin author, and among his works, Eitaigura in particular is most regularly used by both historians and literary scholars alike as a document of chōnin values. Instead, I show the ways in which Saikaku’s text retains traces of the social diversity, class tensions, and shifting values within a heterogeneous and stratified social body. I argue that this text represents a dramatic shift in chōnin consciousness, wherein the nature of chōnin identity, which was originally a function of the urban ward (chō) as a local and organic urban community based on the concrete social relations of its members, is rewritten by Saikaku into a universalizable category of values and economic practice, prioritizing the interests of the house (ie) over the community of the chō. One of the main ways in which the identity of the chōnin house was figured was in terms of a “house trade” (kashoku or kagyō), a term used to refer to the livelihood associated with a given household, while certain forms of identity performance and trespass were possible through cultural training in the leisure arts (yūgei). In Chapter 2, I use this binary as context for a study of the life and writings of Ejima Kiseki (1666-1735). Kiseki was born into a wealthy Kyoto merchant house, and had taken up writing as a form of leisure, but in his lifetime he saw his family business decline and was forced to make a living as a writer and publisher of fiction. His writing likewise depicts eccentric and profligate chōnin protagonists driven to dereliction by obsessive involvement in leisure practices. Focusing on Seken musuko katagi (Characters of Worldly Young Men, 1715) and Ukiyo oyaji katagi (Characters of Old Men of the Floating World, 1720), I argue that Kiseki playfully inverts the hierarchy of work and play in an attempt to imagine new possibilities of chōnin self-definition. In Chapter 3, I examine the confrontation between bushi and chōnin concepts of social and cultural capital in the context of the Edo pleasure quarters. Here I focus on the sharebon (witty booklets), a genre of short, satirical fiction that grew in close dialog with the guidebook literature of the pleasure quarters, and the figure of the “sophisticate” (tsū or tsūjin): the paragon of urban fashion and savoir-faire. Where existing scholarship has assumed that this term refers to a concrete, specific leisure subculture, I argue that the tsū was an empty signifier used by authors of differing social positions to make competing claims for the nature of cultural capital, setting bushi intellectual ideals of classical erudition, written language, and specialist knowledge against chōnin cultures of improvisational wit, spoken language, and conspicuous consumption. I also argue that the sharebon itself played an overdetermined role in these dynamics, communicating norms of fashion and social grace to a wide readership while simultaneously throwing into question the authenticity of social performances based on such mediated knowledge. Chapter 4 shifts to the lower margins of Edo commoner society. Here I offer a reading of the fiction of Shikitei Sanba (1776-1822), focusing on Ukiyoburo (The Floating World Bathhouse, 4 vols., 1809-1813) and Ukiyodoko (The Floating World Barber, 2 vols., 1813-1814), which depict the interaction of a range of generic middle- and lower-class social types in the context of the public spaces of Edo tenement society. Tracing the links between Sanba’s fiction and the emerging performing art of otoshi-banashi (the antecedent of modern rakugo storytelling) and the performance space of the yose, both of which emerged out of lower-class craftsman culture, I argue that Sanba constructs an image of the performative use of the voice as a tactic for navigating and integrating the margins and interstices of status-group society.

The aim of this study is to investigate life forms and the dynamics of cultural processes in the parish of Tärna, Västerbotten. The material is an investigation of the life stories of two families, which have been investigated from an overall scientific aspect. The aim has been to examine the exploitation of resources by individuals and cognitive structures within the framework of ecological adaption. These aspects have been illuminated by the use of comprehensive source materials. Estate inventories have revealed different object categories which were associated with the exploitation of natural resources. Church registers, judgement books, tape recordings from folklore archives and the author's own interview material described life stories in a Saami mountain family and a settler family. It turned out that people in the mountains had supported themselves on a combination of stock-raising, hunting and fishing. Comprehensive socialized knowledge of the environment and its resources was a decisive factor for ecological adaption and survival.  The settler family had a solid knowledge of various handicrafts. The Saami in Tärna have settled down at an early stage and abandoned their former nomadism. The Saamish family investigated had a strong sense of family identity and their living story-telling tradition strengthened their identity and became a uniting factor. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century innovations began to emerge in the mountain parish, which often came to revolutionize the whole life pattern. The process of cultural change in Tärna in the 20th century has been dramatic. It has included the development of technology, modernization and changing exploitation of resources. Through the investigation of the life stories of the two families a clear picture has emerged of the exploitation of resources and of values, i.e. the total life pattern. / digitalisering@umu

Cette thèse part de l’idée de l’espace comme instrument pour la pensée et l’action formulée par Henri Lefebvre dans les années 1970, afin de comprendre les liens entre citadinité et citoyenneté dans la ville du Cap, en Afrique du Sud. Elle analyse la démocratisation du gouvernement local à travers la création de nouvelles circonscriptions électorales aux ambitions participatives : les wards. L’étude se concentre sur le ward 44 qui réunit des territoires autrefois divisés par l’apartheid. Une immersion dans la vie quotidienne de différentes familles révèle les mécanismes d’une gouvernementalité communautaire où la légitimité politique individuelle est indissociable de l’expérience citadine partagée.La thèse est complétée par un DVD qui présente seize séquences vidéos, entre récits de vie, situations du quotidien et moments forts de la vie de quartier. Les tactiques pragmatiques déployées au jour le jour par les citadins pauvres apparaissent alors dans leur complexité. Elles s’adaptent aux réformes institutionnelles en cours, tout en en conditionnant l’application au niveau micro-local. En fin de compte, la résistance aux inégalités spatiales passe donc par la figure de citadins-citoyens qui inventent jour après jour ce que pourrait être le droit à la ville en Afrique du Sud. / The present work takes as its starting point the idea of space as an instrument for thought and action, as formulated by Henri Lefebvre in the 1970s, as a means to understand the relationship between city life and citizenship in Cape Town, South Africa. It analyses the democratization of local government through the creation of new electoral circumscriptions, which aim to facilitate public participation: the wards. The study focuses on ward 44, which brings together territories formerly divided by apartheid. The immersion in the daily lives of various families highlights the mechanisms of a community-based governmentality, where individual political legitimacy is intertwined with the shared experience of the city.The PhD comes with a DVD comprising sixteen video excerpts of life narratives, scenes of daily life and neighbourhood events. The pragmatic tactics that urban residents deploy on a daily basis thus reveal their full complexity. They not only adjust to on-going institutional reforms, they also condition the very implementation of these reforms. Eventually, the resistance to spatial inequalities is carried out through the figure of the “citadins-citoyens”, the “urban citizen” who on a daily basis invents what could be the right to the city in South Africa.

Submitted by JORGE JACOB FILHO (jorgejacob@gmail.com) on 2016-05-24T18:36:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 ~$e price of the threat - dissertação 06.05 (completo).docx: 162 bytes, checksum: 2ae824f3602b738b79fd94cffe5d470f (MD5) Dissertação final para biblioteca 24.mai.pdf: 1505142 bytes, checksum: ed1c813b8dd0d5ad8dadcd26d9c6ebac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2016-06-03T12:36:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 ~$e price of the threat - dissertação 06.05 (completo).docx: 162 bytes, checksum: 2ae824f3602b738b79fd94cffe5d470f (MD5) Dissertação final para biblioteca 24.mai.pdf: 1505142 bytes, checksum: ed1c813b8dd0d5ad8dadcd26d9c6ebac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-06-07T14:42:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 ~$e price of the threat - dissertação 06.05 (completo).docx: 162 bytes, checksum: 2ae824f3602b738b79fd94cffe5d470f (MD5) Dissertação final para biblioteca 24.mai.pdf: 1505142 bytes, checksum: ed1c813b8dd0d5ad8dadcd26d9c6ebac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T14:42:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ~$e price of the threat - dissertação 06.05 (completo).docx: 162 bytes, checksum: 2ae824f3602b738b79fd94cffe5d470f (MD5) Dissertação final para biblioteca 24.mai.pdf: 1505142 bytes, checksum: ed1c813b8dd0d5ad8dadcd26d9c6ebac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-26 / In field experiments with subjects living either inside or outside Brazilian slums (n=955), we show that consumers living in slums are less price sensitive, in opposition with recent price sensitivity research. Comparing slum and non-slum dwellers, we found that negatively stereotyped consumers (e.g. slum dwellers) were more likely to pay higher amounts for friendlier customer service when facing social identity threats (SITs) in marketplaces such as banks. The mechanism which makes them less price sensitive is related to the perception of how other people evaluate their social groups, and we argue that they pay more because they are seeking identity-safe commercial relationships. This work, besides extending the literature in SITs, presents a perspective for the exchange between economics and psychology on price sensitivity, showing that consumers living in slums are willing to pay more to avoid possibly social identity threating experiences.

LANGA, Ercílio Neves Brandão. Pessoas que habitam as ruas em Fortaleza nos circuitos da vulnerabilidade e exclusão: identidades em construção nas trajetórias e percursos. 2012. 184f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2012. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-25T14:42:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-ENBLANGA.pdf: 1522357 bytes, checksum: f750fe081e3953b4b496abd09049ebc6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-25T17:20:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-ENBLANGA.pdf: 1522357 bytes, checksum: f750fe081e3953b4b496abd09049ebc6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-25T17:20:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-ENBLANGA.pdf: 1522357 bytes, checksum: f750fe081e3953b4b496abd09049ebc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / This dissertation supports an effort for the understanding of the universe populated by street dwellers in Fortaleza by means of a two-year research encompassing a process of redefinitions of the object from interpretations arising from the field. The work includes as its investigative axis the trajectories of people inhabiting the streets of Fortaleza focusing on processes of disaffiliation and new affiliation, the “habitus” that imprint the “street dweller”, precarious exclusions and inclusions, discriminations, prejudices, conceptions and values adopted by these characters inhabiting the streets and, especially, conceptions and attitudes in face of the HIV/AIDS. The main point of the analysis ended up focusing upon the construction of identity-based processes found at the trajectories of the streets dwellers. To enter this universe required the buildup of a “street ethnography” that was carried up in the Gentilandia Square and four Homes in a period of 18 months trying to follow the routes of constituting characters of the investigation field. The ethnographic work carried out from a special place allowed the researcher to feel the street dweller’s condition on “his very skin” considering that he was in the course of the research confounded with those subjects whom he was trying to understand. The investigative process in the streets, clerically constructed, led the researcher to approach theoretical support based on a permanent biographical search which allowed amplifying and reconfiguring theorizations in accordance with his own empirical ideas. Castel’s (1997) concept of social de-affiliation was used here to characterize the individual’s double alienation from the labor market on the one hand and family’s ties on the other, and Goffman’s (1988) concept of stigma which becomes evident as a classification strategy for individuals within daily interactions, emphasizing difference in relation to features that have been considered normal. Bauman’s (2005) idea of human waste that nominates human beings, plagued by excesses and redundancies from the modern age, and who live at the brink of inescapable situations, and Hall’s (2006) deconstructivist perspective of identities are other theoretical approaches used by this work. Indeed, street dwellers, that experience processes of exclusion and are subjected to risks going from infancy up to adolescence and adult age, reveal through their lives poverty-ridden situations, negation of rights and family ruptures. They start working very early in life in order to help feed the family by doing odd jobs, trading illicit merchandise, trafficking drugs, perpetrating assaults, besides engaging in other urban economic activities in poor areas of the city. By their urban mobility and experience of life, they develop forms and mechanisms of precarious inclusions such as working as collectors of solid wastes, keeping guard of cars in the streets, taking temporary jobs in the construction of buildings and houses, practicing illicit acts and resorting to shelters and homes. / A dissertação ora apresentada consubstancia um esforço de compreensão do universo dos habitantes das ruas em Fortaleza, ao longo de dois anos, implicando um processo de redefinições do objeto, a partir das interpelações do próprio campo. O trabalho circunscreve, como eixo investigativo, as trajetórias e percursos de pessoas que habitam as ruas, enfocando processos de desfiliação e refiliação, o habitus do ser “morador de rua”, as exclusões e inclusões precárias, as discriminações e preconceitos, as concepções e valores assumidos por esses personagens, particularmente, as concepções e atitudes face ao HIV/Aids. O foco de análise terminou por incidir na construção dos processos identitários em suas trajetórias e percursos. O adentrar nesse universo peculiar exigiu a construção de uma etnografia das ruas, vivenciada na Praça da Gentilândia e quatro casas de acolhida, buscando acompanhar as rotas dos personagens constitutivos do campo investigativo. Este trabalho etnográfico foi vivenciado de um lugar peculiar que possibilitou viver e sentir, na “própria pele”, a condição do “morador de rua”, ao ser confundido, no exercício de pesquisa com os próprios sujeitos, cujo universo buscava compreender. O processo investigativo, processualmente construído, exigiu movimentar aportes teóricos com base em uma permanente pesquisa bibliográfica, possibilitando ampliar e reconfigurar teorizações, em coadunância com as próprias configurações empíricas. Utilizou-se o conceito de desfiliação social de Castel (1997), caracterizando o duplo desligamento do indivíduo do mercado de trabalho e das relações familiares e, a noção de estigma de Goffman (1988), que aparece como estratégia de classificação dos indivíduos nas interações cotidianas através da diferença, em relação aos atributos considerados normais. A ideia de refugo humano de Bauman (2005), nomeando os seres excessivos e redundantes da modernidade a vivenciar situações-limite e, a perspectiva desconstrutivista de identidades de Hall (2006) são outros aportes teóricos usados no trabalho. De fato, os habitantes das ruas vivenciam processos de exclusão e vulnerabilidade que perpassam a infância, adolescência e idade adulta, suas trajetórias revelam situações de pobreza, destituição de direitos e rupturas familiares. Começam a trabalhar cedo para ajudar no sustento da casa, com experiências no trabalho informal, no comércio de bens ilícitos, no tráfico de drogas, realização de assaltos e outras formas de economia urbana nas periferias da cidade. Em seu nomadismo urbano e experiência de vida, desenvolvem formas e mecanismos de inclusão precários, trabalho informal como catadores de resíduos sólidos, flanelinhas, “bicos” na construção civil, prática de delitos, adesão a abrigos e casas de acolhida.

Frequentemente, moradores da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo veem obras hidráulicas serem implantadas em seus bairros sem que tenham qualquer participação ou mesmo conhecimento sobre as mesmas. Sentem-se totalmente alheios à obra e podem passar a rejeitá-la ou a não usá-la corretamente, limitando a universalização de um atendimento eficaz. Por outro lado, são os mesmos moradores que tomam decisões importantes. Decidem como descartar o lixo doméstico e outros resíduos sólidos; como se desfazer do esgoto; como usar a infra-estrutura de água urbana, aqui entendida como o abastecimento, o esgotamento e a drenagem. Dada a importância das decisões dos moradores, com este trabalho se pretendeu analisar a possibilidade de incluí-los no processo de gestão compartilhada da água urbana, uma estratégia da governança, por meio do Monitoramento por Moradores em seu Domicílio e Arredores. O trabalho baseou-se em referencial sobre o potencial do morador como agente de mudanças e em documentação teórico-metodológica para o seu envolvimento no monitoramento. A principal conclusão a que se chegou é sobre a importância da interação morador-técnico das agências provedoras de serviços de água urbana, com apoio de autoridades locais, para o engajamento dos moradores no monitoramento e em ações corretivas no local onde os problemas acontecem: o domicílio e seus arredores. Assim, o morador assume a responsabilidade por melhorias que contribuam para a durabilidade da obra e a sustentabilidade dos serviços que oferece, como contrapartida do trabalho das agências provedoras de serviços e de autoridades locais. O trabalho de campo, realizado em algumas áreas da RMSP, revelou, em um dos bairros estudados que, em interação com técnicos, os moradores se engajam no planejamento do monitoramento. Uma vez implantada a obra demandada como prioridade, os moradores tenderão a assumir a implantação do monitoramento no seu domicílio e arredores para maximizar os benefícios da solução técnica. / In the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, city dwellers frequently see hydraulic works being implemented in their neighbourhoods without having any information about them, let alone participating in its planning. They feel strange to the works and may reject them or not use them properly, hindering the universal access to an effective service. On the other hand, the residents themselves take important decisions at the household level. They decide how to dispose of domestic and other waste; how to dispose of domestic sewage; how to use the available urban water infra-structure: water supply, sanitation and drainage. Due to the importance of the decisions taken by city dwellers, this study aims at analysing the possibility of including them in urban water shared-management, a strategy of governance, through Monitoring by City Dwellers at the Household Level. The study was based on relevant literature to understand the city dweller as an agent of changes and on theoretical-methodological documentation on how to involve them on the monitoring activity. The study concluded on the importance of the interaction between city dwellers and the technicians of agencys providing urban water services, with support of local authorities, to engage them in the monitoring activity. This includes taking corrective action where the problems tend to occur: the household. Through monitoring, the city dweller engages in improvements to preserve the works and the sustainability of the services they provide, in collaboration with the agencies and local authorities. The field work carried out in some areas of Metro São Paulo, showed, in one of the neighbourhoods, that residents, in interaction with technicians, will engage in planning the monitoring activity. Once their priority demand is met, they will tend to engage in monitoring to maximize the benefits of the technical solution.