Une plaque de plâtre allégée est un produit constituée d’un cœur, « mousse de plâtre », dont la porosité peut atteindre 75% et de revêtements de carton. Il est important de comprendre et caractériser le comportement mécanique de la plaque de plâtre pour optimiser le compromis résistance thermique / tenue mécanique. Pour répondre à cet objectif, des méthodologies spécifiques de corrélation d’images numériques et d’identification du comportement mécanique dans des régimes fortement non-linéaires (endommagement, effondrement de la porosité, fissuration macroscopique…) ont été développées et mises en œuvre. Une première classe de propriétés mécaniques, conditionnant la manutention et la pose des plaques, concerne la tenue à la flexion. Des essais de flexion trois et quatre points ont été réalisés jusqu’à la rupture. La corrélation d’images numériques 2D a été utilisée pour suivre la cinématique de l’essai. Le comportement de la plaque de plâtre en flexion a été identifié grâce à une description continue et homogénéisée de type poutre où la dégradation progressive de la rigidité de la plaque est décrite par une loi d’endommagement. Une procédure d’identification spécifique est présentée où imperfections expérimentales et brisures éventuelles de symétrie sont prises en compte. L’analyse montre que le comportement de la plaque en flexion est essentiellement piloté par les propriétés mécaniques de la face cartonnée et de la qualité de l’interface papier-plâtre. Le mécanisme de rupture en flexion a été également identifié par des essais in-situ dans un tomographe. Une deuxième catégorie de propriétés mécaniques concerne un essai normatif d’arrachement. Grâce à des tests réalisés au sein d’un tomographe, et à l’analyse de la cinématique par corrélation d’images volumiques, les différentes étapes clefs ont été identifiées, et la compaction du cœur par effondrement de la porosité sous compression a été reconnu comme le facteur limitant. Dans le but de mieux comprendre ce mécanisme de ruine des essais d’indentation sphérique tomographiés ont été réalisés sur des échantillons de mousse constitutive du cœur de la plaque. Sous l’indenteur, une transition brutale entre comportement élastique et compaction forte accompagnée d’un effondrement de la porosité est visible. Pour répondre à la nécessité d’estimer finement l’état de déformation multiaxiale qui caractérise cette transition, une procédure originale de corrélation d’images volumiques intégrée a été développée. Elle s’appuie sur un code commercial d’éléments finis comme moyen de générer une base cinématique adaptée à l’essai d’indentation sphérique. Le couplage d’essais mécaniques in-situ, la corrélation d’images volumiques et la simulation numérique d’une part, et l’intégration d’informations connues a priori dans la démarche d’identification d’autre part ont permis d’identifier un critère de ruine local. Le comportement triaxial du plâtre poreux a été caractérisé également via des essais triaxiaux homogènes, en suivant différents trajets de chargement. Le comportement triaxial du plâtre moussé a été identifié. Les résultats obtenus sont en accord avec les résultats de l’identification conduite sur l’essai d’indentation. / Lightweight plasterboard is a product composed of a "plaster foam" core whose porosity can reach 75% lined with two sheets of paper. To optimize the compromise between thermal resistance and mechanical strength, it is important to understand and characterize the mechanical behavior of the plasterboard. In the present work, specific methodologies for digital image correlation and identification of the mechanical behavior in highly nonlinear regimes (damage, collapse of porosity, macroscopic cracking ...) have been developed and implemented. A first set of mechanical properties, crucial for handling and placarding, concerns the bending strength. Three and four points bending tests were performed until failure. Digital image correlation was used to follow the kinematic of the test. The behavior of the plasterboard has been identified through a homogenized continuum description based on plate kinematic where the progressive degradation of bending stiffness is described through a damage law. A specific procedure for identification is presented where experimental imperfections and symmetry breakdown are tolerated and accounted for. The analysis shows that the mechanical behavior of the plasterbaord in bending test is controlled primarily by the mechanical properties of the paper lining and the quality of gypsum / paper interface. The failure mechanism in bending test was also identified through in-situ tests performed inside the tomograph. A second category of mechanical properties relates to a normative test “Nail pull test”. Through tests conducted inside the tomograph and the analysis of the kinematics by digital volume correlation, the different key stages of the failure mechanism have been identified. The compaction of the core by the collapse of porosity in compression has been recognized as the limiting factor. In order to better understand the compaction mechanism in-situ spherical indentation tests were performed on foamed samples prepared from the board core. The results from the in-situ experiment show that a compacted zone develops under the indenter, displaying a very sharp boundary with the undamaged material that behaves elastically. To meet the need for estimating accurately the state of multiaxial strain that characterizes this transition, a new methodology is presented. It is an integrated digital volume correlation based on a library of fields adapted to the spherical indentation test and computed from commercial finite element software. Coupling in-situ mechanical tests, digital volume correlation and numerical simulations on the one hand, and integration a priori known information in the identification process on the other hand allowed us to identify a local failure criterion. The behavior of porous plaster was also characterized via homogeneous triaxial tests, by following different loading paths. The triaxial behavior of foamed plaster has been identified. The results are in agreement with those obtained via the identification procedure conducted on the spherical indentation tests.

Dans le cadre de l'élasticité linéaire 3D des microstructures complexes qui ne peuvent pas être simplement décrites en terme de constituants telles que des tissus biologiques, nous proposons, dans ce travail de recherche, une méthodologie d'identification expérimentale multi-échelle du champ stochastique d'élasticité apparent de la microstructure à l'échelle mésoscopique en utilisant des mesures de champ de déplacements aux échelles macroscopique et mésoscopique. On peut alors utiliser cette méthodologie dans le cadre de changement d'échelle pour obtenir des propriétés mécaniques à l'échelle macroscopique. Dans ce contexte, la question majeure est celle de l'identification expérimentale par résolution d'un problème statistique inverse de la modélisation stochastique introduite pour le champ d'élasticité apparent à l'échelle mésoscopique. Cette identification expérimentale permet non seulement de valider la modélisation mais encore de la rendre utile pour des matériaux existants ayant une microstructure complexe. Le présent travail de recherche est une contribution proposée dans ce cadre pour lequel l'expérimentation et validation expérimentale basée sur des mesures simultanées d'imagerie de champ aux échelles macroscopique et mésoscopique sont faites sur de l'os cortical / In the framework of linear elasticity 3D for complex microstructures that cannot be simply described in terms of components such as biological tissues, we propose, in this research work, a methodology for multiscale experimental identification of the apparent elasticity random field of the microstructure at mesoscopic scale using displacement field measurements at macroscopic scale and mesoscopic scale. We can then use this methodology in the case of changing scale to obtain the mechanical properties at macroscale. In this context, the major issue is the experimental identification by solving a statistical inverse problem of the stochastic modeling introduced for the apparent elasticity random field at mesoscale. This experimental identification allows to validate the modeling and makes it useful for existing materials with complex microstructures. This research work is proposed in this context in which experimentation and experimental validation based on simultaneous measurements of field imaging at macroscale and mesoscale are made on the cortical bonemakes it useful for existing materials with complex microstructures. This research work is proposed in this context in which experimentation and experimental validation based on simultaneous measurements of field imaging at macroscale and mesoscale are made on the cortical bone.

A partir de son vécu de psychologue clinicienne en institutions, l'auteure a tenté ici de travailler sur l'implication des affects de dégoût et de honte dans la dynamique psychique des sujets névrosés et psychotiques. Au fur et à mesure de ses rencontres, elle s'est aperçue qu'ils pouvaient toucher à l'existence même de l'humain. Cela l'a amenée à confronter la question du sujet à celle de l'être. Elle s'est basée théoriquement sur les approches phénoménologique et ontologique, tout en élaborant des commentaires métapsychologiques autour de ces éprouvés. En construisant une articulation topologique entre plusieurs concepts, les sensations dégoûtantes ou honteuses ressenties, faisant souvent suite à des expériences traumatisantes, sidérantes car intimes, ont été associées avec les outillages freudiens et lacaniens. Ces repères ont conféré à ce travail toute sa dimension psychopathologique. A travers ses recherches, l'auteure s'est intéressée aux effets de l'opération analytique sur ces deux affects, en s'interrogeant sur leurs modalités de transmission, dans un sens diachronique et synchronique. Elle a tenté de démontrer que le dégoût et la honte auraient des impacts psychiques dans certains mécanismes et processus identificatoires et identitaires et ce, à partir d'opérations subjectivantes. Elle a pu constater la détermination de ces affects, leur consistance économique, éthique, et leurs ambiguïtés lors d'un travail psychothérapique avec une équipe soignante, ainsi qu'un patient psychotique. La pluralité des lieux a entraîné la diversité des liens et des réflexions. / From her clinician psychologist's experience in institutions, the author tried here to work on the involvements of the affects of disgust and shame in the psychic dynamics of neurotic and psychotic subjects. In the context of her meetings, she realized that they could touch the very existence of the human being. This brought her to confront the question of the subject to that of the being. She based her argument on the phenomenological approaches and ontological, while developing metapsychological comments around these affected persons. By building a topological articulation between several concepts, the felt disgusting or shameful sensations, often following traumatizing, staggering because intimate, experiences were associated with the Freudian and Lacanian mechanisms. These marks give this work all its psychopathological dimension. Through her researches, the author was interested in the effects of the analytical operation on these two affects, by wondering about their mode of transmission, in a diachronic and synchronic sense. She tried to demonstrate that the disgust and the shame would have psychic impacts in some identifiable and identity mechanisms and processes and this, from subjectifying operation. She was able to notice the determination of these affects, their economic, ethical substance and their ambiguities during a psychotherapeutic work with a medical team, as well as a psychotic patient. The plurality of places led to the diversity of links and the reflections.

Closed-loop system identification and validation are important components in dynamic system modelling. In this dissertation, a comprehensive literature survey is compiled on system identification with a specific focus on closed-loop system identification and issues of identification experiment design and model validation. This is followed by simulated experiments on known linear and non-linear systems and experiments on a pilot scale distillation column. The aim of these experiments is to study several sensitivities between identification experiment variables and the consequent accuracy of identified models and discrimination capacity of validation sets given open and closed-loop conditions. The identified model structure was limited to an ARX structure and the parameter estimation method to the prediction error method. The identification and validation experiments provided the following findings regarding the effects of different feedback conditions: <ul> <li>Models obtained from open-loop experiments produced the most accurate responses when approximating the linear system. When approximating the non-linear system, models obtained from closed-loop experiments were found to produce the most accurate responses.</li> <li>Validation sets obtained from open-loop experiments were found to be most effective in discriminating between models approximating the linear system while the same may be said of validation sets obtained from closed-loop experiments for the nonlinear system.</li> </ul> These finding were mostly attributed to the condition that open-loop experiments produce more informative data than closed-loop experiments given no constraints are imposed on system outputs. In the case that system output constraints are imposed, closed-loop experiments produce the more informative data of the two. In identifying the non-linear system and the distillation column it was established that defining a clear output range, and consequently a region of dynamics to be identified, is very important when identifying linear approximations of non-linear systems. Thus, since closed-loop experiments produce more informative data given output constraints, the closed-loop experiments were more effective on the non-liner systems. Assessment into other identification experiment variables revealed the following: <ul> <li>Pseudo-random binary signals were the most persistently exciting signals as they were most consistent in producing models with accurate responses.</li> <li>Dither signals with frequency characteristics based on the system’s dominant dynamics produced models with more accurate responses.</li> <li>Setpoint changes were found to be very important in maximising the generation of informative data for closed-loop experiments</li></ul> Studying the literature surveyed and the results obtained from the identification and validation experiments it is recommended that, when identifying linear models approximating a linear system and validating such models, open-loop experiments should be used to produce data for identification and cross-validation. When identifying linear approximations of a non-linear system, defining a clear output range and region of dynamics is essential and should be coupled with closed-loop experiments to generate data for identification and cross-validation. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

Cette thèse se compose de quatre travaux indépendants. Le premier concerne les modèles partiellement identifiés, c'est-à-dire des modèles dans lesquels la valeur du paramètre d’intérêt ne peut pas être déduite de la distribution des données et des hypothèses du modèle. Dans certaines situations, aucune ou au contraire plusieurs valeurs du paramètre d’intérêt sont compatibles avec les données et les hypothèses du modèle. Ce travail démontre entre autre que si l’ensemble des distributions de probabilités compatibles avec le modèle est convexe, alors les parties extrêmes de ce convexe caractérise l’ensemble des distributions compatibles avec le modèle. Le deuxième travail propose une méthode basée sur une condition d’exclusion pour corriger de l’attrition endogène dans les panels. Nous appliquons cette méthode pour estimer les transitions sur le marché du travail à partir de l’enquête emploi française. Le troisième travail propose une méthode simple pour estimer un modèle logistique avec effets fixes et dépendance d’état tel qu’étudié par Honoré et Kiriazidou. Il propose également un nouvel estimateur des écarts-types qui semble avoir de meilleures propriétés à distance finie. Le quatrième travail est une évaluation sur les collèges de la politique éducative des Réseaux-Ambition-Réussite lancée en 2006. Nous exploitons une discontinuité dans la sélection des collèges pour comparer entre eux certains collèges « identiques » avant la mise en place de la politique. Les résultats de cette évaluation laissent place à peu d’optimisme concernant l’efficacité de cette politique. / This work consists of four independent chapters. The first deals with partially identified models, i.e. models in which the parameter of interest is not uniquely identified from the data and the model’s assumptions. In some cases, no value of the parameter of interest is compatible with the data and the model’s assumption. And conversely in some cases, many values are compatible with the data and the model’s assumptions. This work demonstrates among other things that if the set of probability distributions compatible with the model is convex, then this set is characterized by its the extreme parts. The second paper proposes a method based on an exclusion restriction to correct endogenous attrition in panels. We apply this method to estimate the transitions on the labor market from the French Labour Force Survey. The third paper proposes a simple method to estimate a Logit model with fixed effects and state dependence as studied by Honoré and Kiriazidou. It also proposes a new method for inference. The fourth work is an evaluation of a French educational policy, implemented in 2006 whose objective is to provide extra resource to a subset of junior high schools. We exploit a discontinuity in treatment selection to build a credible counterfactual. Our results indicate some adverse treatment effects.

Automatic language identification has been applied to short texts such as queries in information retrieval, but it has not yet been applied to metadata records. Applying this technology to metadata records, particularly their title elements, would enable creators of metadata records to obtain a value for the language element, which is often left blank due to a lack of linguistic expertise. It would also enable the addition of the language value to existing metadata records that currently lack a language value. Titles lend themselves to the problem of language identification mainly due to their shortness, a factor which increases the difficulty of accurately identifying a language. This study implemented four proven approaches to language identification as well as one open-source approach on a collection of multilingual titles of books and movies. Of the five approaches considered, a reduced N-gram frequency profile and distance measure approach outperformed all others, accurately identifying over 83% of all titles in the collection. Future plans are to offer this technology to curators of digital collections for use.

Who am I? Who are you? Who are we? These are some of the fundamental questions that identity scholars have grappled with since the 1900s when researchers across multiple disciplines first began to theorize about the self, identity, and identification. While the benefits and consequences of singular identities has been largely studied, recent scholars have argued for the importance of multiple identity research, as multiple identities have become increasingly salient to individuals due to societal and organizational changes including globalization and technological advancements. An important phenomenon within multiple identity research is dual identification, of which I explore a specific type– identification with both one's organization and one's profession. Using a three-study, quantitative design spanning two industries, I studied the effects of dual identification and identity conflict on individual psychological outcomes, turnover intentions, and OCB engagement. Findings from these three studies, holistically, indicate that when individuals experience identity conflict between their organizational and professional identities, they experience negative outcomes. These negative outcomes – increased emotional exhaustion, psychological distress, and turnover intentions, in addition to reduced OCB engagement – have important ramifications for the individuals themselves and their organization. However, post-hoc results indicate that dual identification – through the main effects of organizational and professional identification – itself leads to positive outcomes. Thus, whether multiple identities are a boon or burden might be a result of whether an individual has reconciled these identities. Ultimately, this research adds to the identity literature by providing a more nuanced view of multiple identities and their outcomes.

We often use a vector control for controlling of synchronous motor with permanent magnets. To get this control more effective we need to know the parameters of controlled motor. This document describes several methods, which deal with this problem and they are trying to expand them. We are talking about method uses Ohm’s law and the knowledge of motor model and method uses improved frequency analysis. The text below includes the principles of these methods and also identification verification of parameters by means of simulations on a created motor model. The final result of this work is the library of functions, which identificate on the basis on the improved frequency analysis.

This diploma thesis deals with a central user identification and personal data management on the Internet. The first part analyzes questions of a identification process and discusses the requirements for implementation, security and user-friendliness. Subsequently, the process is designed with respect to the defined requirements. A detailed overview of possible attacks to the system and means of protection against them is also included in the thesis. The described methods are as follows: Phishing, Man in the middle, hardware modification and acoustic keypress emissions. A practical design of a identification system is discussed in the second part of the thesis. It consists of two parts: a library implementable to individual Internet services requiring a user identification and a server centrally identificating the users and storing their personal data and passwords. An implementation in Joomla content management system is also described.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de l’étude de l’effet de l’identification des paramètres matériau sur la prévision du comportement cyclique. Une étude de l’effet de la pré-déformation sur la réponse du matériau vis à vis le rochet est aussi présentée. Pour cela deux types d’expériences ont été menés au sein de l’équipe Mécanique du Groupe de Physique des Matériaux (GPM, UMR 6634) à l’INSA de Rouen sur un acier inoxydable de type 304L : Les essais EXP1 contenant des essais à déformation imposée axiale et multiaxiale et des essais de rochet en une et deux phases. Ces essais sont tirés de la littérature et nous ont servi de base de donnée pour la réalisation des différentes étapes de l’identification. Les essais EXP2 contenant des essais de rochet après déformation imposée.Ils sont réalisés dans le cadre de cette étude et permettent l’étude de l’effet de la pré déformation sur le phénomène de rochet. L’identification des paramètres est faite‘’automatiquement’’ avec une méthode d’optimisation en utilisant des bases de données à complexité croissante. Les paramètres identifiés sont ensuite injectés dans des simulations qui seront superposées avec les courbes expérimentales. L’ensemble des simulations est fait avec le code de calcul Zébulon avec le choix du modèle de Chaboche. Les résultats obtenus montrent l’effet de la pré déformation sur le rochet selon les histoires, les mêmes conditions à contraintes imposées peuvent mener à différents comportements cycliques : Elastique et adaptation plastique dans d’autre cas. La pré-déformation précédente peut également mener à l'anisotropie du matériau conduisant à un faible rochet sous traction compression avec une contrainte moyenne nulle !L'étude précise également l'importance de la base de données expérimentale utilisée pour l'identification de paramètres. Le choix des essais devrait étroitement être lié aux équations constitutives du modèle choisis . À savoir, la présence des essais à déformation imposée non proportionnelle peut être non appropriée si le modèle ne peut pas tenir compte explicitement d'un tel caractère. / This work has a first objective to point out the importance of the quality of the experimental data base used for the identification of the material parameters. For this goal,we will combine proportional and non proportional strain controlled as well as ratcheting tests to constitute different data bases. This work has also another objective related to an experimental study in order to see how previous strain controlled history may affect ratcheting. Such a situation may be encountered in different manufacturing processes. New tests were performed here where different strain controlled histories have been applied prior to tension-compression stress controlled tests. All tests considered here were carried out using tubular specimens made up of 304L stainless steel. In order to minimize the discrepancy of the material behavior, In this study, we consider two groups of stress/strain controlled experiments EXP1 and EXP2 performed on the 304L stainless steel. These tests have been conducted applying a sufficient number of cycles leading to the stabilization of thecyclic material response. The first set (EXP1) is taken from our previous works, it will be used in order to identify the parameters of Chaboche’s model with different combinations of strain and/or stress controlled tests. The second set (EXP2) is performed in this study; it includes tests composed of two sequences where strain controlled experiments are followed by ratcheting tests. The responses EXP2 will be simulated by Chaboche’s model with the different set of parameters identified with EXP1.The obtained results reveal the importance of such a role as according to the previous history, the same stress controlled conditions may lead to different cyclic behaviors: fully elastic in one case and plastic shakedown in anothercase. The previous pre-straining may also lead to the anisotropy of the material leading to slight ratcheting under tension-compression with zero mean stress! The study points out also the importance of the content of the experimental data base used for the parameters identification. The choice of the tests should be closely linked to the capabilities of the constitutive equations used. Namely, the presence of non proportional strain controlled tests may be not suitable if the model is not able to take into account explicitly such a character. Finally, in the industrial applications, the choice of the tests to be included for the identification process should also take into account the stress and strain states for the identification process should also take into account the stress and strain states applied to the considered components when such information is available.