This study discusses the importance of instruction in the ability to learn from texts. First learning through reading is defined, followed by the identificaction of the factors that determine this learning. It provides guidelines for the improvement uf such an ability. Finally, it gives i'deas about ways of conducting the student training, including exercising modalities and the program placement in the educational context. / El presente estudio discute la importancia de la instrucción en la capacidad para aprender el contenido de textos escritos. Al inicio se define el aprendizaje a través de la lectura para luego continuar con la identificación de los factores que condicionan este aprendizaje. Luego se suministra lineamientos para mejorar esa capacidad. Finalmente se aportan ideas acerca de cómo conducir el entrenamiento de los estudiantes, incluyendo las modalidades y su ubicación dentro del contexto educativo.

Cardinal Bessarion came from his native Byzantium and settled in Rome in the mid fifteenth century. He was a Basilian monk and, at the time, a Greek Archbishop. His cultural background was in the rationalist tradition of Greek theology. As the Byzantine Empire succumbed to the invading Turks he made it his mission to preserve as much of Greek cultural heritage as possible. Part of this mission was to set out for the Italians (or Latins as he called them) the teachings of Plato of which they had only scanty knowledge. His work in Calumniatorem Platonis was intended as a defence of Plato's teachings against the criticisms of the militant Aristotelian George of Trebizond. This thesis examines Bessarion's exposition of Plato's teachings in that work on a range of philosophical questions that were litmus tests of theological orthodoxy at the time. It argues that Bessarion's exposition of Plato is heavily interpreted through a prism of later commentaries and thinkers particularly the Neo-Platonists. It shows how these interpretations and Bessarion's use of his sources is determined by his aim of showing that Plato's philosophy was closer to Christian orthodoxy than Aristotle's and, therefore, provided a firmer philosophical base than the prevailing Aristotelianism.

The theme of this thesis writen in french is one of the ways of referring in the text called cataphora. Firstly, the work deals begin with the theoretical part, which contains the theory of text linguistics because of a close connection with the analyzed phenomenon. Then, the cataphora term is defined on the basis of literature and later analyzed in the selected corpus of journalistic texts.

No description available.

This thesis examines the issue of environmentalism through a study of the construction of the environment or the 'natural world' in contemporary society. It tackles the issue through a close analysis of a selection of material which engages with the environment in different ways. This material has been selected in order to identify methods of organisation and strategies of argument which are present across a range of texts and also to investigate the way in which environmentalism is entwined with other issues in society, such as science, feminism and consumerism. After exploring theories of discourse in the work of Raymond Williams, Claude Levi-Strauss, Roland Barthes and Judith Williamson, a framework of analysis is worked out. This is then used and modified in an examination of how representations of the environment feature in advertisements, eco-feminist texts and popular scientific discourse, and the way in which they become the focus of various discursive practices and techniques.

Le corpus d’autoportraits photographiques allant des années 1970 aux années 2010 permet de constater trois invariants dans la façon dont les artistes se présentent : la mascarade, la nudité, et la textualité. Chacune de ces thématiques interagit avec les questions plus larges d’intime, d’extime et de politique, car mettre en jeu l’image intime de soi dans son art a souvent pour but d’accentuer ses prises de positions sur le monde. Une partie des artistes obscurcissent leur identité et se représentent dans une mascarade totale ou partielle qui interroge la valeur du masque. Le choix du masque, ainsi que l’espace sensible pour le spectateur entre le visage et le masque, révèlent paradoxalement certains aspects de l’identité, comme Cindy Sherman dont l’apparence reste floue malgré des centaines d’autoportraits mais dont les politiques de réécriture subversive des stéréotypes de représentation sont bien connues. Si la mascarade dans l’autoportrait semble mettre à distance la possibilité même de l’intime, l’autoportrait nu donne l’impression d’une révélation absolue de l’intime, qui devient extime du fait de son partage avec le public et des échanges que ce partage permet. Là encore, l’artiste qui dénude son corps est bien dans l’action politique lorsqu’il met à mal des normes et des tabous sociaux, comme l’interdiction de mettre en images et en mots son désir et sa sexualité. Une profondeur nouvelle dans l’extimisation de l’intime est atteinte lorsque le photographe associe des textes à son autoportrait. Pourtant, les artistes évitent la tautologie, écrivant au contraire en regard de leurs autoportraits des textes qui se les révèlent en se permettant toutes les libertés textuelles, allant de l’autobiographie parfois fictionnelle au poème, du journal intime au manifeste politique. Il s’agit de s’interroger sur le paradoxe de l’art intime : pourquoi se risquer à l’aporie de l’art intime qui se détruit en s’accomplissant lorsque l’artiste se représente justement par ce qui lui est le plus douloureux et le plus secret à partager ? Surmonter la douleur de l’art intime est au cœur de la politique d’une telle démarche. / The corpus of photographic self-portraits from the 1970s to the 2010s highlights three invariants in the ways artists present themselves : they use masquerade, nudity or add texts to their self-portraits. Each of these themes interacts with the larger issues of intimacy, extimacy, and politics, as using one’s intimate image in one’s art often emphasizes one’s views on the world. Some artists obfuscate their identity and present themselves in a total or partial masquerade that questions the value of the mask. Its choice, as well as the perceptible space between mask and face, paradoxically reveal aspects of the artist’s identity, as does Cindy Sherman whose appearance is eventually blurred by the hundreds of self-portraits, but whose politics of rewriting society’s representational stereotypes is well-known. If the masquerading self-portrait seems to diffuse the very possibility of intimacy, the nude self-portrait give the impression of a total revelation of intimacy, so much so that it become extimacy when it is shared with the public and allows a conversation to take place. Here too, artists who reveal their own bodies are political, because they refuse social norms and taboos such as the interdiction to picture one’s own desire and sexuality. A new depth in the extimisation of intimacy happens when the photographer associates texts to his self-portraits. However, artists are seldom tautological: on the contrary they reveal themselves through texts that make use of every freedom, from autobiography to fiction and poem, from diary to political manifesto. The point is to question the paradox of intimate art: why risk the aporia of intimate art, which destroys itself to happen when the artist shares his pain and his secret? Overcoming the pain of intimate art is at the heart of the politics of such a process.

Athanasius’ three letters to Serapion were the first comprehensive writings to discuss the divinity of the Holy Spirit. The letter written by Serapion bishop of Thmuis to Athanasius asked him how to deal with a group in the Nile Delta, the Tropici, who denied the deity of the Holy Spirit. Athanasius was in his third exile when he received Serapion’s request. The letters are replete with biblical references in order to support his defense of the divinity of the Holy Spirit. Particularly prominent are the Johannine texts; the Gospel of John and 1 John are cited more than ninety times. This dissertation demonstrates Athanasius’ reliance on John’s writings for the composition of his Letters to Serapion, as well as provides a preliminary exploration of the links between John and Athanasius’ pneumatology. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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The English language is widely used throughout the world and has become a core subject in many countries, especially for students in the upper elementary classroom. While textbooks have been the preferred EFL teaching method for a long time, this belief has seemingly changed within the last few years. Therefore, this study looks at what prior research says about the use of authentic texts in the EFL upper elementary classroom with an aim to answer research questions on how teachers can work with authentic texts, what the potential benefits of using authentic texts are and what teachers and students say about the use of authentic texts in the EFL classroom. While this thesis is written from a Swedish perspective, it is recognized that many countries teach EFL. Therefore, international results have also been taken into consideration and seven previous research studies have been analyzed in order to gain a better understanding of the use of authentic texts in the EFL classroom. Results indicate that the use of authentic texts is beneficial in teaching EFL. However, many teachers are still reluctant to use these, mainly because of time constraints and the belief that such texts are too difficult for their students. Since these findings are mainly focused on areas outside of Sweden, additional research is needed before conclusions can be drawn on the use of authentic texts in the Swedish upper elementary EFL classroom. / <p>Engelska</p>

À partir des premiers corpus funéraires de l’Égypte ancienne (Textes des Pyramides et Textes des Sarcophages), cette étude propose une nouvelle approche de la conception de la personne dans la pensée égyptienne, par le truchement de la notion de corps. De fait, parmi l’ensemble des éléments connus pour composer la personne (le ka, le ba, le ib, le nom, l’ombre…), le corps est le seul à pouvoir être désigné par différents termes, à savoir Haw, XA.t ou D.t. Ceci implique donc que le corps connaît plusieurs états, chacun entretenant des relations distinctes avec l’un ou l’autre des composants de la personne. Celle-ci n’étant pas considérée comme une somme d’éléments constants dans le temps et dans l’espace, l’étude de la notion de corps et de ses différents aspects permet ainsi d’appréhender la personne dans sa globalité, qu’il s’agisse de celle de l’homme ou des dieux. Dans cette perspective, l’intérêt des textes funéraires considérés est de présenter la personne du défunt, évoquant ainsi à la fois ses caractéristiques terrestres et divines. Cette recherche est envisagée selon deux axes, avec dans un premier temps une analyse lexicographique des termes Haw, XA.t et D.t. Une seconde partie est ensuite consacrée à l’analyse anthropologique, visant à détailler le système de représentation de la personne en déterminant les différences entre la personne humaine ou divine, mais également à travers les transformations subies par le défunt. / Founded on the early funerary literature of Ancient Egypt (Pyramids Texts and Coffin Texts), this research intend to offer a new approach on the concept of person in the egyptian thinking through the notion of body. Indeed, among all the components of the person (ka, ba, ib, name, shadow…), the body is the only one which can be designated by different words, namely Haw, XA.t or D.t. therefore, it suggests that the body can have different states of being, each one having distinctive relationships with one or the other element. As the person is not considered as a sum of different permanent components in time and space, the study of the notion of body and of its various aspects allow us to grasp the concept of person as a whole, in human context as well as divine. Thus, from this viewpoint, the interest of the funerary literature is to present the person of the deceased, with his characteristics of both kinds. This study is led in two ways, with first a lexicological analysis of the words Haw, XA.t and D.t. Then a second part presents the anthropological analysis, aiming at detail the system of representation of the person in the Egyptian way of thinking by defining the differences between human and divine person, and through the transformations endured by the deceased.