Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um diagnóstico sobre a situação do gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS) em hospitais do município de Ribeirão Preto-SP. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório e documental, desenvolvido em 11 hospitais do município, com a participação de 33 sujeitos (três participantes de cada hospital), respectivamente, nas funções de gestor, gerente de RSS e responsável pelo serviço de higiene e limpeza. A coleta de dados constou-se de: pesagem dos RSS, entrevistas, análise dos Planos de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (PGRSS) e observação em campo. Os dados foram compilados e analisados por meio da estatística descritiva. A coleta de dados foi iniciada após autorização dos hospitais, aprovação pelo CEP da EERP/USP e assinatura do TCLE pelos participantes da pesquisa. Os 11 hospitais incluídos no estudo apresentaram uma geração de 44.489,91 kg de RSS durante seis dias, com uma média diária de 7.414,98 kg/dia. Os dados obtidos revelaram uma geração de 29.846,08 kg (67,1%) de resíduos comuns (Grupo D); e, de 11.236,69 kg (25,3%) de resíduos infectantes (somando-se os Grupos A e E). No que se refere à análise dos PGRSS, somente o registro da segregação dos resíduos foi classificado como satisfatório. No conjunto, a maioria das categorias analisadas dos PGRSS foi considerada como insatisfatória, como os registros da identificação, transporte interno, armazenamento temporário, coleta e transporte externo. Em relação aos dados obtidos com as entrevistas, 7 (63,6%) gestores não souberam informar sobre os tipos de tratamento disponibilizados para os RSS; também no que se refere à gestão, 8 (72,7%) desses sujeitos afirmaram que os hospitais não apresentam dificuldades para cumprir a legislação específica sobre o gerenciamento dos RSS. Em relação aos gerentes de RSS, 10 (90,9%) afirmaram que os hospitais realizam a segregação dos RSS de acordo com a legislação; ressalta-se que 6 (54,5%) gerentes de RSS afirmaram ter vivenciado algum tipo de problema operacional durante o manejo dos RSS, como acúmulo de resíduos nos armazenamentos externos devido à ausência de coleta externa. Igualmente para a categoria de entrevistados relacionados aos responsáveis pelo serviço de higiene e limpeza, 7 (63,6%) afirmaram ter presenciado algum tipo de problema operacional durante o manejo dos RSS, como segregação inadequada dos resíduos. Por fim, os resultados obtidos com a observação mostraram que em 3 (27,3%) hospitais a coleta interna não possuía um fluxo definido. Conclui-se que apesar da existência da legislação federal brasileira (RDC n° 306/2004, da Anvisa e Res. n° 358/2005, do Conama) regulamentando as diretrizes para o gerenciamento dos RSS, verificou-se neste estudo inadequações relacionadas a esse processo. Neste estudo, portanto, revelou-se a necessidade de um maior comprometimento em relação aos RSS, principalmente dos gestores hospitalares e dos gerentes de RSS, oferecendo treinamentos periódicos a todas as categorias profissionais inseridas nos estabelecimentos de saúde, com programas de educação permanente, com vistas a fortalecer o conhecimento dos trabalhadores e a alcançar um manejo seguro e adequado dos RSS / This research aimed to perform a diagnosis of the situation of the Medical Waste (MW) management in hospitals in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. This is a descriptive, exploratory and documentary study, conducted in 11 hospitals in the city, with the participation of 33 subjects (three participants from each hospital), respectively, in the roles of manager, medical waste manager and in charge of the hygiene and cleaning services. The data collection were weighing of medical waste, interviews, analysis of MW Management Plans and field observation. Data were a descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Data collection was initiated after authorization of hospitals, approval by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, and signing of the informed consent by the participants. The 11 hospitals included in the study had a generation of 44489.91 kg/day of MW during six days, with a daily average of 7414.98 kg/day. The data revealed a generation of 29846.08 kg (67.1%) of common waste (Group D); and of 11236.69 kg (25.3%) of infectious waste, (adding the Groups A and E), 11236.69 kg (25.3%). As regards the analysis of MW Management Plans, only the record of waste segregation was rated satisfactory; most of the categories analyzed were considered unsatisfactory, such as the records of identification, internal transportation, temporary storage, collection and external transport. Regarding the data obtained through interviews, 7 (63.6%) managers could not inform about the types of treatment available for MW; also with regard to the management, 72.7% (8) of these subjects said that hospitals have no difficulties to fulfill the specific legislation on the management of MW. Regarding MW managers, 10 (90.9%) stated that hospitals perform the segregation of MW in accordance with the legislation; it is noteworthy that 6 (54.5%) managers reported having experienced some kind of operational problem during the handling of MW, such as waste accumulation in external storage due to lack of external collection. Also for the category of respondents responsible for cleaning and hygiene services, 7 (63.6%) reported to have seen some sort of operational problem during the handling of MW as inadequate segregation of waste. Finally, the results obtained in the observation showed that in 3 (27.3%) hospitals, the internal collection had not a defined flow. It is concluded that despite the existence of the Brazilian federal legislation (RDC n°306/2004 of ANVISA and Res n° 358/2005 of Conama) regulating guidelines for the medical waste management, it was found inadequacies related to this process. Therefore, this study reveals the need for a greater commitment towards MW, mainly of hospital managers and MW managers, providing periodic training to all professional categories of health facilities, with continuing education programs, in order to strengthen the knowledge of professionals and to achieve a safe and proper handling of MW

O crescimento da economia brasileira proporcionou uma intensificação na quantidade de obras de infraestrutura iniciadas no país nos últimos anos. A adoção e ampliação de estratégias utilizadas pelo governo para combater os efeitos da crise internacional sobre a economia e as obras necessárias ao país, em razão de eventos internacionais que acontecerão, como a Copa do Mundo de Futebol em 2014, e de programas como o Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), foram uma resposta às atuais necessidades do Brasil. Com essas inúmeras obras, houve um crescimento na geração dos resíduos da construção civil (RCC), o que fez com que autoridades, pesquisadores e a sociedade voltassem seus esforços para enfrentar as dificuldades de manejo e disposição final adequada desses resíduos. A ausência de políticas públicas que promovessem a fiscalização do gerenciamento desses resíduos, em relação aos geradores, provocava diversos impactos como, por exemplo, o surgimento de vários depósitos clandestinos nas áreas mais afastadas do perímetro urbano e gastos por parte da administração pública com modelos de gestão corretiva. Contudo, com a elaboração da Resolução CONAMA nº 307/2002 e da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, Decreto nº 7.404/2010 que regulamenta a Lei nº 12.305, ficou instituído que os geradores devem ser responsáveis pelos resíduos das atividades voltadas à construção civil, contemplando, assim, a minimização dos impactos causados ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Dessa forma, esse quadro de descaso com a situação dos resíduos começou a mudar. Com a intenção de contribuir com essa área de conhecimento, esta pesquisa teve como finalidade estudar a situação do sistema de gerenciamento de RCC de obras de grande porte, após a regulamentação da Resolução CONAMA nº 307/2002 e do Decreto nº 7.404/2010, que regulamenta a Lei nº 12.305, referente à Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo da situação da gestão e do gerenciamento dos RCC na demolição e construção da Arena Fonte Nova, em Salvador - BA, e na construção da Arena Pernambuco, em São Lourenço da Mata - PE, realizadas para a Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014, por meio de três etapas de estudo: análise das variáveis e indicadores locais; caracterização qualitativa dos resíduos; e, por fim, comparação do gerenciamento da obra com o preconizado em ambas as leis. Esta pesquisa utilizou metodologia de classificação qualitativa do RCC, por meio de observações e entrevistas de campo, com o objetivo de identificar e analisar sua gestão e seu gerenciamento nessas obras, e teve como principal importância ajudar as empresas construtoras de obras de grande porte a fazerem uma autoavaliação de sua gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos. Portanto, concluiu-se que as obras pesquisadas atendem às exigências das leis e que, para que haja um efetivo sistema de gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos da construção civil, deve-se influenciar a mudança cultural das pessoas, visando a efetiva compreensão e concordância das necessidades ambientais. / The Brazilian economy has provided an enhancement in the amount of infrastructure works initiated in the country in recent years. The adoption and expansion of strategies used by the government to combat the effects of global crisis on the economy and the works necessary for the country due to international events that will happen as the FIFA World Cup in 2014 and programs such as PAC (Program Growth Acceleration), were a response to the current needs of Brazil. With these numerous works, there was an increase in the generation of civil construction waste (CCW), which meant that the authorities, researchers and society return their efforts to face the difficulties of handling and final disposal of such waste. The absence of public policies that promote the monitoring of waste management in relation to generators, caused many impacts, for example, the emergence of several underground deposits in the areas furthest from the urban perimeter and spending by the public administration models corrective management. However, the drafting of the CONAMA Resolution 307/2002 and the National Policy on Solid Waste Decree 7.404/2010 which regulates Law 12,305, it was established that the generators should be responsible for waste from activities related to construction, encompassing thus minimizing the impacts to the environment and human health. Thus, this picture of neglect with the waste situation began to change. Intending to contribute to this area of knowledge, the present study was aimed to study the situation of the CCW management system for large works, after the implementation of Resolution CONAMA 307/2002 and Decree regulating 7.404/2010 Law 12,305, on the National Policy on Solid Waste. To that end, a study of the CCW management situation was conducted in the demolition and construction of the Arena Fonte Nova in Salvador - Bahia, and in the construction of the Arena Pernambuco in São Lourenço da Mata - PE, performed for the FIFA World Cup 2014, through three stages of study: analysis of variables and local indicators, qualitative characterization of the waste and, finally, comparing the CCW management as recommended in both laws. This research used the qualitative methodology of the CCW, through field observations and interviews, in order to identify and analyze the management of these same works and its main importance to help manufacturers of major works to make a self- evaluation of its management and solid waste management. Therefore,it was concluded that the works researched met the requirements of laws and that to have an effective management system of civil construction waste, must influence cultural change in the people, in order to enhance comprehension and compliance of environmental needs.

This essay examines sanitation workers who work with solid waste management and analyses their ability to create a sustainable livelihood based on livelihood assets and strategies. The study was undertaken in Babati, Tanzania and a qualitative method was applied, consisting of interviews and observations. The main findings were that sanitation workers employed four livelihood strategies, however, only two of these were sustainable and contributed towards a positive livelihood outcome. Multiple stresses were identified, such as low wages, inability to save money, unsafe work conditions, exposure to bacteria and other contaminants and no access to social services. Shocks were identified as work-related injuries resulting in extended time off work, wages being paid out late and sudden illness. This made the sanitation workers terms of employment in Babati almost equivalent to that of waste workers and waste pickers in the informal sector, despite being employed by the local government authorities. As a result, the workers were not able to attain a sustainable livelihood and the livelihood outcome appear to be a vicious cycle of debt and vulnerability. A key characteristic for this study is its examination of Tanzania’s political context and institutional framework as important factors that affect the sanitation workers’ resource base and strategies as well as their exposure to vulnerabilities.

The great amount of generated data from IoT infrastructures in Smart Cities, if properly leveraged, presents the opportunity to shift towards more sustainable practices in rapidly increasing urban areas. Reasoning upon this data in a proactive way, by avoiding unwanted future events before they occur, leads to more efficient services. For a system to do so, a robust reasoning model, able to anticipate upcoming events and pick the most suitable adaptation option is needed. Recently deployed smart waste management systems for monitoring and planning purposes report substantial cost-savings and carbon footprint reductions, however, such systems can be further enhanced by integrating proactive capabilities. This work proposes a novel reasoning model and system architecture called ProAdaWM for more effective and efficient waste operations when faced with severe weather events. A Bayesian Network and Utility Theory, as the basis of Decision Theory, are utilized to model the uncertainties and handle how the system adapts; the proposed model utilizes weather information and data from bin level sensor for reasoning. The approach is validated through the implementation of a prototype and the conduction of a case study; the results demonstrate the expected behavior.

<p>This paper reports on environmental impacts and health hazards as a result from inadequate management of organic household waste in developing countries. It gives details of water and soil contamination, air pollution and spread of diseases through expanding breeding grounds for pathogens, vectors and rodents. To manage this waste flow sustainably, decentralised composting and anaerobic digestions technologies have been studied to give an overall picture of existing appropriate technologies, including: windrow, box/bin/barrel, THM, aerated static pile, in-vessel, vermi, ARTI compact biogas digester and BARC’S NISARG-RUNA. Comparing different technologies showed that it is crucial to consider local conditions and markets when choosing which method to implement. However, the manual composting methods: windrow/box/bin/barrel, THM and vermi, are more likely to be appropriate in regard to current conditions in developing countries. A comparison between the environmental impacts of anaerobic digestion and composting did not result in a clear indication of which technology is most favourable. However, in the literature studied, biogas production showed an overall better energy balance, and composting a better result regarding nutrient recycling and xenobiotic compounds. In terms of the mitigation effect on global warming, the results varied essentially depending on the technology used and its loss of methane during the biogas production process. Finally, this paper investigates common constraints for implementation of the above-mentioned technologies, as well as recommendations for future projects. The study of general constraints revealed the need for directing attention to education, key consequences and benefits, co-operation, exchange of knowledge and bottom-up driving forces, for sustainable and successful implementation of organic household waste management practices in developing countries.</p>

This paper reports on environmental impacts and health hazards as a result from inadequate management of organic household waste in developing countries. It gives details of water and soil contamination, air pollution and spread of diseases through expanding breeding grounds for pathogens, vectors and rodents. To manage this waste flow sustainably, decentralised composting and anaerobic digestions technologies have been studied to give an overall picture of existing appropriate technologies, including: windrow, box/bin/barrel, THM, aerated static pile, in-vessel, vermi, ARTI compact biogas digester and BARC’S NISARG-RUNA. Comparing different technologies showed that it is crucial to consider local conditions and markets when choosing which method to implement. However, the manual composting methods: windrow/box/bin/barrel, THM and vermi, are more likely to be appropriate in regard to current conditions in developing countries. A comparison between the environmental impacts of anaerobic digestion and composting did not result in a clear indication of which technology is most favourable. However, in the literature studied, biogas production showed an overall better energy balance, and composting a better result regarding nutrient recycling and xenobiotic compounds. In terms of the mitigation effect on global warming, the results varied essentially depending on the technology used and its loss of methane during the biogas production process. Finally, this paper investigates common constraints for implementation of the above-mentioned technologies, as well as recommendations for future projects. The study of general constraints revealed the need for directing attention to education, key consequences and benefits, co-operation, exchange of knowledge and bottom-up driving forces, for sustainable and successful implementation of organic household waste management practices in developing countries.

No description available.

No description available.

The Environmental Protection Administration of Executive Yuan has been promoting the environmental protection policy for years, hoping to achieve the goal of ¡§zero waste¡¨ and meet the international environmental standard by executing source minimization and resource recycling. The study aims to investigate the causality between the disbursement incurred from waste management and the effectiveness of control measures of the 22 Taiwan¡¦s administrative regions from 2001 to 2010; variables of the examination are, disbursement incurred from waste management , disposal or treatment rate of municipal waste, and recycling rate of enforcement authority. After the gathering of data, the Granger test is conducted to determine the causality. Given that the data of disbursement incurred from waste management is hard to gather and the details of the actual disbursement of the evaluation indices are impossible to separate, the study postulates that, with consideration of the consistency and continuity of the budgeting process and the massive accident, all the disbursement incurred from waste management is used for the said purpose. The result of the empirical research indicates that disposal or treatment rate of municipal waste and disbursement incurred from waste management are not causally related. In the Granger test, the correlation between disbursement incurred from waste management and recycling rate of enforcement authority are significant at the 0.01 level; the correlation between recycling rate of enforcement authority and disbursement incurred from waste management are significant at the 0.1 level. Therefore, the ¡§Zero Waste¡¨ and ¡§source minimization and resource recycling¡¨ policy promoted by the Administration is effective in reducing the disbursement incurred from waste management. If we adhere to the environmental policy, we can not only improve the environmental health and life quality, but also be able to reduce the expense of waste management and invest the resource on other departments to achieve the effect of protecting the environment while maintaining economic growth.

This study deals with a municipal solid waste management system in which the strategic and tactical decisions are addressed simultaneously. In the system, the number and locations of the transfer facilities which serve to the particular solid waste pick-up points and the landfill are determined. Additionally, routing plans are constructed for the vehicles which collect the solid waste from the pick-up points by regarding the load capacity of the vehicles and shift time restrictions. We formulate this reverse logistics system as a location-routing problem with two facility layers. Mathematical models of the problem are presented, and an iterative capacitated-k-medoids clustering-based heuristic method is proposed for the solution of the problem. Also, a sequential clustering-based heuristic method is presented as a benchmark to the iterative method. Computational studies are performed for both methods on the problem instances including up to 1000 pick-up points, 5 alternative transfer facility sites, and 25 vehicles. The results obtained show that the iterative clustering-based method developed achieves considerable improvement over the sequential clustering-based method.