The purpose of this work is to analyze waste management act of law, which based on, the waste will be managed by economy subjects. Those subjects have to prepare the documents needed to realize waste management work. At first part of this work we are observing principles and priorities of waste management and trying to introduce with the act of law which regulates trash management in EU. Then I’m presenting the rules which are valid and which regulates waste management in Lithuania. Also I’m observing main requirements which are related with waste management (law of waste management, state strategic waste management plan and act of law of waste management). Indicating separates waste streams law and principles. In the second part I’m introducing conception of method. Observing method principles of preparation of maintaining documents. Researching law which indirectly influencing preparing waste management documents and analyzing method preparation of it. Also I’m observing law, which have directly influence to preparation of waste documents. Analyzing is it difficult to prepare documents for waste management and how to full fill forms which are present in the law.

The informal sector is described as groups of persons who act in parallel to official waste management systems without official authorisation. Such informal activities can result in risks as well as benefits both to the environment and involved stakeholders, which explains the continuing lively discussions in politics, science and society. Transhipments of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are increasingly focused in Germany. In addition to informal exports via the port of Hamburg to countries such as China, Ghana or Nigeria, informal transports to Eastern European countries have been recognised for decades. This paper describes investigations regarding the characteristics, transhipped amounts as well as the eco-efficiency of informal sector activities originating from Eastern European countries, while thereby highlighting transhipments of used appliances to destination countries and a corresponding sale for reuse. Investigations reveal that a majority of informal collectors originate from Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania and are recognised across Germany. A high WEEE specialisation was determined, whereby average annual transhipped amounts are estimated at 77,000 tons. Collected materials are transhipped and partially sold for reuse. A case study considers the example of Polish informal collectors. The ratio between economic and environmental performance reveal that informal sector reuse activities in Poland achieve a higher environmentally sound performance in comparison to further usage of appliances under consideration. The informal collection of a television in Germany (and subsequent reuse in Poland) causes 8.34 kg less specific CO2 emissions per spend-costs (€) than the production, usage and further use in Poland. Conversely, a further use of a television in Germany only results in 2.2 kg less CO2 emissions per spend-costs (€). These results demonstrate that reuse as a result of informal sector activities can have a positive effect. Future electrical and electronic products available for reuse will have lower energy consumptions. A positive contribution to resource protection is thereby achieved while extending already short life cycles. Taking into account a dependency on collections with respect to their income, a pure ban of informal sector activities would therefore be socially counterproductive. A structured and controlled accomplishment of informal collection processes would open up new opportunities to enlarge the (already existing) concept of reuse at an international level.

Thesis (M.P.H.M. (Primary Health Care Management))--Mahidol University, 2008. / LICL has E-Thesis 0039 ; please contact computer services.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to address the need for sustainable development within waste management. It explores how sustainability can be assessed and used as the basis for high level decision making within waste management. Stellenbosch University (SU) was used as a case study to demonstrate how information can be gathered and used for decision support. The literature reviewed, showed a wide area of focus within which sustainability is defined and how businesses and organisations shift towards a model of corporate responsibility. The concept of sustainability was then presented within waste management. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), were presented as management tools that could facilitate the assessment and decision making process within a sustainable waste management framework. The two management tools, Sustainable Life Cycle Analysis (SLCA) and Analytical Hierarchal Process (AHP) (branches of LCA and MCDA respectively), were used to develop a framework to be applied to SU Waste Management System. By integrating the two tools, a framework was established that could measure the sustainability of current waste management practices and provide a decision support tool. The framework was validated by applying it to the Stellenbosch University waste system. The framework that was developed delivered a set of sustainable results from which decision makers could base policy decisions. The framework then facilitated the decision making process and a sustainable waste management policy was selected. The application modelled the decision makers preferences and resulted in a policy being selected which favoured high levels of recycling and waste prevention. The results represented an approach which, when compared to the current practice, was more expensive but more environmentally friendly and socially acceptable. The findings provide an exciting basis for future research, where decisions are based on sustainable principles. The framework has potential to be expanded into other areas of management and is not limited to a university environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die behoefte aan volhoubare ontwikkeling binne afvalbestuur aan te spreek. Die tesis ondersoek hoe die volhoubaarheid in afvalbestuur bepaal kan word, en hoe dit dan gebruik kan word as basis vir beleid besluitneming binne afvalbestuur. Die Universiteit Stellenbosch (US) is as ’n gevallestudie gebruik om te demonstreer hoe inligting versamel kan word en as ondersteuning vir beleidbesluitneming gebruik kan word. Die literatuurstudie dek ’n wye veld waarbinne daar op volhoubaarheid gefokus word. Dit wys ook hoe maatskappye en organisasies na ’n model van korporatiewe verantwoordelikheid beweeg. Die konsep van volhoubaarheid word dan binne die mileu van afvalbestuur aangebied. Die Lewenssiklus Assesering (LSA) en Multi-Kriteria Besluitnemings Analise (MKBA) wat gebruik is, kan dien as bestuur hulpmiddel om die assessering van, en besluitneming binne ’n volhoubare afvalbestuur te vergemaklik. Vanuit die twee hulpmiddels, is Volhoubare Lewens Siklus Analise (VLSA) en Analitiese Hierargiese Proses (AHP), gebruik om ’n raamwerk te ontwikkel wat toegepas is op die US. Deur die twee hulpmiddels te integreer kan ’n raamwerk geskep word wat die volhoubaarheid van die huidige afvalbestuur praktyke en wat kan dien as ‘n ondersteunende hulpmiddel met die besluitnemingsprosesse. Die waardasie van die raamwerk wat ontwikkel was, het ‘n stel volhoubare resultate opgelewer, wat besluitnemers gebruik het om hul beleidsbesluite op te baseer. Die besluitnemers se voorkeure is gebaseer op die bevindinge van die VLSA en het bepaal watter beleid gekies is. Die bevindinge het ’n duurder, maar meer omgewingsvriendelike en sosiaal aanvaarbare beleid verteenwoordig. Hierdie bevindinge bied ’n opwindende basis vir toekomstige navorsingwerk, waar besluitneming op volhoubare beginsels gebaseer is. Die raamwerk het potensiaal vir uitbreiding na ander gebiede van bestuur en is nie beperk tot ’n universiteitsomgewing nie.

Apesar dos impactos ambientais ocasionados pela poluição e acidentes químicos, constata-se que algumas organizações ainda investem pouco na prevenção, redução ou eliminação de seus resíduos. Em algumas Instituições de Ensino e Pesquisa (IES) do Brasil, não é incomum o manejo inadequado dos resíduos perigosos gerados em laboratórios de ensino e pesquisa, aumentando tais riscos. Para minimizar ou eliminar tais riscos, há que se realizarem investimentos em processos tecnológicos de tratamento e na seleção de métodos adequados ao gerenciamento. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi modelar um Sistema de Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduos Perigosos e validá-lo através de sua aplicação em estudo piloto nos laboratórios dos Institutos de Química e Biologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa empírica e exploratória foi realizada através de revisão bibliográfica e coleta de dados sobre o estado da arte no gerenciamento de resíduos em algumas IES nacionais e internacionais, seguido da seleção do sistema adequado a ser modelado e aplicado nestes contextos. O trabalho de campo consistiu na coleta de dados através de observação direta e aplicação de questionário junto aos responsáveis pelos laboratórios. As etapas do estudo foram: levantamento das instalações dos laboratórios; observação do manejo e geração dos resíduos; elaboração do banco de dados; análise qualitativa e quantitativa dos dados; modelagem do Sistema de Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduos Perigosos SIGIRPE; implantação do modelo; apresentação e avaliação dos resultados; elaboração do manual para uso do sistema. O monitoramento quantitativo de resíduos foi feito através de ferramentas do sistema para a sua análise temporal. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram conhecer a dinâmica e os problemas existentes nos laboratórios, bem como verificar a potencialidade do modelo. Conclui-se que o SIGIRPE pode ser aplicado a outros contextos desde que seja adequado para tal fim. É imprescindível ter uma estrutura institucional que elabore o Plano de Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduos e viabilize sua implementação. A universidade, enquanto formadora dos futuros profissionais, é um lócus privilegiado na construção e disseminação do conhecimento, tendo o dever de realizar boas práticas no trato das questões ambientais, em particular, com relação aos resíduos. Assim, elas devem estabelecer entre suas estratégias de ação, a inclusão de políticas ambientais em seus campi, onde a Educação Ambiental deve ser permanente. Espera-se que este trabalho contribua com o planejamento e o gerenciamento dos resíduos perigosos gerados em laboratórios e com as mudanças necessárias rumo à sustentabilidade ambiental. O SIGIRPE foi elaborado e testado, mas não foi possível verificar sua aplicação por outros usuários. É o que se espera com a continuidade desta pesquisa e no desenvolvimento de futuros trabalhos, tais como: teste do sistema em hospitais, laboratórios, clínicas; estudar outras aplicações na área de segurança química de laboratórios através da inclusão de roteiro de transporte interno de resíduos, rotas de fuga, mapas de risco, localização de equipamentos de proteção individual e coletiva; demonstrar a potencialidade de uso do sistema e sensibilizar os segmentos envolvidos através de palestras, mini-cursos e outras estratégias de informação em revistas científicas especializadas. / Despite the environmental impacts caused by pollution and chemical accidents, it is noticed that some organizations still invest little in prevention, reduction or elimination of their generation source. In some Educational and Research Institutions in Brazil can occur the improper management of hazardous waste generated in laboratories, wich increases risks. To minimize or eliminate the risks, investments in technological processes of treatment and selection of appropriate management are necessary. The objective of this research was to model an Integrated Management System of Hazardous Wastes and validate it through its application in a pilot study at laboratories of Chemistry and Biology Institutes at Rio de Janeiro State University. The empirical and exploratory research was conducted through literature review and data collection on the state of the art of waste management in some national and international Educational and Research Institutions, followed by selection of appropriate system to be modeled and applied in these contexts. The fieldwork consisted of collecting data through direct observation and a questionnaire for laboratories heads. The study steps were: laboratory facilities survey, observation of waste generation and management, database development, qualitative and quantitative analysis of data, modeling of the Integrated Management System Hazardous Waste - SIGIRPE, model implantation, presentation and evaluation of results; manual elaboration for system use. The waste quantitative monitoring is done through tools system to its temporal analyses. The survey results allowed to know the laboratories dynamics and problems, as well as verifying the model potentiality. It was concluded that SIGIRPE can be applied to other contexts since is suitable for this purpose. It is essential to have an institutional structure that develops the Integrated Waste Management Plan and enables its implementation. The university wich prepares future professionals, is a privileged place in the construction and dissemination of knowledge, having the duty to carry out good practices in dealing of environmental issues, specially concerning waste. Thus, they should set among their action strategies, the inclusion of environmental policies in their campi, where environmental education should be permanent. It is expected that this work contributes to the planning and management of hazardous waste generated at laboratories and to the necessary changes towards environmental sustainability. The SIGIRPE was developed and tested, but it wasnt possible to verify its implementation by other users. That is what is expected by the continuity of this research and in the development of future work, such as: system test in hospitals, laboratories and clinics; studying other applications in chemical safety area of laboratories through the inclusion of internal itinerary of waste transport, escape routes, the risk map, location of equipment of personal and collective protective; demonstrating the potentiality of the system use and sensitize the involved segments through speeches, short courses and other strategies of information in specialized journals.

A contínua expansão populacional, aliada à concentração urbana e ao consumo exacerbado, causa problemas para as gerações atual e futura. À medida que o consumo cresce, aumentam o descarte dos resíduos sólidos e as dificuldades para administrá-lo. Tais resíduos, segundo as legislações vigentes, são tutelados pelo município e devem ser gerenciados adequadamente, com propostas efetivas de redução da geração, reciclagem e destinação final. De outra forma, agentes degradadores comprometem o meio ambiente e a vida útil dos aterros sanitários. Diante desse problema, o objetivo da pesquisa foi um estudo participativo propondo a implantação de diretrizes sustentáveis para gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos em municípios de pequeno porte: uma pesquisa-ação em Alagoa Grande - PB. A metodologia envolveu a gestão pública e a comunidade. O estudo iniciou pela segregação dos resíduos orgânicos, na fonte geradora, para reciclagem pela compostagem e a coleta seletiva solidária e voluntária dos resíduos domésticos. A proposta de implantação da gestão dos resíduos sólidos em equipamentos públicos deu-se nas escolas, nos serviços de saúde, nos órgãos da administração, definindo-os como Ecopontos (composteiras e baias), e buscou praticar a coleta seletiva solidária, considerando desde a geração de resíduos até a sua destinação final. A coleta seletiva voluntária atendeu aos demais geradores em seus domicílios e equipamentos particulares. Foram utilizados instrumentos da educação ambiental, como oficinas de compostagem; seminários sobre coleta seletiva para capacitação dos gestores municipais e multiplicadores; tendo sido institucionalizados grupos de sustentação, os Atores da Sustentabilidade Ambiental – ASA – e fortalecida a promoção da saúde comunitária por intermédio dos Agentes de Saúde – AS. Contribuiu-se, também, para a implantação da associação de catadores SOLUZ, com programas de capacitação a seus membros, assim como para a criação da Lei Municipal nº 1.177/2012 e, ainda, para o estabelecimento de um ciclo de capacitação para os funcionários da infraestrutura e do apoio logístico municipal. Ao final do estudo, foi possível definir uma proposta à implantação de diretrizes sustentáveis em sistemas de gestão de resíduos sólidos, em municípios de pequeno porte. A educação ambiental foi a diretriz orientadora da mudança de hábitos de multiplicadores voltados para a segregação dos recicláveis orgânicos e inorgânicos e reciclagem. Nos órgãos públicos, os recicláveis orgânicos foram destinados para composteiras construídas com materiais descartados; e os inorgânicos, para as baias dos Ecopontos georreferenciados. Esses foram identificados em mapas de rotas da coleta seletiva solidária urbana monitorada e avaliados por processos educativos e relatórios de registro. Os mapas das rotas da coleta seletiva voluntária georrefenciadas nas zonas urbana e rural foram definidos por meio dos arruamentos dos domicílios. Os resultados da pesquisa-ação foram as ações desenvolvidas a partir da proposta de implantação. Elaborou-se, ao final, o planejamento da proposta de implantação da coleta seletiva voluntária, com o estudo do procedimento de monitoramento e avaliação também motivacional, e foi criado um protocolo modelo para elaboração e implantação de um Plano Municipal de Resíduos Sólidos com Diretrizes Sustentáveis para municípios de pequeno porte. / Global human population growth associated to urban concentration and consumerism have been causing damages to the environment as well as several issues for current and future generations: as consumption increases, solid wastes increase too, creating a wide array of issues relating its management. Today, in Brazil, according to the current laws, the government has the primary responsibility to manage solid wastes, and it should be handled with effective public policies in order to reduce generation, thus encouraging recycling and reuse, and finally, providing an adequate disposition to it. Otherwise degrading agents endanger the environment and the useful life of landfills. Therefore, this study aims to - by means of participatory study - implement sustainable guidelines for integrated solid waste management in small towns: action research in Alagoa Grande town, in the state of Paraíba - Northeast Region of Brazil. For that, the method applied have involved public administration and community. The study have began with the segregation of organic waste in its generating source, recycling and composting - solidarity and voluntary - selective gathering of household waste. The proposed implementation of solid waste management in public facilities: schools, health services, the management bodies, defining them as Ecopontos (composters and bays), sought to practice solidarity selective gathering, from its generating source to its final destination. Voluntary selective gathering met the other generators in its homes and personal equipment. On this research, we have used several ways of environmental education such as: workshops; seminars - about selective gathering intending to raise awareness on our govern representatives, multipliers and teams of sustainability - actors of environmental sustainability (in Portuguese ASA), and; promotion and strengthen of community health care by the Health agents (in Portuguese AS). Also, we have contributed for implementing the Association of Collectors, named SOLUZ, providing educational and capacity building programs, and writing the municipal bill nº. 1.177/2012, as well as an establishing the capacity cycle for the staff in the country, and also providing logistics support. We pointed out that environmental education was the main guideline, which leads to changing habits of multipliers on waste segregation and recycling. Public institutions usually sent organic recycling materials to composters, and inorganic materials, sent to bays from eco-dots geo-referenced. Ecopontos were identified in route maps from urban voluntary selective gathering - monitored and evaluated by motivational and educational processes and reports. The results of action research was the implementation of the proposed conduct; the planning of voluntary selective gathering, the studying and monitoring of the entire process and peridoci motivational assessment. At the end, it was created a model protocol to elaborate and drive the municipal plan of solid waste management, with sustainable guidelines for small towns.

The production and consumption of today generates huge amounts of waste, and due to the increasing living standards the amount will continue to increase. The waste leads to large environmental impacts due to pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases, as well as the depletion of raw materials. This study aimed to investigate how sustainability through circular economy can drive the development towards reducing the packaging waste in a company. The ambition was to identify possible actions that could be implemented in order to decrease the amount of combustible waste and the entailed environmental impact. A case study was performed at Volvo Group Trucks Operations assembly plant in Tuve in Gothenburg. The initial part of the study consisted of a literature review and was followed by the empirical study where interviews and observations were conducted in order to investigate what actions that could reduce the packaging waste. The data was analysed and one action was selected to be further investigated, and calculations of its environmental and economic aspects are performed. Three different types of inner packaging of LDPE (Low Density Polyethelen) plastics were selected, and the calculations showed that the reduction of CO2-emissions amounts to as much as 6.3 tonnes per year and cost savings of 11 000 SEK per year when reusing the inner packaging. These savings indicate that it is profitable to return the packaging to the supplier if it is located closer than 10 200 - 16 600 km to the site. The managerial implications of implementing a returnable packaging system are the cost savings and the reduction of environmental impacts. / Produktioner och konsumtion genererar idag stora mängder avfall och på grund av den ökande levnadsstandarden fortsätter mängden avfall att öka. Avfallet leder till stor miljöpåverkan på grund av föroreningar och växthusgasutsläpp, liksom uttömning av råmaterial. Denna studien syftade till att undersöka hur hållbarhet genom cirkulär ekonomi kan driva utvecklingen mot att minska förpackningsavfallet i ett företag. Ambitionen var att identifiera möjliga förslag som skulle kunna implementeras för att minska mängden av brännbart avfall och därmed den miljöpåverkan som följer. En fallstudie utfördes på Volvo Group Trucks Operations monteringsanläggning i Tuve i Göteborg. Den inledande delen i arbetet bestod av en litteraturstudie som följdes av en empirisk studie, där intervjuer och observationer utfördes för att undersöka vilka förslag som skulle kunna minska förpackningsavfall. Datan analyserades och ett förslag valdes ut för att undersökas vidare genom beräkningar för dess miljömässiga och ekonomiska aspekter. Tre olika typer av inneremballage av LDPE-plast valdes ut och beräkningarna visade att reduceringen av CO2-utsläpp uppgick till 6,3 ton per år och kostnadsbesparingarna till 11 000 SEK per år då inneremballage återanvänds. Dessa besparingar indikerar att det är lönsamt att returnera förpackningar till leverantören om den är belägen närmare än 10 200- 16 600 km från fabriken. Incitament för företag att implementera ett retursystem är de minskade kostnaderna samt den minskade miljöpåverkan.

Solid waste management in the less developed countries: how to overcome present difficulties and to obtain benefits?The study of urban waste management in less developed countries permits us to put into evidence different systems. Each of these has its own logic, but they are strongly inter weaved. Their «modelization» (that is, their simplification), which we propose to do in this paper, looks to illuminate the principal characteristics of a very complex reality. We propose to observe three systems that respond to both geographic and historic logics. They refer to «self management» of the «public management» and of the «shared management». These three systems are imbricated to allow the management of waste in a city such as Lima (Perú), finally building a «compound system».Following the example of the management of solid waste in the Northern countries, most part of the public policies of the South cities look for technically modernize the management of their waste. The hypothesis of this text is that this strategy builds strong inequalities in such cities, related to the quality of service, because they do not have the resources to put them into functioning in all their territories. On the contrary, some experiences, even minor, look for taking advantage of the present condition, taking in account the best way of the different dimensions of sustainable development, by using the strong practice points of certain populations, such as the recyclers. This voluntarist adaptation should, however, make malabar with the different population vulnerabilities, designed to a progressive attenuation. / El estudio de la gestión de los residuos en las ciudades de los países en desarrollo permite poner en evidencia diferentes sistemas. Cada uno de ellos tiene su propia lógica, pero se encuentran muy entrelazados. Su «modelización» (es decir, su simplificación), cosa que nos proponemos hacer en este artículo, busca iluminar las principales características de una realidad muy compleja. Podemos observar tres sistemas que responden a lógicas, a la vez geográficas e históricas: la «autogestión», de la «gestión pública» y de la «gestión compartida». Estos tres sistemas se imbrican para permitir gestionar los residuos en una ciudad como Lima (Perú), construyendo finalmente un «sistema compuesto».Siguiendo el ejemplo de la gestión de los residuos sólidos en los países del Norte, la mayor parte de las políticas públicas de las ciudades del Sur buscan modernizar técnicamente la gestión de sus residuos. La hipótesis del presente texto es que esta estrategia construye fuertes desigualdades en dichas ciudades en lo que respecta a la calidad del servicio, puesto que no tienen los medios para ponerla a funcionar en todo su territorio. Por el contrario, algunas experiencias, aun minoritarias, buscan sacar ventaja de la situación actual, tomando en cuenta de mejor manera las diferentes dimensiones del desarrollo sustentable, aprovechando los puntos fuertes de las prácticas de ciertas poblaciones, tales como los recicladores. Esta adaptación voluntarista debe, sin embargo, hacer malabares con las diferentes vulnerabilidades de las poblaciones, destinadas a una atenuación progresiva.

Waste Management is one of the biggest challenges for modern cities caused by urbanisation and increased population. Smart Waste Management tries to solve this challenge with the help of techniques such as Internet of Things, machine learning and cloud computing. By utilising smart algorithms the time when a recycling container is going to be full can be predicted. By continuously measuring the filling level of containers and then partitioning the filling level data between consecutive emptyings a regression model can be used for prediction. In order to do this an accurate emptying detection is a requirement. This thesis investigates different data-driven approaches to solve the problem of an accurate emptying detection in a setting where the majority of the data are non-emptyings, i.e. suspected emptyings which by manual examination have been concluded not to be actual emptyings. This is done by starting with the currently deployed legacy solution and step-by-step increasing the performance by optimisation and machine learning models. The final solution achieves the classification accuracy of 99.1 % and the recall of 98.2 % by using a random forest classifier on a set of features based on the filling level at different given time spans. To be compared with the recall of 50 % by the legacy solution. In the end, it is concluded that the final solution, with a few minor practical modifications, is feasible for deployment in the next release of the system.

This thesis deals with waste, especially with municipal waste and waste management issues. The practical part is focused on the financial aspects of waste management and processing of waste in Třeboň and Bechyně and also deals with issues of further processing of waste in the region. This thesis is supplemented with information about waste management of Písek, as a good example in the region. This information also served for better description of the municipal waste management in South Bohemia Region.