Texte remanié de: Diss.--Freiburg im Breisgau, 1999. / Bibliogr. p. 364-414. Index.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 113 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-113).

Enhancer regulieren die Transkription ihrer Zielgene und deren Expression. Sie bieten eine Bindestelle für verschiedenste Transkriptionsfaktoren (TF) und RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) und unterstützen die Gentranskription durch das Zustandekommen von Chromatinkontakten. Zusätzlich transkribiert RNAPII in Enhancer-Regionen kurze, non-polyadenylierte Transkripte, die man Enhancer-RNA (eRNA) nennt. Der Mechanismus der RNAPII-Rekrutierung und –Regulation an Enhancern ist bisher wenig verstanden, insbesondere wie das Vorhandensein von RNAPII-Modifikationen den Chromatinstatus, -faltung sowie die Genaktivierung beeinflusst. In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Ansätze der Enhancer-Bestimmung miteinander verglichen. Während eine klare Bestimmung des besten Ansatzes sich als komplex erwies, konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Bindung von RNAPII an regulatorische Regionen in Zusammenhang mit TF eine universelle Konstante darstellte. Weiterhin wurden der Status der Enhancer-gekoppelten RNAPII-Aktivierung und deren Transkriptionsaktivität untersucht. Als Hauptergebnis ergab sich, dass der RNAPII-Status mit der Enhancer-Aktivität und daraus folgend mit veränderter Transkriptionsaktivität korreliert ist. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Vorhandensein extragenischer RNAPII ein neues Werkzeug zur Identifikation von regulatorischen Regionen ist. Erfolgreich konnten regulatorische Regionen in embryonalen Stammzellen der Maus sowie während der neuronalen Differenzierung vorhergesagt und mittels Enhancer-Aktivität in-vivo bestätigt werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass im Laufe der der neuronalen Differenzierung extragenische RNAPII-Bindung spezifische Aktivierungsmuster aufweist: ihr Transkriptionslevel wird durch Kinasen feinmaschig reguliert und es werden verschiedene Formen maturierter RNA erzeugt. Zusammenfassend konnte RNAPII als Werkzeug zur Identifikation und Charakterisierung regulatorischer Regionen in verschiedenen Zelltypen ausgemacht werden. Selbst mit minimalen RNAPII-Datensätzen ist es möglich, gleichzeitig regulatorische Regionen zu identifizieren als auch ihren eigenen Aktivierungsstatus sowie den ihrer kodierender Genpromotoren zu bestimmen. / Enhancers regulate transcription of target genes and gene expression. They act as recruitment sites for multiple transcription factors (TFs) and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and favour transcription of target genes through chromatin contacts. RNAPII at enhancer regions transcribes short and mostly non-polyadenylated transcripts, called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). The mechanisms of RNAPII recruitment and regulation at enhancers remain ill understood, in particular how signalling through RNAPII modifications may influence chromatin states, looping and gene activation. In this study, I compare enhancer lists defined with different approaches and find that their relation is very complex. However, I find that RNAPII binding co-occurs with TF binding at regulatory regions, independently of the identification approach used. I characterize the state of RNAPII activation at enhancers and its transcriptional activity. I find that RNAPII state reflects enhancer activation state and correlates with different transcriptional outputs. In addition, I demonstrate that extragenic RNAPII is a novel tool to identify regulatory regions. I successfully identified putative regulatory regions in mESC and during neuronal differentiation, with enhancer activity in vivo. Extragenic RNAPII regions have specific activation patterns during neuronal differentiation, are finely regulated at the transcriptional level by kinases and transcribe differently mature RNAs. In conclusion, I establish RNAPII as a tool to identify and characterise regulatory regions in a cell type of interest. With minimal RNAPII datasets it is possible to simultaneously identify regulatory regions, infer their state of activation, and the state of activation of coding gene promoters.

In the present thesis, Jane and Louisa Will Soon Come Home, the novel by the Jamaican writer Erna Brodber, is analyzed in the context of post-colonial identity trauma. Analyzing the complex organizational and narrative structure of the novel, the essay author studies how the novel’s rhythmicity and the broken narrative portray the protagonist’s identity fragmentation. Drawing on the work’s connection to the ring game played in the Caribbean and applying the symbolism of the Caribbean folk rhythms, the essay author discusses the subversive intent of Brodber’s novel and her method of rewriting the past as a way of recovering one's identity.

This thesis involves a theoretical study of the dynamics of cultural interaction as represented in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's A Grain of Wheat, Zora Neale Hurston's Jonah's Gourd Vine and Their Eyes Were Watching God, and Ema Brodber's Myal. Specifically, it considers the role that a dialogue between critical theory (post-colonial and feminist) and literary practice can play in the evaluation of two distinct conceptions of cultural difference: identity politics, understood as positing an essential binaristic difference between an ethnic or gendered Self and Other, and hybridity theory, which conceives of Self and Other as mutually constitutive and inescapably interconnected. While this thesis demonstrates some of the ways in which hybridity theory can revise and expand contemporary critical readings of the novels under study, it also demonstrates how literature can problematize the universalizing claims of both hybridity theory and identity politics, thus stressing the importance of sociohistorical and literary/narrative contexts to the evaluation of strategies of resistance to colonial and/or patriarchal regimes. After an introductory chapter dealing with questions of theory, three subsequent chapters discuss themes of hybridity and cultural separatism in the novels by Ngugi, Hurston, and Brodber, respectively. Each of these latter chapters involves a detailed analysis of the colonial and/or patriarchal discourses represented in the particular novel or novels under study. These analyses include discussions of some of the ways in which dominant discourses attempt to co-opt cultural difference and impede equitable intercultural hybridizing exchange by polarizing Self and Other in a binaristic economy. Each chapter also considers the presence of internal contradictions in dominant discourses and the implications of such contradictions for a revolutionary politics. On the basis of these discussions, this thesis considers the relative efficacy of hybridity and identity politics as strategies of resistance, demonstrating that different contexts call for different approaches to revolutionary theory and practice. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

There is a lack of low toxicity, specific anticancer therapies and in many cancer types there are limited effective treatments. Enhancer RNAs are noncoding RNA transcripts transcribed from enhancer regions. Increasing evidence of the function of eRNA in gene regulation suggests the possibility of eRNA involvement in cancer development. This report examines literature on enhancer RNA as a potent component in transcription control specifically in cancer development. Therefore, I conducted a systematic literature review to further clarify the involvement of eRNAs in cancer. There is strong evidence of eRNA upregulating oncogenes. For instance, the eRNA (CCAT1) upregulates the oncogene MYC in colorectal cancer. Other eRNAs were also found to be required for p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest and tumour inhibition. A study showed the interplay of a long noncoding RNA with eRNAs in p53-regulated enhancers, while another showed p53-bound enhancer regions transcribing an eRNA which mediates G1 arrest, DNA repair, and tumorigenesis through its interaction with the (BRCA2) gene. Finally, a study across numerous cancer patient samples revealed a cancer/lineage specificity of eRNAs and explored the clinical feasibility of eRNA-targeted therapy. These studies demonstrate how eRNAs can be a link in cancer signalling pathways both as a regulator of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, as well as suggest a promising future of eRNA-targeted cancer therapy.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2000. / Title from title page screen, viewed May 4, 2006. Dissertation Committee: John Shields (chair), Lucia Getsi, Nancy Tolson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-190) and abstract. Also available in print.

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Studiens syfte är tvåfaldigt. Dels är syftet att undersöka hur organisationers förståelse (i meningen deras lägesbild och situationsförståelse) och handlande tycks förhålla sig sinsemellan. Dels är syftet att undersöka hur organisatoriska skillnader tycks påverka förståelsen (återigen i meningen deras lägesbild och situationsförståelse). I båda fallen inom sammanhanget av samhällelig krishantering. Studiens forskningsfrågor besvaras genom en kombination av kvalitativa metoder. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av intervjuer med personal inom somliga av de räddningstjänster som inblandades i hanteringen av en omfattande skogsbrand på Gotland, våren 2016.