Introdução: Artrite reumatoide é uma doença inflamatória crônica associada a alterações no metabolismo proteico e energético. Objetivos: Investigar a preferência alimentar durante o desenvolvimento da inflamação crônica em ratas com artrite induzida por colágeno. Métodos: Ratas Wistar fêmeas foram alocadas em dois grupos: controle (CO, n=10) e artrite induzida por colágeno (CIA; n=11) e expostas simultaneamente a quatro diferentes dietas (padrão, hipercalórica, hiperlipidica e hiperproteica). Durante o período experimental foi observado dados clínicos da doença, consumo alimentar, peso corporal e parâmetros bioquímicos, bem como, peso muscular esquelético ao final do experimento. Os testes estatísticos realizados foram ANOVA de duas vias e test-t e nível de significância estabelecido para estes testes foi de 95%. Resultados: Os animais com artrite induzida demostram redução voluntária da ingestão total de alimento, redução do peso corporal e redução da relação sarcossomática quando comparados aos animais controles. Ainda, o grupo artrite aumentou o relativo consumo de dieta hiperproteíca, diminuiu as concentrações séricas de creatinina, triglicerídeos e glicose. Conclusão: Condições inflamatórias crônicas como a artrite reumatoide causam alterações no metabolismo energético e proteíco e estas alterações fisiológicas podem induzir a uma mudança na escolha alimentar. / Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with changes in energy and protein metabolism. Objective: To investigate food preferences during the development of chronic inflammation in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Female Wistar rats were separated into two groups, control (CO, n=10) and CIA (n=11), and were simultaneously exposed to four different diets (standard, hypercaloric, hyperlipidic and hyperproteic). During the experimental period was observed clinical evidence of disease, food intake, body weight and biochemical parameters, as well as skeletal muscle weight at the end of the experiment. Statistical tests were two-away ANOVA and t-test and significance level for these tests was 95%. Results: CIA animals demonstrate voluntary reduction in total food intake, reduced body weight and reduced relative muscle weight compared to CO animals. In addition, CIA animals increased relative comsuption of high protein diet, decreased serum concentrations creatinine, triglycerides and glucose. Conclusion: Chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis cause changes in protein and energy metabolism, and these physiological alterations may induce a change in food choice.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Introduction: Feeding difficulty is a commonly behavior present in preschoolers and an important cause of intake monotony. It is a set of behaviors related to food refusal. More serious cases may persist beyond the pre-school age and may result in damage of child growth and health. Objective: To investigate the feeding difficulty among preschoolers and the associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study carried out with parents and children aged 4 to 6 enrolled in private and philanthropic pre-schools of Aracaju, Sergipe. Feeding difficulty was assessed through a specific question ("Does your child have difficulty eating certain types of food?") and food refusal aspects through the Food Avoidance sub scales of Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ): Food Fussiness, Satiety Responsiveness, Slowness in Eating, and Emotional Undereating. A semi-structured questionnaire containing data on sociodemographic conditions, birth conditions, food history and aspects related to child feeding behavior was applied. The evaluation of parental feeding practices was done through questions of the 5 sub-scales of the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire. The children nutritional status was evaluated by the BMI index for age. Logistic and linear regression models were used to evaluate the factors associated with feeding difficulty and aspects of food refusal. Results: A total of 730 preschoolers, 50.3% female and mean age 62.3 (SD = 8.1) months were evaluated. The prevalence of feeding difficulty was 34.1%. Children with eating difficulties presented aversion to most of the food / food groups evaluated, lower BMI for age, parents with a history of feeding difficulty, higher frequency of repeated exposure to new foods, use of food rewards by parents, children’s control about the food and less guidance relation on healthy habits. Regarding the evaluation of the aspects of infant food refusal, there were significant positive associations with higher parental pressure to eat, and negative with nutritional status. The greater control of the feeding by the child presented a relation with the Food Fussiness, Satiety Responsiveness and Emotional Undereating. While breastfeeding had a protective effect for Satiety Responsiveness and Emotional Undereating, a higher level of maternal schooling was a risk factor. Factors such as the use of food rewards and parental antecedents of feeding difficulties were also associated with aspects of food refusal. Conclusion: Feeding difficulty is a frequent behavior among preschool children evaluated, with food refusal aspects especially associated with parental feeding practices and nutritional status. In this way, the promotion of a structured family environment with less coercive parental practices can be a useful strategy for prevention and control of these behaviors in childhood. / Introdução: A dificuldade alimentar é um comportamento comumente encontrado em pré-escolares e uma importante causa da monotonia alimentar. Trata-se de um conjunto de comportamentos relacionados à recusa alimentar. Casos de maior gravidade podem persistir além da idade pré-escolar e acarretar prejuízos ao crescimento e saúde infantil. Objetivo: Investigar as dificuldades alimentares entre pré-escolares e seus fatores associados. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional de caráter transversal realizado com pais e crianças de 4 a 6 anos matriculadas em escolas de educação infantil privadas e filantrópicas do munícipio de Aracaju, Sergipe. Avaliou-se a dificuldade alimentar por meio de uma pergunta específica (“Seu filho tem dificuldade para comer certos tipos de alimentos?”) e os aspectos da recusa alimentar por meio das sub escalas de Desinteresse pela Comida do Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ): Seletividade Alimentar, Resposta à Saciedade, Ingestão Lenta e Subingestão Emocional. Aplicou-se um questionário semiestruturado contendo dados sobre as condições sociodemográficas, condições de nascimento, história alimentar e aspectos relacionados ao comportamento alimentar infantil. A avaliação das práticas alimentares parentais foi feita por meio de questões de 5 sub escalas do Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire. O estado nutricional das crianças foi avaliado pelo IMC para idade. Modelos de regressão logística e linear foram realizados para avaliar os fatores associados com a dificuldade alimentar e aos aspectos da recusa alimentar. Resultados: Avaliaram-se 730 pré-escolares, 50,3% pertencentes ao sexo feminino e com média de idade de 62,3 (DP= 8,1) meses. A prevalência da dificuldade alimentar foi de 34,1%. Crianças com dificuldades alimentares apresentaram aversão à maioria dos alimentos/grupos alimentares avaliados, menores valores do IMC para idade, pais com histórico de dificuldade alimentar, maior frequência de exposição repetida a alimentos novos, maior uso de recompensas alimentares pelos pais, maior controle das crianças sobre a própria alimentação e menor orientação dos pais sobre alimentação saudável. Quanto à avaliação dos aspectos da recusa alimentar infantil, constataram-se significativas associações positivas com a maior pressão dos pais para comer e negativas com o estado nutricional. O maior controle da alimentação pela criança apresentou relação com a Seletividade Alimentar, Resposta à Saciedade e Subingestão Emocional. Enquanto que a amamentação teve efeito protetor para a Resposta à Saciedade e Subingestão Emocional, o maior nível de escolaridade materna foi um fator de risco. Fatores como uso de recompensas alimentares e antecedentes parentais de dificuldades alimentares também estiveram associados a aspectos da recusa alimentar. Conclusão: A dificuldade alimentar é um comportamento frequente entre os pré-escolares avaliados, sendo os aspectos da recusa alimentar especialmente associados às práticas parentais e estado nutricional infantil. Desta forma, a promoção de um ambiente familiar estruturado com práticas parentais menos coercitivas pode ser uma estratégia útil de prevenção e controle destes comportamentos na infância. / São Cristóvão, SE

Introdução: O consumo alimentar de adolescentes pode ser influenciado por diversos fatores, como por exemplo, o ambiente familiar, o acesso e a disponibilidade dos alimentos. Objetivos: Verificar as associações entre fatores com o consumo alimentar dos oito grupos da pirâmide dos alimentos. Materiais e métodos: A amostra foi constituída por adolescentes de 14 escolas técnicas da cidade de São Paulo, que responderam questões sobre percepção de alimentos e de alimentação saudável, acesso e disponibilidade, refeições em família, frequencia das refeições, influência dos pais, da mídia, da escola e dos amigos. Avaliou-se associação destas variáveis com o consumo alimentar dos oito grupos da pirâmide dos alimentos por meio dos testes Qui-Quadrado e t-Student, com nível de significância de 5 por cento . Foi realizada análise de regressão logística para identificar os fatores que influenciaram o consumo alimentar dos grupos de alimentos. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 1167 adolescentes, 51,1 por cento do sexo masculino. Foram observadas as associações: percepção de alimentação saudável com os grupos dos açúcares, das carnes, dos feijões, das frutas e do arroz; acesso e disponibilidade com os açúcares, óleos, leite, carnes, feijões, frutas e arroz; estado nutricional com os açúcares e feijões; frequencia das refeições com os óleos, leite, carnes e feijões; lazer sedentário com os óleos; sexo com leite, carne, feijões e arroz; refeição em família e influência dos amigos com as carnes; e, idade com os feijões. O risco de consumir acima recomendado foi observado no grupo dos açúcares, dos óleos e das carnes. Os grupos do leite, dos feijões, das frutas e do arroz tiveram maior risco de consumir abaixo da recomendação. Conclusões: O presente estudo confirma a importância de conhecer essas associações a fim de contribuir para o planejamento de estratégias de intervenção com ações educativas e de prevenção mais abrangentes e efetivas para os adolescentes. / Introduction: Food intake of adolescents can be influenced by several factors, such as, family environment, food access and availability. Purpose: To identify the associations between factors and food intake of the food pyramid groups. Methods: The sample consisted of adolescents from 14 technical schools in the city of São Paulo, who answered questions about food perception and eating health perception, access and availability, family meals, meals, parental, media, school and friends influences. We evaluated the associations between variables with food intake of food pyramid groups using Chi-Square and t-student tests with significance level 5 per cent . Logistic regression was performed to identify the factors influencing food intake of the pyramid food groups. Results: The study include 1167 adolescents, 51,1 per cent male. Observed associations: eating health perception with sugar, meat, beans, fruits and rice; access and availability with sugars, oils, milk, meat, beans, fruits and rice; nutritional status with sugar and beans, meals patterns with oils, milk, meat and beans; sedentary leisure with oils; sex with milk, meat, beans and rice; family meals and friends influence with meats; and age with beans. The risk of dietary intake excess was observed in the sugars, oils and meat. The milk, beans, fruits and rice groups had higher risk of dietary intake below of recommendation. Conclusion: Were found associations between several factors with food groups. This study confirms the importance of knowing the associations to contribute in the planning intervention strategies with educational and preventive action for adolescents

Background: The human Aldoketoreductase 1B10 gene (AKR1B10) encodes one of the enzymes belonging to the family of aldoketoreductases and may be involved in detoxification of nutrients during digestion. Further, AKR1B10 mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) expression was diminished in brain regions potentially involved in the regulation of eating behavior in rats which are more sensitive to cocaine and alcohol. We hypothesized that the human AKR1B10 gene may also play a role in the regulation of human eating behavior.

Background: The Self-Regulation of Eating Behavior Questionnaire (SREBQ) is an economical way of assessing an individual’s self-regulatory abilities regarding eating behavior. Such scales are needed in the German population; therefore, the purpose of the present study was the translation and validation of a German version of the SREBQ. Method: First, we conducted a pilot study (Study 1; N = 371) after the translation procedure. Second, we assessed the final scale in a representative sample of the German population (Sample 2; N = 2,483) and its underlying factor structure. Further, we tested for measurement invariance and evaluated the SREBQ’s associations with related scales to explore convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, we considered differences in SREBQ based on sociodemographic variables and provided derived reference scores (norm values). Results: Factor analysis revealed deficiencies in the original model. Thus, we shortened the scale based on statistical considerations and the adapted version showed improved fit in Confirmatory Factor Analysis and reliability. We also found evidence for partial strict invariance, which means the measure is equivalent for the tested groups of age and gender. Item and scale psychometric properties of the shortened version were satisfactory. In terms of diagnostic validity, it was shown that individuals with higher body mass index (kg/m2) have worse self-regulation of eating behavior than those with lower. Conclusion: In sum, the SREBQ evidenced good validity and reliability and is suitable for application in medical, psychological, and nutritional research.

Объектом исследования явилось счастье, психологическое благополучие. Предметом исследования стала связь счастья и психологического благополучия с алекситимией и пищевым поведением. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (60 источников). Объем магистерской диссертации 68 страниц, на которых размещены 13 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме счастья, психологического благополучия, алекситимии и пищевого поведения. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию связи счастья и психологического благополучия с алекситимией и пищевым поведением. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: Обновленный Оксфордский опросник счастья (Oxford Happiness Inventory), Шкала психологического благополучия К. Рифф, методика «Торонтская шкала алекситимии», Голландский опросник пищевого поведения DEBQ. Также в главе представлен корреляционный и факторный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the study was happiness, psychological well-being. The subject of the study was the relationship of happiness and psychological well-being with alexithymia and eating behavior. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (60 sources). The volume of the master's thesis is 68 pages, which contain 13 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problem, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates the main and additional hypotheses, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the study, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of happiness, psychological well-being, alexithymia and eating behavior. Sections devoted to the study of the relationship of happiness and psychological well-being with alexithymia and eating behavior are presented. The conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained for all the methods used: the updated Oxford Happiness Inventory, the K. Riff Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Dutch DEBQ Eating Behavior Questionnaire. The chapter also presents a correlation and factor analysis of the results of the study. Chapter 2's conclusions include the main findings of the empirical study. In the conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated, and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.

It is a widely held view that humans have control over their food choices and consumption. However, research also suggests that eating behavior is often triggered by contextual cues and guided by automaticities and habits. Interestingly, the dichotomy between automatic and controlled processing has recently been challenged, suggesting that they may be intertwined. In a large female sample (n = 567), we investigated the hypothesis that task-based and self-reported measures of automatic and controlled processing would interact and impact self-reported eating behavior. Results analyzed via structural equation modeling suggest that automatic, but not controlled processing, during a modified flanker task, including a context-specific proportion congruent (CSPC) manipulation, was inversely associated with self-reported self-control. The influence of self-control on unhealthy eating behavior (i.e., uncontrolled and emotional eating, heightened consumption of fat and sugar) was only indirect via habitual behavior, which itself had a strong direct impact. Unhealthy eating was further associated with real-life outcomes (e.g., body mass index (BMI)). Our findings suggest that eating behavior may indeed be guided primarily by automaticities and habits, whereas self-control might facilitate this association. Having self-control over eating might therefore be most effective by avoiding contextual cues eliciting undesired automatic behavior and establishing habits that serve long-term goals.

Background: Binge-eating disorder (BED) as a distinct eating disorder category and night eating syndrome (NES) as a form of Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders were recently included in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Objectives: This study sought to investigate the prevalence of BED and NES and associations with various forms of non-normative eating behavior and psychopathology in prebariatric patients. Setting: Within a consecutive multicenter registry study, patients in six bariatric surgery centers in Germany were recruited. Methods: Overall, 233 prebariatric patients were assessed using the Eating Disorder Examination and self-report questionnaires. Assessment was unrelated to clinical procedures. Results: Diagnostic criteria for full-syndrome BED and NES were currently met by 4.3% and 8.2% of prebariatric patients, respectively. In addition, 8.6% and 6.9% of patients met subsyndromal BED and NES criteria, respectively. Comorbid BED and NES diagnoses were present in 3.9% of patients. In comparison to patients without any eating disorder symptoms, patients with BED and NES reported greater emotional eating, eating in the absence of hunger, and more symptoms of food addiction. Moreover, differences between patients with BED and NES emerged with more objective binge eating episodes and higher levels of eating concern, weight concern, and global eating disorder psychopathology in patients with BED. Conclusions: BED and NES were shown to be prevalent among prebariatric patients, with some degree of overlap between diagnoses. Associations with non-normative eating behavior and psychopathology point to their clinical significance and discriminant validity.

Weight loss maintenance is essential for the reduction of obesity-related health impairments. However, only a minority of individuals successfully maintain reduced weight in the long term. Research has provided initial evidence for associations between weight-related teasing (WRT) and greater non-normative eating behaviors. Further, first evidence was found for associations between non-normative eating behaviors and weight loss maintenance. Hence, the present study aimed to examine the predictive value of WRT for weight loss maintenance and the role of non-normative eating behaviors as possible mediators of this relationship. The study was part of the German Weight Control Registry that prospectively followed individuals who had intentionally lost at least 10% of their maximum weight and had maintained this reduced weight for at least one year. In N = 381 participants, retrospective WRT during childhood and adolescence, current non-normative eating behaviors (i.e., restrained, external, emotional eating), and change in body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) over two years were examined using self-report assessments. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the assumed mediational relationship. As a result, a greater effect of retrospective WRT during childhood and adolescence predicted less successful adult weight loss maintenance over two years. Current emotional eating fully mediated this relationship while current restrained and external eating yielded no mediational effects. Hence, a greater effect of WRT predicted greater current emotional eating, which in turn predicted a smaller decrease or a greater increase in BMI. Our findings suggest that suffering from WRT during childhood and adolescence might lead to emotional eating which in turn impairs long-term weight loss maintenance. Thus, our results highlight the need for interventions aiming at reducing weight stigmatization and targeting emotional eating for successful long-term weight loss maintenance.

Objective: Weight bias internalization (WBI) is associated with eating disorder psychopathology and non-normative eating behaviors among individuals with overweight and obesity, but has rarely been investigated in prebariatric patients. Based on findings demonstrating a relationship between emotion dysregulation and eating behavior, this study sought to investigate the association between WBI and eating disorder psychopathology as well as non-normative eating behaviors (i.e., food addiction, emotional eating, and eating in the absence of hunger), mediated by emotion dysregulation. Method: Within a consecutive multicenter study, 240 prebariatric patients were assessed using self-report questionnaires. The mediating role of emotion dysregulation was examined using structural equation modeling. Results: The analyses yielded no mediational effect of emotion dysregulation on the association between WBI and eating disorder psychopathology. However, emotion dysregulation fully mediated the associations between WBI and emotional eating as well as eating in the absence of hunger. Further, emotion dysregulation partially mediated the relationship between WBI and food addiction symptoms. Discussion: Prebariatric patients with high levels of WBI are at risk for non-normative eating behaviors, especially if they experience emotion regulation difficulties. These findings highlight the importance of interventions targeting WBI and improving emotion regulation skills for the normalization of eating behavior in prebariatric patients.