Face à l’émergence des problématiques environnementales issues des activités humaines, l’écoconception s’attache à offrir une réponse satisfaisante dans le domaine de la conception de produits et services. Cependant, lorsque les produits considérés deviennent des systèmes industriels complexes, caractérisés entre autres par un grand nombre de composants et sous-systèmes, un cycle de vie extrêmement long et incertain, ou des interactions complexes avec leur environnement géographique et industriel, un manque évident de méthodologies et d’outils se fait ressentir. Ce changement d’échelle apporte en effet des contraintes différentes aussi bien dans l’évaluation des impacts environnementaux générés au cours du cycle de vie du système (gestion et qualité des données, niveau de détail de l’étude par rapport aux ressources disponibles…) que dans l’identification de réponses adaptées (gestion de la multidisciplinarité et des ressources disponibles, formation des acteurs, inclusion dans un contexte de R&D très amont…). Cette thèse vise donc à développer une méthodologie de mise en œuvre d’une démarche d’éco-conception de systèmes industriels complexes. Une méthodologie générale est tout d’abord proposée, basée sur un processus DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control). Cette méthodologie permet de définir de manière formalisée le cadre de la démarche (objectifs, ressources, périmètre, phasage…) et d’accompagner rigoureusement l’approche d’écoconception sur le système considéré. Une première étape d’évaluation environnementale basée sur l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) à haut niveau systémique est ainsi réalisée. Etant donnée la complexité du cycle de vie considéré et la variabilité d’exploitation d’un système industriel d’un site à l’autre, une approche par scénario est proposée afin d’appréhender rapidement l’étendue possible des impacts environnementaux. Les scénarios d’exploitation sont définis à l’aide de la matrice SRI (Stranford Research Institute) et intègrent de nombreux éléments rarement abordés en ACV, comme la maintenance préventive et corrective, la mise à niveau des sous-systèmes ou encore la modulation de la durée de vie du système en fonction du contexte économique. A l’issue de cette ACV les principaux postes impactants du cycle de vie du système sont connus et permettent d’entreprendre la seconde partie de la démarche d’éco-conception centrée sur l’amélioration environnementale. Un groupe de travail multidisciplinaire est réuni lors d’une séance de créativité centrée autour de la roue de la stratégie d’éco-conception (ou roue de Brezet), un outil d’éco-innovation peu consommateur de ressources et ne nécessitant qu’une faible expertise environnementale. Les idées générées en créativité sont alors traitées par trois filtres successifs, qui permettent : (1) de présélectionner les meilleurs projets et de les approfondir ; (2) de constituer un portefeuille de projets de R&D par une approche multicritère évaluant leur performance environnementale, mais également technique, économique et de création de valeurs pour les clients ; (3) de contrôler l’équilibre du portefeuille constitué en fonction de la stratégie de l’entreprise et de la diversité des projets considérés (aspects court/moyen/long terme, niveau systémique considéré…). L’ensemble des travaux a été appliqué et validé chez Alstom Grid sur des sous-stations de conversion électrique utilisées dans l’industrie de l’aluminium primaire. Le déploiement de la méthodologie a permis d’initier une démarche solide d’écoconception reconnue par l’entreprise et de générer au final un portefeuille de 9 projets de R&D écoinnovants qui seront mis en œuvre dans les prochains mois. / Face to the growing awareness of environmental concerns issued from human activities, eco-design aims at offering a satisfying answer in the products and services development field. However when the considered products become complex industrial systems, there is a lack of adapted methodologies and tools. These systems are among others characterised by a large number of components and subsystems, an extremely long and uncertain life cycle, or complex interactions with their geographical and industrial environment. This change of scale actually brings different constraints, as well in the evaluation of environmental impacts generated all along the system life cycle (data management and quality, detail level according to available resources…) as in the identification of adapted answers (management of multidisciplinary aspects and available resources, players training, inclusion in an upstream R&D context…). So this dissertation aims at developing a methodology to implement ecodesign of complex industrial systems. A general methodology is first proposed, based on a DMAIC process (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control). This methodology allows defining in a structured way the framework (objectives, resources, perimeter, phasing…) and rigorously supporting the ecodesign approach applied on the system. A first step of environmental evaluation based on Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is thus performed at a high systemic level. Given the complexity of the system life cycle as well as the exploitation variability that may exist from one site to another, a scenario-based approach is proposed to quickly consider the space of possible environmental impacts. Scenarios of exploitation are defined thanks to the SRI (Stanford Research Institute) matrix and they include numerous elements that are rarely considered in LCA, like preventive and corrective maintenance, subsystems upgrading or lifetime modulation according to the economic context. At the conclusion of this LCA the main impacting elements of the system life cycle are known and they permit to initiate the second step of the eco-design approach centred on environmental improvement. A multidisciplinary working group perform a creativity session centred on the eco-design strategy wheel (or Brezet wheel), a resource-efficient eco-innovation tool that requires only a basic environmental knowledge. Ideas generated during creativity are then analysed through three successive filters allowing: (1) to pre-select and to refine the best projects; (2) to build a R&D projects portfolio thanks to a multi-criteria approach assessing not only their environmental performance, but also their technical, economic and customers’ value creation performance; (3) to control the portfolio balance according to the company strategy and the projects diversity (short/middle/long term aspect, systemic level…). All this work was applied and validated at Alstom Grid on electrical conversion substations used in the primary aluminium industry. The methodology deployment has allowed initiating a robust eco-design approach recognized by the company and finally generating a portfolio composed of 9 eco-innovative R&D projects that will be started in the coming months.

A hotel stands for comfort and a high stand of living. This could mean a high per capita consumption of energy, water and other resource, as well as creating a large amount of waste and pollution due to the necessity of having a high standard of hygiene and a high turnover of guests. This thesis is about the hotel environmental management. After surveys of hotels and interviews with hotel managers as to their environmental management, a case study of a small hotel was carried out, namely the Bastedalen Herrgård and Kina Park. The case Bastedalen Herrgård told us that its guests have expressed some requirement to hotel environmental management given the fact that the answer rate was very low. When the guests were asked to provide answers to environmental questions, the dominant answers were positive. But these answers are not necessary leading to the positive behavior. This implies that more in-depth study towards customer’s environmental behavior is needed. It was true in Bastedalen that the hotels owner is playing an important roll in the process toward better environmental management and will decide whether or not to do this and in which direction. It was also true that the hotel owner in this case had not enough resources to follow the example of big hotels. A micro-hotel and other SMEs were obviously in need of financial and technical support to be more “green”. They are also short of relevant information and knowledge.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Com o aumento do consumo de eletroeletrÃnicos no Brasil o paÃs encontra-se atualmente entre os onze paÃses em desenvolvimento que mais produz resÃduos eletroeletrÃnicos, cerca de 2,6 quilos ao ano por habitante, e a maior parte desses resÃduos provÃm de computadores pessoais. A naÃÃo vai enfrentar graves problemas ambientais e de saÃde se nÃo melhorar a coleta e reciclagem desse material. Diante desse cenÃrio, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar de que forma as empresas de resÃduos eletroeletrÃnicos e a indÃstria produtiva de eletroeletrÃnico tÃm atuado na cadeia e na logÃstica reversa desses resÃduos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de natureza exploratÃria e descritiva por meio de um estudo de caso mÃltiplo. Quanto aos meios trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliogrÃfica, documental e de campo. As fontes primÃrias deste estudo provÃm de entrevistas semi estruturadas junto a trÃs empresas certificadas de resÃduos eletroeletrÃnicos, de trÃs diferentes estados do paÃs a fim de identificar a logÃstica reversa dos resÃduos eletroeletrÃnicos e analisar o setor destes resÃduos â a Ecoletas Ambiental de Fortaleza/CearÃ, a PARCS Lixo EletrÃnico de Curitiba/PR e a CIVAP â ConsÃrcio Intermunicipal do Vale do Paranapanema de Assis/SP, alÃm de aplicaÃÃo de survey em 252 empresas do setor de eletroeletrÃnico cadastradas na ABINEE â AssociaÃÃo Brasileira da IndÃstria ElÃtrica e EletrÃnica fechando dessa forma a cadeia produtiva de eletroeletrÃnicos. A anÃlise dos dados fez uso de anÃlise de conteÃdo no caso das entrevistas semi-estruturadas e para os dados obtidos nos questionÃrios aplicados utilizou-se a tÃcnica de estatÃstica descritiva. Concluiu-se que o setor de resÃduos eletroeletrÃnicos possui muitos desafios a serem superados, o maior deles à a falta de matÃria prima â resultado que estimulou a extensÃo da pesquisa - alÃm da informalidade, a ausÃncia de fiscalizaÃÃo, o alto custo da logÃstica reversa, o baixo nÃmero de empresas recicladoras, a necessidade de maiores campanhas de educaÃÃo ambiental aliadas a fiscalizaÃÃo e incentivos fiscais que estimulariam o crescimento e fortalecimento deste setor e a parceria com o setor produtivo. Embora a cadeia de suprimento do setor produtivo de eletroeletrÃnico possua caracterÃsticas verdes e a parceria tenha sido evidenciada entre este setor e o de resÃduos, a mesma à tÃmida e necessita ser estimulada a fim de ampliar a oferta de matÃria prima para o setor de resÃduos eletroeletrÃnico fortalecendo aÃÃes de reduÃÃo desses resÃduos a nÃvel nacional. / Con el aumento del consumo de la electrÃnica en Brasil, el paÃs se encuentra actualmente entre los once paÃses en desarrollo que producen mÃs residuos electrÃnicos, alrededor de 2,6 kilos per cÃpita al aÃo, y la mayor parte de estos residuos proviene de los ordenadores personales. La naciÃn se enfrentarà a serios problemas ambientales y de salud si no mejora la recogida y el reciclaje. Ante este escenario, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar cÃmo las empresas de los residuos electrÃnicos y la industria de fabricaciÃn de produtos electrÃnicos han participado en la cadena y en la logÃstica inversa de dichos residuos. Se trata de una investigaciÃn cualitativa, de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo, a travÃs de un estudio de caso mÃltiple. En cuanto a los medios es una literatura, documental y de campo. Las fuentes principales de este estudio provienen de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con tres empresas certificadas de residuos electrÃnicos en tres diferentes estados del paÃs con el fin de identificar la logÃstica inversa de estos residuos electrÃnicos y analizar el sector de residuos - la Ecoletas Ambiental de Fortaleza/CearÃ, la PARCS Lixo EletrÃnico de Curitiba/PR y la CIVAP â ConsÃrcio Intermunicipal do Vale do Paranapanema de Assis/SP. TambiÃn se aplicà un cuestionarios en 252 empresas de la electrÃnica registradas en ABINEE â AsociaciÃn BrasileÃa de la Industria ElÃctrica y ElectrÃnica cerrando asà la cadena de producciÃn de la electrÃnica. El anÃlisis de los datos hizo uso del anÃlisis de contenido en el caso de las entrevistas semi-estructuradas y en los datos obtenidos en los cuestionarios utilizados la tÃcnica de la estadÃstica descriptiva. Se concluyà que la industria de los residuos electrÃnicos tiene muchos retos que superar, la mÃs grande es la falta de materia prima - un resultado que llevà a la extensiÃn de la investigaciÃn - tambien la informalidad, la falta de supervisiÃn, el alto costo de la logÃstica inversa, el reducido nÃmero de empresas de reciclaje, la necesidad de realizar mÃs campaÃas de educaciÃn ambiental junto con la supervisiÃn y los incentivos que estimulan el crecimiento y fortalecimiento de este sector y la colaboraciÃn con el sector productivo. Aunque la cadena de suministro del sector de la producciÃn electrÃnica tiene caracterÃsticas ecolÃgicas y la asociaciÃn ha sido demostrada entre este sector y los residuos, es tÃmida y necesita ser estimulado con el fin de aumentar el suministro de materias primas para la industria de la de residuos electrÃnica y fortalecer las acciones de reducciÃn de estos residuos a nivel nacional.

O presente estudo objetivou entender a influência das práticas de gestão socioambientais para o desempenho da eco-inovação empresarial. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se, numa primeira fase, pesquisa bibliográfica que permitiu construir o modelo teórico da pesquisa baseado nas práticas para programas e objetivos para a sustentabilidade, recursos e capacidades, cooperação com stakeholders, inovação ambiental em processos e no desempenho eco-inovador da competência organizacional, em eco-inovação em processos e em eco-inovação em produtos. Com base nesses temas, o estudo pretendeu responder a seguinte questão: qual a relação entre a adoção das práticas de gestão socioambientais orientadas para a sustentabilidade e o desempenho da eco-inovação nas indústrias? A segunda fase do estudo envolveu pesquisa de campo com 95 empresas do setor industrial, associadas ao CIESP e localizadas nas regiões do Vale do Paraíba e Alto Tietê, no Estado de São Paulo. Os dados quantitativos foram obtidos por meio da aplicação de um questionário a respeito da intensidade da adoção das práticas de gestão socioambientais para a sustentabilidade. Análises posteriores foram feitas com o uso das técnicas estatísticas descritivas e de correlações e com o uso da técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais, que avaliou a consistência dos construtos e hipóteses da pesquisa. Os resultados corroboram com pressupostos encontrados na literatura, que evidenciaram a influencia positiva das práticas voltadas para recursos e capacidades e em inovação ambiental em processos no desempenho eco-inovador das empresas. Os resultados apontaram que as empresas investigadas apresentam algumas fraquezas quanto às práticas para objetivos e programas para a sustentabilidade e nas práticas de cooperação com stakeholders, cujas hipóteses foram parcialmente confirmadas. Os coeficientes da modelagem de equações estruturais indicaram que as práticas de gestão socioambiental impactaram, respectivamente, sobre o desempenho da eco-inovação em processos, competência organizacional e em eco-inovação em produtos, demonstrando que as empresas estão preocupadas com o aumento da capacidade de inovação ambiental. A aplicação dos testes de correlação de Pearson e da modelagem de equações estruturais apresentou que o porte da empresa não se mostrou significativo para influenciar a relação entre as práticas de gestão para a sustentabilidade e o desempenho da eco-inovação. / This study aimed to understand the influence of social and environmental management practices for the performance of corporate eco-innovation. To this end, initially, it was developed, bibliographic research that allowed to build the theoretical model of research, based on practices for programs and goals for sustainability, resources and capabilities, cooperation with stakeholders, environmental innovation in processes, to eco-innovation performance of organizational competence, eco-innovation in processes and eco-innovation in products. Based on these themes, the study sought to answer the following question: what is the relationship between the adoption of environmental management practices geared towards sustainability and performance of eco-innovation in industries? The second phase of the study involved fieldwork with 95 industrial companies, associated to CIESP and located in the regions of Vale do Paraiba and Alto Tietê, in São Paulo. Quantitative data were obtained through a questionnaire about the intensity of adoption of social and environmental management practices for sustainability. Subsequent analyzes were performed with the use of descriptive statistics and correlation techniques and the use of the technique of structural equation modeling, that evaluated the consistency of the constructs and hypotheses of the research. The results corroborate assumptions found in the literature, demonstrating the positive influence of practices for resources and capabilities in environmental and process innovation in corporate eco-innovation performance. The results showed that the companies investigated have some weaknesses regarding the objectives and practices for sustainability programs and practices of cooperation with stakeholders, whose hypotheses were partially confirmed. The coefficients of structural equation modeling indicated that environmental management practices impacted respectively, on the performance of eco-innovation in processes, organizational competence and eco-innovation in products, demonstrating that companies are concerned about the increase in environmental innovation capacity. The application of Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling tests showed that company size was not significant in influencing the relationship between management practices for sustainability and eco-innovation performance.

Un écoquartier est un quartier qui réduit les consommations d’énergie en utilisant les énergies renouvelables ; mettant en valeur des déplacements doux ; limitant la production des déchets et l’utilisation d’eau ; intervenant aussi sur les choix des matériaux de construction utilisés et dont les chantiers mêmes peuvent faire l'objet d'une attention particulière. Le développement des écoquartiers est très récent dans le monde occidental, et n’a connu que peu d’applications par ailleurs. Un pays comme l’Iran n’a pas encore intégré de réflexions précises portant sur les écoquartiers et leurs développements ; alors même qu’il est en train d’entrer dans une nouvelle étape de son développement qui se caractérise par la montée des préoccupations de développement durable, et une concentration sur le sujet de l’énergie renouvelable, en parallèle à l’augmentation de l’alphabétisation des citoyens. Notre recherche sur la construction et l’intégration des écoquartiers dans un pays comme l’Iran, intégrant ses aspects sociaux, économiques et urbains. D’un côté nous cherchons à savoir si les habitants ont des esprits ouverts pour s’alphabétiser et accepter ces contraintes dans leur ville et d’un autre côté nous allons voir différents types d’écoquartiers, afin de chercher à préciser quels types d’écoquartier et de logements durables sont possibles en Iran. Ainsi, notre projet est de faire une recherche qui porte sur l’acceptabilité et la faisabilité des écoquartiers adaptés au monde iranien, et dont les résultats pourraient sinon révolutionner au moins guider la conception urbanistique des villes en Iran. / We enter in the new level of urban planning that promotes eco-district, which is part of the objective of sustainable development and reduction of the ecological footprint, usually associated with a strong involvement of residents. Recall that an eco-district is a district that reduces energy consumption by using renewable energy; highlights gentle movements; limit the production of waste and the use of resources such as water; also involved in the choice of building materials.The development of eco-neighborhoods is very recent in the Western world, and has seen little application elsewhere. A country like Iran has not yet integrated accurate reflection on eco-neighborhoods and their development, even though it is now entering a new stage of sustainable development. Our project is to research and focus on the acceptability and feasibility of eco-neighborhoods which are adapted to the Iranian world, and whose results could revolutionize, or at least to change the urban design of cities in Iran. In a first point we briefly consider the general problem of the eco-district, before dealing in second place this issue in the context of Iran and, more specifically Tehran ; for final question the feasibility of eco sustainable neighborhoods in Iran.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-21T18:28:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Cruz Martins Giacchetti.pdf: 3624363 bytes, checksum: f4aa41132bfac109987173dc67759233 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-21T18:28:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Cruz Martins Giacchetti.pdf: 3624363 bytes, checksum: f4aa41132bfac109987173dc67759233 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / The subject water is a problem that has been discussed for some years in particular on issues related to water scarcity across the country, and especially in São Paulo. The pharmaceutical industry industries require water, not only in its production process but also in relation to the washing of the equipment and the supporting processes. This research involved the issue of water scarcity and sought to discuss the main actions taken by the pharmaceutical industry industries to minimize water consumption. The main objective was to analyze the actions taken in order to increase the eco-efficiency in water use. It sought to understand how these actions could be classified according to the theories of eco innovation, cleaner production and eco-efficiency. The research methodology was qualitative and exploratory mode, and the case study the method used. The study of multiple cases took place between two companies in the pharmaceutical sector of the State of São Paulo and it was observed that despite the actions reported by the companies, the reduction of water consumption was not effective. One of the companies was reduced results in previous years, but the downward trend was not observed anymore. Among the actions that have been implemented and that stood out are the redesign of production processes, exchange of items on the premises of factories, automation Clean in place systems, installation of water meters, surplus water reuse and replacement of reducing production equipment consumption water. Among the evidence found there is the adoption of a per-unit water consumption index produced (m3 / 1000 units produced) which demonstrates clearly the environmental performance of the operation for the input water. At the end of the study were presented systematic sources of information, ideas for actions and a set of actions that should be taken by companies wishing a reduction in water consumption such as improving processes, facilities and equipment, training and awareness and control consumption indicators. As suggestions for future studies to expand the studies on reducing the consumption of water for more companies in the industry. / Há alguns anos tem se falado sobre as questões ambientais e, em especial, sobre as questões relacionadas à escassez de água em todo o país, e em especial no município de São Paulo. As indústrias do ramo farmacêutico demandam água, não somente no seu processo produtivo, mas também no que diz respeito à lavagem dos equipamentos e nos processos de apoio. Esta pesquisa envolveu a problemática da escassez de água e procurou discutir as principais ações tomadas pelas indústrias do ramo farmacêutico para minimizar o consumo de água. O objetivo principal foi analisar as ações adotadas visando o aumento de eco eficiência no uso de água. Buscou-se também entender como essas ações poderiam ser classificadas segundo as teorias de eco inovação, da produção mais limpa e de eco eficiência. A metodologia da pesquisa foi de natureza qualitativa e modalidade exploratória, sendo o estudo de caso o método utilizado. A pesquisa de casos múltiplos ocorreu entre duas empresas do setor farmacêutico do Estado de São Paulo e observou-se que apesar das ações declaradas pelas empresas, a diminuição do consumo de água não foi efetiva. Uma das empresas teve resultados de redução em anos anteriores, mas a tendência de redução não foi mais observada. Dentre as ações que vem sendo implantadas e que se destacaram estão: redesenho dos processos produtivos, troca de itens das instalações das fabricas, automatização de sistemas Clean in Place, instalação de hidrômetros, reutilização de água excedente e substituição de equipamentos de produção redutores de consumo de água. Dentre as evidências encontradas destaca-se a adoção de um índice de consumo de água por unidade produzida (m3/1000 unidades produzidas) que demostra de forma clara o desempenho ambiental da operação para o insumo água. Ao fim do estudo foram apresentadas fontes de informações sistemáticas, ideias para mudanças, e um conjunto de ações que deveriam ser tomadas por empresas que desejem uma redução no consumo de água tais como melhoria nos processos, nas instalações e equipamentos, treinamento e sensibilização e controle de indicadores de consumo. Seguiu-se como sugestões para estudos futuros a ampliação dos estudos sobre redução do consumo de água para mais empresas do ramo e empresas de outros segmentos.

El siguiente proyecto, una bolsa eco-amigable hecha principalmente para mujeres, se realizó en base a la indagación realizada en Lima Metropolitana Moderna y Sur a los NSE A/B y C. Esta evidencia que la mayoría de mujeres buscan un producto que simplifique los imprevistos durante sus compras diarias e inesperadas. Pero todas coinciden en la dificultad para llevar a todas partes una bolsa que les permita trasladar sus productos. Asimismo, se evidenció que las mujeres realizan más compras que los hombres, y acuden principalmente a minimarkets, bodegas o supermercados. Además, no son ajenas a la tendencia mundial de cuidar el medio ambiente, optando con mayor frecuencia por productos ecológicos. Por ello, debido a su alta demanda de compras diarias adquieren más bolsas eco-amigables, pero mayormente olvidan dichas bolsas. Ante el apuro, la escaza oferta y elevado costo de estas bolsas, adquieren una bolsa plástica del centro de compras, pagando el monto establecido por la nueva Ley de Plásticos. Para realizar el proyecto, se hizo un análisis intensivo de la industria y sus diversos factores. Asimismo, se establecieron planes estratégicos para cada área, que validan la viabilidad del proyecto. Es así que, tras invertir S/. 64,699 inicialmente, el primer año se obtendrá S/. 30,262 de utilidad, el segundo S/. 35,335.39, y el tercero S/. 42,206.32. A continuación, será presentado Easy Bag, una bolsa portable hecha a base de materiales eco-amigables que busca simplificar las compras diarias de miles de mujeres. / The following project, an eco-friendly bag made mainly for women, was made based on the inquiry made in Modern and South Metropolitan Lima to the SES A / B and C. This evidence that most women look for a product that simplifies the unforeseen during your daily and unexpected purchases. But all coincide in the difficulty to carry everywhere a bag that allows them to move their products. Likewise, it was evidenced that women make more purchases than men, and mainly go to minimarkets, warehouses or supermarkets. In addition, they are no stranger to the global trend of caring for the environment, opting more frequently for organic products. Therefore, due to their high demand for daily purchases they acquire more eco-friendly bags, but mostly forget these bags. In the face of trouble, the low supply and high cost of these bags acquire a plastic bag from the shopping center, paying the amount established by the new Law of Plastics. To carry out the project, an intensive analysis of the industry and its various factors was made. Likewise, strategic plans were established for each area, which validate the viability of the project. Thus, after investing S /. 64,699 initially, the first year will be obtained S /. 30,262 useful, the second S /. 35,335.39, and the third S /. 42,206.32. Next, Easy Bag will be presented, a portable bag made from eco-friendly materials that seeks to simplify the daily purchases of thousands of women. / Trabajo de investigación

Los recursos naturales están siendo puestos en peligro y/o agotados por el ser humano, ello genera cambios drásticos en el medio ambiente como incendios forestales, extinción de especies, desertización, calentamiento global, entre otros. Sin embargo, gran parte de la población mundial ha tomado en cuenta la importancia del cuidado de nuestro planeta y ha optado por realizar cambios en su estilo de vida para la preservación de este; como el reciclaje, uso de productos eco-amigables, compra de productos orgánicos, entre otros. Dado el contexto, el objetivo del presente plan de negocio es analizar la viabilidad de la creación e implementación de un e-commerce enfocado en la venta de productos eco-amigables en el Perú. La propuesta consiste en vender productos que generen impacto positivo en el cuidado del medio ambiente a través de una plataforma digital; estos productos serán adquiridos mediante diversos proveedores peruanos, dado que se busca ofertar la mayor variedad de categorías de productos que cuenten con dicha característica (ser eco-friendly) e incentivar la compra de productos nacionales. Cabe resaltar que, actualmente, debido a la pandemia que nos encontramos atravesando, esta plataforma web es de gran ayuda para impulsar las ventas de los socios claves, ya que podrán ofertar sus productos y obtener ganancias de manera digital sin necesidad de exponer su salud y la de sus clientes. / "Natural resources are being endangered and/or depleted by human beings, which generates drastic changes in the environment such as forest fires, species extinction, desertification, global warming, among others. However, a large part of the world's population has taken into account the importance of caring for our planet and has chosen to make changes in their lifestyle to preserve it, such as recycling, use of eco-friendly products, purchase of organic products, among others. Given the context, the objective of the present business plan is to analyze the viability of the creation and implementation of an e-commerce focused on the sale of eco-friendly products in Peru. The proposal is to sell products that generate positive impact on the care of the environment through a digital platform; these products will be acquired through various Peruvian suppliers, since it seeks to offer the greatest variety of product categories that have this feature (be eco-friendly) and encourage the purchase of domestic products. It is worth noting that, currently, due to the pandemic that we are going through, this web platform is of great help to boost the sales of key partners, since they will be able to offer their products and obtain profits digitally without having to expose their health and that of their clients. " / Trabajo de investigación

Since mindless actions of the South African society persist in the form of environmentally degrading behaviour, the sustainability of healthy eco-systems is constantly threatened. Practical ways of acquiring environmental literacy is necessary to develop environmental responsible behaviour of citizens. Theory-based research on nature-based extreme sports participation rarely acknowledges its positive transformative value on society. This neglect roots, in part, from naïve or novice misconceptions that motives for participation are primarily risk-focused in pursuit of an adrenaline rush. Thrill-seeking theories often make anthropocentric assumptions of a rivalry human-nature relationship to showcase individual prowess. As a result, “extreme” is naïvely associated with “out-of-control” or “reckless” actions. Phenomenological traditions from Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty navigate a hermeneutical understanding of a bodily-being-towards-death in such high-risk sports activities. This interpretative phenomenological analytical study considers the lived experiences of 10 expert South African nature-based extreme sports participants who take calculate risks. Their first-hand narrations provide evidence, which derails the naïve stigma and identify voluntary high risk-taking as a by-product of participation. For some, the extensive period of time spent in the wilderness, where their survival depends on the collaboration with natural elements enable a realization that humanity is part of a larger functioning network. Findings from semi-structured interviews present an eco-centric outlook on the facilitative role of participation, in eco-sensitivity. Flow and mindfulness are recognised as contributing factors in the display of pro-environmental behaviour of nature-based extreme sports participants. How participation encourages an intimate bond with and sensitivity of nature, which permits a setting for extraordinary physical and psychological changes, is explored. From this study, eco-centric management principles can be discovered and its educational principles incorporated within schools and sport organizations to become more ecologically sensitive and just. / Dissertstion (MA (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / MA (Human Movement Science) / Unrestricted

This thesis deals with energetical and efficiency comparison of two tractor transmission types, used by the Zetor company. The description of transmission construction types of various tractor producers is given, with focus on Zetor tractors transmission construction. The laboratory methodology and operating tractor and tractor sets measurement is described. The individual results are introduced in tables and graphs and subsequently evaluated.