The diploma thesis "The Labour Market in the European Union" evaluates the developments of the labour market in the European Union and the mechanisms of the European Union's employment policy in the period of 2000-2010. The theoretical definitions of the main labour market categories and three major macroeconomic models are explained in the first chapter. The second part provides comparative analysis of them member states based on selected labour market indicators -- employment, unemployment, labour productivity and costs and labour market policy The third chapter investigates in the activities of the European Union in the area of employment policy and more closely focuses on the European Employment Strategy, its guidelines and influence on member states policy setting. The chapter closes with the overview of the financial resources activated by the EU to support employment in response to the financial crisis.

Bakgrund: När covid-19 spred sig i Sverige under våren 2020 blev både samhället, näringslivet och andra samhällsfaktorer drabbade. Regeringen utformade flera restriktioner under årets gång och speciellt drabbad blev restaurang- och hotellbranschen. För företagen blev det snabbt viktigt att anpassa sig och tillämpa rätt strategi för att överleva. När covid-19 drabbade världen i modern tid skapade det ett unikt tillfälle att undersöka vilka faktiska strategival företag har tillämpat under en kris. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att nå en djupare förståelse i hur företag arbetat med strategiförändringar till följd av covid-19 och hur planering används i företags strategiarbete. Metod: I denna studie tillämpas en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en abduktiv ansats. För att kunna undersöka forskningsfrågan har en intervjustudie gjorts. Data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer från sex olika företag som ligger till grund för empirin. Slutsats: I studien framkommer det att samtliga företag har arbetet med att tillämpa nya strategiförändringar för att kunna fortsätta bedriva sin verksamhet till följd av covid-19. Företagen har inte använt någon långsiktig planering vid deras strategiarbete. Deras strategiarbete i covid-19 har istället handlat om kortsiktig planering, samarbete, kommunikation och kreativt entreprenörskap. / Background: When covid-19 spread in Sweden in the spring of 2020, both society, business and other important societal factors were affected. The government designed several restrictions during the year and the restaurant and hotel industry was particularly affected. For companies, it quickly became important to adapt and apply the right strategy to survive. When covid-19 hit the world in modern times, it created a unique opportunity to examine strategy choices companies have applied during a crisis. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how companies worked with strategy changes as a result of covid-19 and how planning is used in companies' strategy work. Method: In this study, a qualitative research method with an abductive approach is applied. In order to investigate the research question, an interview study has been conducted. Data have been collected through semi-structured interviews from six different companies that form the basis of the empirical data. Conclusion: The study shows that all companies have had to apply new strategy changes in order to stay in business due to the covid-19. The companies have not used any long-term planning in their strategy work. Their strategy work in covid-19 has instead focused on short-term planning, collaboration, communication and creative entrepreneurship.

Church financial leaders were affected by the economic crisis after the 2008 recession. In a 2009 group study conducted nationwide with church financial leaders, 57% stated that the economy had a negative effect on their church budgets. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore successful strategies that some church financial leaders used to ensure financial sustainability during economic crises. Resource dependence theory was the conceptual framework. Data were collected from 6 church financial leaders at 4 churches in the northeastern region in the United States; church financial leaders were selected through purposeful sampling to participate in semistructured interviews. Data were also collected from church documents, such as financial records and budget statements. These data were analyzed to identify emerging themes using Yin's 5-phase process: compiling, disassembling, reassembling (and arraying), interpreting, and concluding. The 3 themes that emerged from the data analysis were (a) provide strategies to acquire external resources, (b) specify plans to establish internal strategic factors, and (c) provide strategies to improve financial and strategic management. Findings and recommendations of the study could contribute to positive social change by providing church financial leaders with successful strategies to ensure financial sustainability during economic crises and by increasing church revenue and improving social programs, which help improve the needs of staff, members, and people in the community.

The study of economic crises has been a major topic of interest in economics since at least the Great Depression and it has come to the fore once again after the latest crisis of late 2000s. It has also been one of the key themes for the Austrian school of economics in the form of the Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT), which puts emphasis on monetary factors influencing capital structure of the economy. In this thesis we provide a comprehensive exposition of the distinctive points of Austrian approach to the study of markets, the ABCT's propositions and conclusions and also the most important criticism of the theory and replies to it. The theoretical part is accompanied by an empirical illustration on the economy of the United States of America in the period starting at the end of the latest crisis. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The beginning of diploma thesis is about economic crisis, then it deals more specifically with the characteristics of the anti-crisis fiscal measures, which the Czech Republic and Slovakia have adopted to reduce the effects of economic crisis. These measures are described in detail and accompanied by tables and graphs, I set their goals, advantages and disadvantages. The aim of the thesis is to compare anti-crisis measures in the Czech and Slovak Republic and to say which of them is more efficient.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edilson Muniz da Silva.pdf: 4391376 bytes, checksum: b120136ac9cc0503a75ba1e06ee20b11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-12 / The Value Added Statement (VAS) is a statement created with the objective of making known the social responsibility of organizations. In Brazil, it was enacted through Law number 11.638 of December 28, 2007. Thus, VAS started to be part of mandatory financial statements published by publically traded companies, occasion which CVM (the Brazilian equivalent of the American SEC) through CVM act 557 of November 12, 2008, approved the draft of CPC 09 of October 15, 2008, edited into its final form on November 30, 2008, with a model to be utilized by publically traded companies. This study aims to analyze, by use of data gathering of 264 (two hundred and sixty four) publically traded companies VAS s, the final behavior of wealth distribution generated by firms, taking into account the period between 2007 and 2009, that is, prior to the global financial and economic crisis, with the goal of verifying the impact of unstable scenarios and crisis on wealth distribution and generation to such interest groups as employees, government, third-party capital remuneration, and pay equity. The paper tries to analyze and answer if there was an increase or reduction of wealth distribution to the Government during the crisis period and, consequently, if this reduction is gaugeable by use of VAS analysis. To conclude, it tries to verify, among the benefited groups from the wealth distribution of one of the firms, who has lost the most during the crisis period. The methodology used was that of descriptive research. For statistical analyses, the analysis of variance (ONEWAY ANOVA) with significance level less than or equal to 5% (p <0.05), multiple comparison tests in the SPSS system, as well as analysis and percentage of nominal rate for each publically traded companies VAS´s, accumulated according to the Bovespa economic sectors, have been used to test the data. The results show the existence of differences in the value added distribution to public interest, according to various economic sectors. In addition, it was found that the Government's participation in value added - in absolute growth - was constant, and it kept the largest added value share generated in the accumulated DVAS analyzed / A Demonstração de Valor Adicionado (DVA) é uma demonstração que foi criada com a finalidade de tornar pública a responsabilidade social das organizações. No Brasil, sua elaboração tornou-se obrigatória a partir da edição da Lei n° 11.638, de 28 de dezembro de 2007. Assim, a DVA passou a integrar as demonstrações contábeis obrigatórias a serem publicadas pelas empresas de capital aberto, ocasião em que a CVM, por meio da Deliberação CVM n° 557, de 12 de novembro de 2008, aprovou a minuta do CPC 09, de 15 de outubro de 2008, editado em forma final em 30 de novembro de 2008, com o modelo a ser utilizado por essas empresas. O presente estudo tem por objetivo, a partir da coleta de dados das DVA s de 264 (duzentas e sessenta e quatro) Companhias Abertas, de acordo com as 10 (dez) classificações econômicas setoriais da BOVESPA, analisar o comportamento da distribuição da riqueza gerada pelas empresas, levando-se em consideração o período compreendido entre 2007 e 2009, ou seja, antes e depois da crise financeira e econômica global, com o propósito de verificar o impacto que os cenários de estabilidade e crise produziram na geração e na distribuição da riqueza aos públicos de interesse, assim definidos: Trabalhadores, Governo, Remuneração de Capitais de Terceiros e Remuneração de Capitais Próprios. O trabalho tenta analisar e responder se no período de crise houve redução da distribuição da riqueza para o Governo e, consequentemente, se essa redução é aferível pela análise da DVA. Por fim, procura verificar, entre os públicos beneficiados com a distribuição da riqueza das empresas, quem mais ganhou ou perdeu no período da crise. A metodologia utilizada é a pesquisa descritiva, e para a análise dos dados estatísticos recorre-se aos testes da análise de variância (ANOVA ONEWAY) com nível de significância menor ou igual a 5% (p £ 0,05) e testes de comparações múltiplas no sistema SPSS, além de análises percentuais e nominais das DVA s acumuladas para cada setor da classificação Bovespa. Os resultados mostram a existência de diferenças nas distribuições de valor adicionado aos públicos de interesse de acordo com os vários setores econômicos. Além disso, verifica-se que a participação do Governo no valor adicionado em valores absolutos teve crescimento constante, ficando este com a maior parcela do valor adicionado gerado nas DVA s acumuladas analisadas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:33:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PRESIDENTE ARISTEU BORGES DE AGUIAR, DE POSITIVA.pdf: 1621037 bytes, checksum: 7caed611b13f56da267902a0f77c83a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-24 / Esta pesquisa põe, em evidência, a política e a economia capixabas durante os anos de 1928 a 1930, espaço temporal em que a presidência do Estado foi ocupada pelo professor e advogado Aristeu Borges de Aguiar. Analisa como a dissidência política nacional, ocorrida no seio das oligarquias dominantes, em virtude da escolha do nome de Julio Prestes como candidato à sucessão de Washington Luís (1926 a 1930), agitou as relações políticas espírito-santenses que se encontravam em uma conjuntura de proveitosa tranqüilidade. Demonstra a rapidez em que os efeitos da crise econômica de 1929 atingiram as finanças capixabas. Verifica como o Presidente Aristeu, após ter conseguido uma unanimidade positiva em torno do seu nome, no decorrer do seu mandato perdeu apoio junto à população de seu Estado. Identifica a existência de uma forte aproximação política e econômica nesses anos entre o Estado do Espírito Santo e o de São Paulo.

The neo-liberal policies of liberalization and deregulation, as utilized by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in its dealings with countries of the developing world, tend to facilitate the conditions for financial crisis. This can be traced by examining the economic crises of Mexico in 1982 and 1994/95, Asia in 1997 and Russia in 1998 and looking at the main causes and triggers of these crises. It is evident that the financial vulnerability that these countries suffered from existed due to, and not in spite of, these policy prescriptions. The IMF continues to present these policies as proven successes - a view that this dissertation contests. Further to this, the policies that the Fund uses are formulated for use in semi-peripheral economies and have little relationship to the actual economic environments of peripheral countries such as those of sub-Saharan Africa or Papua New Guinea. The ideology of free-markets and globalization is seen as unassailable by the IMF. By encouraging countries to remain part of the global financial system through debt rescheduling and open-markets policies, the IMF holds an increasingly fragile economic environment together. This dissertation formulates and tests four hypotheses in relation to Mexico, Asia, Russia and Papua New Guinea and the periphery. These are - (1) If there are periods of 'irrational exuberance' among investors in Third World debt, these are likely to contribute to debt crises. (2) If IMF policies are implemented in the Third World as dictated, then their primary benefits will accrue to the elites in those countries and in the developed world. (3) If Third World countries open their economies to foreign capital, then they are more likely to experience debt crises. (4) If IMF policies are implemented in peripheral countries, then they are even less likely to be successful than in semi-peripheral countries.

From September 19th through October 3rd, 2008, Congress debated the largest government bailout in America history—the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA). Those sixteen days generated a vibrant conversation regarding the nature and severity of America’s economic crisis and the proper role of government in responding to such juggernauts. In this dissertation I explore the rhetoric generated by this bill and its context in hopes of illuminating the more general role of rhetoric in mitigating and exacerbating crises in capitalism. My hypothesis is that, in a global capitalist economy increasingly dependent on immaterial production (i.e., finance, the Internet, mass media, etc.), economic crisis rhetoric has become as essential to economic order as monetary and fiscal policy. To explore this claim, I focus on two key rhetorical tensions that drove much of the crisis rhetoric produced. The first of these battles is a rhetorical struggle over the spatial delineation between Wall Street and Main Street, while the second is a conflict between Keynesianism and neoliberalism in a rhetorical contest over the values of government interventionism. By analyzing a variety of policy and expert discourses that constitute the parameters of these discrete areas of debate, I argue that all rely on moral and ethical appeals to substantiate their meaning and validity. At the same time, I contend that these discourses are indebted to logics of institutional form and therefore cannot be abstracted from the financial and political contexts in which they reside. This insight leads me to forward a new theory of economic crisis rhetoric called the economic imaginary. By beginning with real economic events and then taking into account the discursive and extra-discursive forces that “overdetermine” its mediated understanding, the economic imaginary offers us a more empirical and cartographic account of how economic rhetoric actually operates in society. / text

Cette thèse s’intéresse d’une part aux effets macroéconomiques des régimes de change, et d’autre part, aux récentes évolutions sur la politique budgétaire et la décentralisation. La partie I met essentiellement l’accent sur l’interaction entre les régimes de change (RC) et la politique budgétaire, monétaire et fiscale. Tout d’abord, nous mettons en évidence que les RC peuvent avoir un effet stabilisateur sur la politique budgétaire (chapitre 1). Cependant, cet effet stabilisateur des RC n’est pas automatique mais dépendrait plutôt des conséquences d’une politique budgétaire laxiste. Le chapitre 2 s’intéresse quant à lui à la causalité entre RC et crises (bancaire/financière, de change et de dette) et remet en cause la vision bipolaire qui prétendait que les RC intermédiaires sont plus vulnérables aux crises que les solutions en coin (RC fixes/flexibles). Il ressort de notre analyse que les fondamentaux macroéconomiques (la volatilité du crédit au secteur privé, le financement du déficit, et le ratio dette sur PIB) jouent un rôle considérable. Le chapitre 3 met en évidence un lien entre les RC et la politique fiscale. Les pays à RC fixes montrent une plus grande dépendance aux recettes domestiques –telles que la TVA-, comparativement aux pays en change intermédiaires/flexibles pour compenser les pertes de recettes de seigneuriage (effet de substitution). De plus, ces pays avec RC fixes collectent plus de recettes domestiques en compensation de la perte de recettes douanières, suite à la libéralisation commerciale (effet de compétitivité). Dans les trois derniers chapitres (partie II), nous mettons le focus sur la politique budgétaire et les effets de la décentralisation. Le chapitre 4 révèle une relation non-linéaire entre la politique budgétaire et le cycle économique, qui dépend du niveau de la dette publique. Lorsque celle-ci dépasse un certain seuil (87%), la politique budgétaire perd toute propriété contra-cyclique. Nous montrons par ailleurs que l’effet disciplinaire ex-ante des règles budgétaires aide à restaurer la contra-cyclicité de la politique budgétaire. A travers le chapitre 5, nous montrons que la décentralisation budgétaire, dans un cadre politico-institutionnel sein et dépourvu de corruption, améliore l’offre de biens et services publics. Le chapitre 6 conclut que la décentralisation impacte positivement le solde structurel. Cependant une asymétrie entre la décentralisation des dépenses et celle des recettes accroit la dépendance des gouvernements locaux vis-à-vis du gouvernement central en termes de transferts, et amoindrirait considérablement à l’effet positif de la décentralisation. / This thesis explored, in two parts, the macroeconomic impacts of exchange rate regimes (ERR), as well as the recent developments in fiscal policy and fiscal decentralization. Part I has reconsidered the role of ERR and its interplay with fiscal, monetary and tax policy. The first result that emerges (Chapter 1) is that fixed ERR can serve as a credible policy tool for stabilizing fiscal policy. However, this stabilizing effect is conditional upon the inter-temporal distribution of the costs of loose fiscal policy. In assessing the linkage between ERR and crises (banking/financial, currency and debt), Chapter 2 evidenced that the bipolar view is no longer valid, and that, crisis proneness rather depends on the macroeconomic fundamentals (the volatility of private sector credit, the deficit-financing mechanism, and the debt-to-GDP ratio). In Chapter 3, we unveiled a strong relationship between ERR and tax policy. Countries with pegged regimes have greater reliance on domestic taxation -such as the VAT- to make up for the loss of seigniorage revenue (substitution effect). Moreover, peggers tend to collect more VAT revenue to offset the shortfall in cross border taxes following the trade liberalization reform (competitiveness effect). Part II discussed the cyclical response of fiscal policy in high debt periods, and focused on fiscal decentralization issues. In Chapter 4, we showed that the reaction of fiscal policy to the business cycle is non-linear and conditional to the level of public debt. When the debt-to-GDP ratio goes beyond a certain threshold (87%), fiscal policy loses its counter-cyclical properties. Further, we highlighted that carefully-designed fiscal rules help maintaining counter-cyclicality through an ex ante disciplinary effect. Chapters 5 and 6 analyzed the impact of fiscal decentralization on the efficiency of public service delivery and fiscal policy performance, respectively. Chapter 5 revealed that a sufficient level of expenditure decentralization, coupled with revenue decentralization, improves the efficiency of public service delivery. However, the political and institutional environment is critical for reaping decentralization-led benefits. Lastly, Chapter 6 concluded that fiscal decentralization has destabilizing effect by reducing the counter-cyclicality of fiscal policy. In addition, we found that decentralization strengthens the structural fiscal balance; however, vertical fiscal imbalances reduce the benefits of decentralization. It is therefore critical to limit asymmetries between expenditure and revenue decentralization, so as to reduce the transfer-dependency of local governments to the central level, and thus prevent decentralization from weakening the fiscal stance at the general government level.