Presented thesis explores the ground at the intersection of three topics: education, relational thinking and economics. Within the sphere of economic education it investigates the use of concepts known from (i) conceptual metaphor theory, (ii) psychological model of analogical reasoning, (iii) model of generative learning from educational psychology and (iv) existing research on use of metaphors and analogies in natural sciences education. Thesis shows the potential of metaphorical origin of economic terminology for teaching economic concepts and educational use of economic media content. At the same time it proposes a notation for visualizing metaphorical mappings between domains. It addresses economic interpretation from the viewpoint of the relationship between theoretical economic models and actual economic situations, as well as from the viewpoint of the relationship between mathematical structure of the model and its economic meaning. In the first case, it shows interpretative skill, being framed within the revised Bloom taxonomy, as a complex cognitive task, in the second case it develops model of economic interpretation of mathematical structures on the basis of psychological model of analogical reasoning. In both cases it formulates highlights students should know about the analogical nature of economic models. On the basis of the model of generative learning it develops a set of visual methaphors applicable in the introductory topics of microeconomics and macroeconomics and examines effects of their use in the classes of economics. By undertaking such research it initiates the exploration of paths leading in the directions suggested by the theoretical analysis.

This study had two main objectives. The first objective was to determine the factors that influence rural households’ labour allocation and supply decisions for competing livelihood activities, including wetland activities. The second objective was to: develop an ecological-economic model establishing the linkages between the economic and ecological components in a wetland system and apply the model to evaluate the impacts of alternative wetland management and policy regimes on wetland functioning; and supply ecosystem services and economic well-being. To achieve the first objective an agricultural household framework was used. The reduced form labour use and supply equations for wetland products and agricultural grain, derived from optimising the agricultural household model, were estimated jointly using a seemingly unrelated regression model. The model was fitted to data collected from a survey of 143 households in a wetland system in the Limpopo basin of South Africa. Results showed that poor households, most of whom are female-headed households, have less capacity to participate in off-farm employment and rely heavily on farm and wetland activities for their livelihood. This implies that environmental protection policies that limit access to the wetland resources will deepen poverty as the poor will suffer more from deprivation of resources, which play a key role as a livelihoods safety net for the poor. This suggests that in order to enhance the sustainable management of wetlands there is need to identify and promote local level wetland management practices that allow the poor to use wetlands to enhance their economic well-being with minimum adverse effects on wetland ecological conditions instead of adopting strict wetland protection measures. In addition, there is also a need to broaden the opportunities for the poor to diversify into off-farm livelihood activities. This minimises the risks of income fluctuations associated with farm and natural resource-base livelihood sources and therefore provides the necessary positive incentives for wetland conservation and sustainable use. Better access to education is an important instrument for enhancing the poor’s ability to diversify into off-farm livelihood options. These results suggest that wetland conservation and sustainable use has to be integrated with the broader rural poverty reduction initiatives such as: improved access to education; investment in irrigation infrastructure; and improving access to markets. Results also indicate that a household’s exogenous income and wealth status (asset endowment) enhance farm production whilst reducing dependence on wetland products for livelihood. The government should pursue policy measures that reduce rural household liquidity constraints and enhance investment in productive assets (e.g. improving rural household access to credit and off-farm income opportunities) to boost farm production and enhance wetland conservation and sustainable use. To achieve the second objective the study developed a dynamic ecological-economic model. The model is based on the system dynamics framework to capture the multiple interactions and feedback effects between ecological and economic systems. The application of the model in simulating policy scenarios suggests that wetland ecosystem services (crop production and natural resource harvesting) are interlinked with trade-offs involved through their competition for labour, water and land resources. Policy scenario simulation results showed that diversifying livelihoods out of agriculture simultaneously improves economic well-being and enhances wetland conservation. Pure conservation strategies impose significant losses in the economic welfare of the local population unless supported by diversification of livelihood sources. The simulation results also show that the development of a competitive marketing system for harvested biomass products increases returns to wetland biomass products relative to that of wetland grain and it reduces conversion of wetlands to agriculture. Simulation of the predicted reduction in annual precipitation due to climate change in southern Africa showed that climate change is likely to accelerate the conversion of wetlands to agriculture, confirming the important role wetlands play in managing climate variability in smallholder agricultural systems. Government policies that support livelihood diversification into off-farm livelihood opportunities and improve the capacity of the rural poor to adapt to climate change, especially droughts, are critical for wetland conservation and sustainable use. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

The thesis deals with the stability studies, economic models and with their qualitative solutions. Economic problems usually face information shortage and mathematical models are too sensitive to initial values, therefore solutions provided by conventional approaches can be applied only under specific and unrealistic conditions. Qualitative reasoning and qualitative approach bring however new methods but they are following only the trends. The work presents algorithms in order to find a stabilization cycles, thus providing an insight into the most probable behavior of economic systems. By using different case studies the thesis presented broad usability of qualitative approaches and suggests a way of quantifying the stability of different models. The programmed algorithms were created in MATLAB.

Ein geringer Treibstoffverbrauch ist aufgrund von ökologischen und ökonomischen Zielen für die zivile Luftfahrt von großer Bedeutung. Daher werden seit Jahrzehnten konventionell hydraulisch oder pneumatisch betriebene Flugzeugsysteme durch elektrisch betriebene Systeme ersetzt. Dieser Trend wird auch als „More Electric Aircraft (MEA)“ bezeichnet. In bisherigen Studien waren MEA-Architekturen zwar effizienter, jedoch deutlich schwerer als die konventionellen Architekturen. Basierend auf ökonomischen Modellen wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die modellbasierte Entwicklung eines intelligenten Energiemanagements für Flugzeug-Energiesysteme demonstriert. Das Energiemanagement ermöglicht eine deutliche Reduktion der Systemmasse, verbessert die Energieeffizienz und kann damit den Treibstoffverbrauch eines MEA beträchtlich reduzieren. Insbesondere durch die integrierte und frühzeitige Entwicklung des Energiemanagements mit dem elektrischen System in der Modellbeschreibungssprache Modelica lassen sich die Systemkomponenten mit realistischen Lastprofilen dimensionieren und dadurch die Systemmasse reduzieren. Anhand eines elektrischen Referenzsystems wird das Optimierungspotenzial des Energiemanagements bezüglich Massenreduktion und Energieeffizienzsteigerung quantifiziert und am Systemmodell validiert. Es ergibt sich für das Systemmodell eine Reduktion der Systemmasse um 32 % sowie eine leichte Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz. Durch die multiphysikalische Implementierung des Energiemanagements lässt sich dieses auch für das thermische Management im Flugzeug verwenden. Hierbei kann eine deutliche Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz für die Bereitstellung von Kühlleistung erzielt werden. Aufgrund der erreichten Vorteile sollte ein Energiemanagement bei der Entwicklung zukünftiger Flugzeugenergiesysteme in Betracht gezogen werden. Insbesondere beim MEA existiert ein großes Optimierungspotenzial durch das Energiemanagement. Die Ausführungen in der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen als Motivation für die Flugzeugindustrie dienen, mit realistischen Lastprofilen zu dimensionieren und die modellbasierte und integrierte Entwicklung eines Energiemanagements mit den Energiesystemen bereits in frühen Entwicklungsphasen durchzuführen. / Low fuel consumption is a major concern in civil aerospace due to environmental and economic objectives. Hence, conventional hydraulically or pneumatically driven aircraft systems have been replaced by electrically driven systems for decades. This trend is also known as More Electric Aircraft (MEA). In former studies, MEA architectures were more efficient, but much heavier than their conventional counterparts. The present work demonstrates the model-based development of intelligent energy management algorithms for aircraft energy systems based on economic models. This energy management facilitates a significant reduction of system mass, improves energy efficiency and can hence reduce fuel consumption of MEA considerably. In particular, the integrated development of an energy management along with the electrical system in the Modelica modelling language enables sizing of system components with realistic load profiles. Hence, this reduces the system mass. The optimization potential of the energy management is quantified and validated by means of an electrical reference system model. Applying the energy management, the mass of this system model can be reduced by 32 % and the energy efficiency can be improved slightly. Due to the multi-physical modelling of the energy management, it can also be applied to thermal management of aircraft systems. Thus, the energy efficiency of the cooling system can be improved significantly. As a result of the demonstrated benefits, an energy management should be considered for future development of aircraft energy systems. Especially for MEA, there is tremendous optimization potential for the energy management. Hence, the present work shall motivate aircraft industry to size aircraft systems with realistic load profiles and perform a model-based and integrated development of the energy management along with the electrical system in early phases of the system design process.

This diploma thesis focuses on the defining of separate socio-economic models and characteristics of chosen performance criteria. It describes integrated European model, further it aims on a comparison of Scandinavian, Continental, Anglo-Saxon and Mediterranean models with a stress on the Scandinavian one. It also concentrates on a general characteristic of the countries that belong to this specific model and analyses the reasons of its relative success in comparison with others. Focus is also put on a SWOT analysis of the Scandinavian model, analysis of its performance during the period of the economic crisis which spread globally in 2008. Finally, the thesis describes some specific recommendations for a sustainable development of this model.

Η ραγδαία αύξηση της κίνησης στο διαδίκτυο έχει δημιουργήσει ολοένα και μεγαλύτερη ζήτηση για ευρυζωνικά δίκτυα. Τα δίκτυα οπτικών ινών είναι μια κατηγορία ευρυζωνικών δικτύων που υπόσχονται ευέλικτες και ικανές να υποστηρίξουν πληθώρα υπηρεσιών, δικτυακές επικοινωνίες με θεωρητικά απεριόριστη χωρητικότητα. Πλέον, τα οπτικά δίκτυα δεν καλύπτουν μόνο το βασικό δίκτυο κορμού, αλλά εκτείνονται μέχρι τον τοπικό βρόχο αλλά και την κατοικία των τελικών χρηστών. Έτσι, τα οπτικά δίκτυα πρόσβασης FTTx και οι διάφορες τεχνολογίες τους όπως PON, AON και Home Run εφαρμόζονται στις δικτυακές υποδομές που αναπτύσσονται από το κεντρικό γραφείο του δικτύου της περιοχής κάλυψης μέχρι το συνδρομητή. Η παρούσα εργασία μελετά τεχνικά θέματα που αφορούν κυρίως το εξωτερικό τμήμα των FTTH δικτύων, δηλαδή των FTTx μέχρι το σπίτι, όπως η υποδομή σωληνώσεων, καλωδίων, τάφρων, φρεατίων, κ.λπ. Τα στοιχεία αυτά προκαλούν τα υψηλότερα κόστη στο δίκτυο πρόσβασης (κόστη CAPEX) και για αυτό το λόγο δίνεται ιδιαίτερη έμφαση σε αυτά. Εκτός από αυτά, υπάρχουν και τα OPEX κόστη, που δεν ασχολούμαστε εκτενώς στα πλαίσια της εργασίας. Επίσης, στην εργασία παρουσιάζεται μια μεθοδολογία για την επιχειρησιακή μελέτη σε δίκτυα FTTH, στην οποία παρουσιάζονται τα στάδια για την οικονομική μελέτη ανάπτυξης των δικτύων. Ο βασικός στόχος της εργασίας είναι η υλοποίηση ενός μοντέλου που αυτοματοποιεί τη διαδικασία σχεδιασμού των υπόγειων FTTH δικτύων πρόσβασης, που χρησιμοποιούν την τεχνολογία Home Run. Το μοντέλο χρησιμοποιεί στοιχεία από γεωγραφικό σύστημα πληροφοριών GIS για το σχεδιασμό του δικτύου, κάνει τους κατάλληλους υπολογισμούς στοιχείων υποδομών με βάση αλγορίθμους και προδιαγραφές και στο τέλος με είσοδο τους πίνακες κόστους των στοιχείων δίνει τις δαπάνες για την ανάπτυξη των υποδομών. Πριν από την ανάπτυξη του μοντέλου, περιγράφονται απλά θεωρητικά γεωμετρικά μοντέλα που μπορούν να απεικονίσουν ένα υπόγειο και εναέριο FTTH δίκτυο. Το μοντέλο εκτελείται σε τρεις περιοχές της Αττικής, που έχουν διαφορετικές πυκνότητες κτιρίων και νοικοκυριών με σκοπό τον ακριβή προσδιορισμό των τελικών κοστών ανά περιοχή. Επιπλέον, μπορούν να υπολογιστούν τα κόστη ανά νοικοκυριό, κτίριο, μονάδα μήκους των τάφρων και γενικά υπόγειων υποδομών. Η αποτύπωση του εξωτερικού δικτύου των περιοχών, των στοιχείων υποδομών, των εξοπλισμών και των τελικών δαπανών τους γίνεται με πλήρως αυτοματοποιημένο τρόπο. / The rapid growth of Internet traffic has created increasing demand for broadband networks. Fiber optic networks are a category of broadband networks that promise flexible and capable for supporting various services, network communications with limitless capacity. Plus, the optical networks do not only cover the core backbone network, but extend to the local loop and the households of end users. Thus, FTTx optical access networks and their various technologies such as PON, AON, and Home Run are implemented in the network infrastructure, which is developed from the central office of the coverage area network to the subscriber. This diploma thesis examines the technical issues related mainly to the outside plant of FTTH networks (FTTx up to the household), such as infrastructure ducts, cables, trenches, holes, etc. These elements rise to higher costs in the access network (CAPEX costs) and for this reason, special emphasis is placed on them. Apart from these, there are OPEX costs. Also, the thesis presents a methodology for the business study of FTTH networks, which shows the stages to study for the economic development of networks. The main aim of this work is to implement a model that automates the design of underground FTTH access networks, that use Home Run technology. The model uses data from Geographical Information System (GIS) for network design, makes the appropriate calculations, based on data infrastructure algorithms and specifications and in the end returns the total costs for infrastructure development based on material cost tables. Before the development of the model, there are descriptions of simple geometric models that can represent an underground and aerial FTTH network. The model runs on three areas of Attica, that have different densities of buildings and households in order to accurately determine the final cost per area. Moreover, they can calculate the cost per household, building, length unit of trenches and other underground infrastructure. The representation of the external network, elements, data infrastructure, equipment and final expenditure is fully automated.

La diffusion de l’information sur internet est aujourd’hui assurée par une multiplicité d’acteurs avec en pointe des audiences les portails désignés aussi sous le concept flou d’infomédiaires. Leur émergence s’inscrit dans un mouvement de re-configuration de l’espace médiatique, impulsée par les Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) (Internet et web2.0, particulièrement). La recherche présentée ici est partie d’un constat majeur concernant leur succès dès leur entrée en scène alors que les médias déjà établis peinent à établir des modèles éditoriaux et économiques viables sur Internet.Nous considérons que des stratégies d’acteurs sont observables au cœur de la filière en construction de l’information en ligne et qu’il existe une redéfinition des rôles autour de la production, de la diffusion et de la consommation de l’information accentuée par le phénomène de la convergence. L’étude envisage ces stratégies d’acteurs comme participant à une reconfiguration de l’espace médiatique numérique, dominé par les portails, dont la démarche consiste à s’appuyer de façon « stratégique », sur des contenus et des pratiques certifiés professionnels des éditeurs de presse, et de façon « tactique », sur les logiques marketing, afin de proposer de nouveaux modèles à la fois « éditorial et économique» assez innovants, adaptés aux mutations de la filière de la presse au prisme du numérique, aux besoins des internautes et relativement rentables.Le terrain investi est celui de l’Afrique de l’ouest francophone, il présente des spécificités parfois éloignées des références reconnues dans le domaine. Notre corpus est composé de trois portails, Seneweb.com (Sénégal), Lefasonet.net (Burkina Faso) et Abidjan.net (Côte d’Ivoire). / Information diffusion on the internet is now provided by a multiplicity of actors with, on the peak audiences, portals, also designated under the vague concept of Infomediaries. Their emergence is part of a re-configuration movement of the media space, driven by the Information Technology and Communication (ICT) (Internet and Web 2.0, specifically).The research presented here is part of a major observation regarding their success since their appearance while the already established media are struggling to establish viable editorial and economic models on the Internet.We consider that strategies of actors are observable in the heart of the industry under construction of online information and roles are redefined around the production, diffusion and consumption of information enhanced by the phenomenon of convergence.The study plans these strategies of actors as participating in a reconfiguration of the digital media space, dominated by the portals, whose approach relies in a "strategic" way on combining the content and practices certified professional by newspapers publishers, and in "tactical" way, based on marketing methods, in order to propose new models both "editorial and economic" fairly innovative, adapted to changes in the press sector vis-à-vis the digital, to the needs of users and relatively profitableThe area under study is that of Francophone West Africa, it presents some specificities sometimes away from references recognized in the field. Our corpus is composed of three portals, Seneweb.com (Senegal), Lefasonet.net (Burkina Faso) and Abidjan.net (Ivory Coast).

Orientador: João Bosco Ribeiro do Val / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T00:07:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calmon_AndreduPin_M.pdf: 862345 bytes, checksum: 122780715dca28ac7fa3199aa0586e7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta a caracterização teórica e a estratégia de controle para sistemas estocásticos em tempo discreto onde a variação da ação de controle aumenta a incerteza sobre o estado (sistemas VCAI). Este tipo de sistema possui várias aplicações práticas, como em problemas de política monetária, medicina e, de forma geral, em problemas onde um modelo dinâmico completo do sistema é complexo demais para ser conhecido. Utilizando ferramentas da análise de funções não suaves, mostra-se para um sistema VCAI multidimensional que a convexidade é uma invariante da função valor da Programação Dinâmica quando o custo por estágio é convexo. Esta estratégia indica a existência de uma região no espaço de estados onde a ação ótima de controle é de não variação (denominada região de não-variação), estando de acordo com a natureza cautelosa do controle de sistemas subdeterminados. Adicionalmente, estudou-se algoritmos para a obtenção da política ótima de controle para sistemas VCAI, com ênfase no caso mono-entrada avaliado através de uma função custo quadrática. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos foram aplicados no problema da condução da política monetária pelo Banco Central. / Abstract: This dissertation presents a theoretical framework and the control strategy for discrete-time stochastic systems for which the control variations increase state uncertainty (CVIU systems). This type of system model can be useful in many practical situations, such as in monetary policy problems, medicine and biology, and, in general, in problems for which a complete dynamic model is too complex to be feasible. The optimal control strategy for a multidimensional CVIU system associated with a convex cost functional is devised using dynamic programming and tools from nonsmooth analysis. Furthermore, this strategy points to a region in the state space in which the optimal action is of no variation (the region of no variation), as expected from the cautionary nature of controlling underdetermined systems. Numerical strategies for obtaining the optimal policy in CVIU systems were developed, with focus on the single-input input case evaluated through a quadratic cost functional. These results are illustrated through a numerical example in economics. / Mestrado / Automação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Maria Beatriz Felgar de Toledo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T11:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa_Ricardoda_M.pdf: 1883897 bytes, checksum: 06a13cb1deacddc65e4123779e1ac975 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Computação em grade e um paradigma que permite o compartilhamento de recursos heterogêneos, geograficamente distribuídos e sob administrações independentes. Esse compartilhamento deve ser realizado para otimizar a utilização de recursos e atender os requisitos de qualidade de serviço. Modelos econômicos podem ser aplicados para fornecer uma alocação justa desses recursos e incentivar a disponibilização de um maior número de recursos na grade. Nesta dissertação, será discutida uma arquitetura de grade baseada em modelos econômicos, em especial, os vários modelos de leiloes para permitir negociação entre um fornecedor e vários consumidores de recursos. Serú realizada uma anúlise sobre as diversas modalidades de leilão para verificar o comportamento de consumidores e fornecedores de recursos em um ambiente de grade / Abstract: Grid computing is a paradigm that allows the sharing of heterogeneous resources, geographically distributed and under independent administration. Sharing must be done to optimize the use of resources and meet quality of service requirements. Economic models can be applied to provide a fair allocation of these resources and to promote the entry of a greater number of resources into a grid. In this dissertation, a grid architecture based on economic models will be discussed, in particular, several auction models to allow negotiation between a provider and many consumer of resources. Different types of auction models will be analyzed to verify the behavior of consumers and providers of resources in a grid environment / Mestrado / Sistemas de Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Ce travail de recherche a été mené afin de contribuer à l’enrichissement des connaissancesrelatives à l’inclusion financière. Partant du postulat que la pérennité d’une activité estconditionnée par son équilibre économique, que celui-ci soit construit sur la base de moyensprivés, publics ou mixtes, nous avons interrogé la relation entre inclusion financière etpopulations précarisées sous l’angle des effets des business models des services financiers, ennous limitant au marché français.Nous démontrons qu’en dépit d’une réglementation française apparemment protectrice pour leconsommateur et à visée inclusive, les modèles bancaires actuels entretiennent l’exclusion.L’amélioration des conditions d’accès et d’usage des populations précaires aux servicesfinanciers est donc conditionnée par des évolutions que le marché seul ne peut organiser.Nous concluons de surcroît que les dispositifs publics ou associatifs expérimentés pour luttercontre l’exclusion bancaire ne correspondent aux besoins des exclus que pour certains profils,dans certains contextes. De plus, l’hypothèse de pérennité de leurs modèles économiques nepeut être confirmée.Enfin, nous avançons et justifions qu’en matière de services financiers, un modèleéconomique soutenable et inclusif est conditionné par des transformations socioéconomiques.La première tient en l’officialisation de l’accès à la monnaie en tant que serviced’intérêt général, la seconde procède de la réhabilitation de la valeur de l’épargne. L’inclusionfinancière n’a pas vocation à résoudre le problème du niveau des ressources mais, au constatde besoins récurrents en crédit de liquidité, elle progresse lorsque se diffusent des offres quiévitent de détériorer les conditions de vie de l’emprunteur. Tel est l’objectif du modèle quenous proposons. / This research was conducted in order to contribute to the enrichment of knowledge onfinancial inclusion. Starting from the premise that the sustainability of a business depends onits economic balance, whether built on the basis of private, public or mixed resources, wequestioned the relationship between financial inclusion and deprived populations focusing onthe effects of the financial services’ business models, limiting ourselves to the French market.We demonstrate that despite a French regulation, seemingly protective for consumers andinclusive-oriented, current banking models maintain exclusion. Improving the conditions ofaccess to and use of financial services by insecure people is conditioned by developments thatthe market alone cannot organize.We conclude further that measures tested by the Government or the voluntary sector to fightagainst banking exclusion do only match the needs of excluded people for certain profiles, incertain contexts. Moreover, the assumption of the sustainability of their business modelscannot be confirmed.Finally, we argue and justify that, as regards financial services, a sustainable and inclusiveeconomic model is conditioned by socio-economic transformations. The first one refers to theformalization of the access to the currency as a service of general interest, the second onecomes from the rehabilitation of the value of savings.Financial inclusion is not intended to address the problem of resource level, but consideringthe finding of recurring liquidity credit needs, it progresses when offers that avoid damagingthe living conditions of the borrower are spread. This is the objective of the proposed model. / Esta investigación se realizó con el fin de contribuir al enriquecimiento de los conocimientossobre la inclusión financiera. Partiendo de la premisa de que la sostenibilidad de una empresadepende de su estabilidad económica, que ésta sea construida sobre la base de recursosprivados, públicos o mixtos, cuestionamos la relación entre inclusión financiera y poblacionesdesfavorecidas en términos de efectos de los modelos de negocio de los servicios financieros,limitándonos al mercado francés.Se demuestra que a pesar de una legislación francesa aparentemente protectora para losconsumidores y a finalidad inclusiva, los modelos bancarios actuales mantienen la exclusión.Mejorar las condiciones de acceso a y de uso de los servicios financieros por parte de laspersonas en situación de precariedad está condicionado por evoluciones que el mercado por sísolo no puede organizar.Concluimos además que los dispositivos públicos o asociativos experimentados para lucharcontra la exclusión bancaria sólo coinciden con las necesidades de los excluidos para ciertosperfiles, en ciertos contextos. Por otra parte, la hipótesis de la continuidad de sus modelos denegocio no se puede confirmar.Por último, se argumenta y justifica que en lo que se refiere a los servicios financieros, unmodelo económico sostenible e integrador está condicionado por transformacionessocioeconómicas. La primera se halla en la formalización del acceso a la moneda como unservicio de interés general, la segunda procede de la rehabilitación del valor de los ahorros. Lainclusión financiera no pretende resolver el problema del nivel de recursos pero, considerandoque las necesidades de crédito de liquidez estén recurrentes, se mejora cuando se difundenofertas que evitan influir negativamente en las condiciones de vida de los deudores. Este es elobjetivo del modelo propuesto.