Yes / Although urgent primary eye care schemes exist in some areas of England, their current safety is unknown. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to quantify the clinical safety and effectiveness of a COVID-19 Urgent Eyecare Service (CUES) across Luton, Bedford, Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire and Harrogate. Consenting patients with acute onset eye problems who had accessed the service were contacted to ascertain what the optometrist's recommendation was, whether this worked, if they had to present elsewhere and how satisfied they were with the CUES. A total of 27% (170/629) and 6.3% (28/445) of patients managed virtually and in person, respectively, did not have their acute eye problem resolved. Regression analysis revealed that patients who attended a face-to-face consultation were 4.66 times more likely to be correctly managed [Exp (β) = 5.66], relative to those solely managed virtually. Optometrists' phone consultations failed to detect conditions such as stroke, intracranial hypertension, suspected space occupying lesions, orbital cellulitis, scleritis, corneal ulcer, wet macular degeneration, uveitis with macular oedema and retinal detachment. Of referrals to hospital ophthalmology departments, in total, 19% were false-positives. Patients, however, were typically very satisfied with the service. Uptake was associated with socioeconomic status. The present study found that a virtual assessment service providing optometrist tele-consultations was not effective at resolving patients' acute-onset eye problems. The range and number of pathologies missed by tele-consultations suggests that the service model in the present study was detrimental to patient safety. To improve this, optometrists should follow evidence based guidance when attempting to manage patients virtually, or in person. For example, patients presenting with acute-onset symptoms of flashing lights and/or floaters require an urgent dilated fundus examination. Robust data collection on service safety is required on an ongoing basis.

The No Child Left Behind Act (2001) requires schools to increase academic performance and close the achievement gaps between sub-groups of students. As schools work to increase student performance in all academic areas, educators must identify the needs of each sub-group of students they services and determine which instructional practices meet their unique needs. Students living in poverty enter school with a distinctive set of needs and therefore require instructional practices that meet these needs. The researcher in this study strived to identify instructional practices that were being used in high and low performing Title I schools and compared the similarities and differences between the practices. Data reported from the study might inform school leaders regarding what instructional practices are effective when working in schools with high concentrations of students living in poverty. This qualitative study of four Title I eligible schools in an urban district in southeastern Virginia, involved interviews and focus groups. Interviews and focus groups focused on instructional practices (strategies, programs, and other factors) that influence academic achievement of students in high and low performing Title I eligible schools. Findings revealed that high performing Title I schools used student performance data to drive instruction; focused on teaching students enriching vocabulary; used the strategies of note taking, explicit instruction, similarities and differences, nonlinguistic representation, graphic organizers, and cooperative learning; conducted mentorship programs for teachers and students; utilized computer based instructional programs with fidelity; believed in their students and cared about their students; provided professional development to teachers; and implemented student reward/recognition programs. / Ed. D.

Yes / Purpose: Although urgent primary eye care schemes exist in some areas of England, their current safety is unknown. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to quantify the clinical safety and effectiveness of a COVID-19 Urgent Eyecare Service (CUES) across Luton, Bedford, Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire and Harrogate. Methods: Consenting patients with acute onset eye problems who had accessed the service were contacted to ascertain what the optometrist’s recommendation was, whether this worked, if they had to present elsewhere and how satisfied they were with the CUES. Results: 27% (170/629) and 6.3% (28/445) of patients managed virtually and in person, respectively, did not have their acute eye problem resolved. Regression analysis revealed that patients who attended a face-to-face consultation were 4.66 times more likely to be correctly managed (Exp (β) = 5.66), relative to those managed solely virtually. Optometrists phone consultations failed to detect conditions such as stroke, intracranial hypertension, suspected space occupying lesions, orbital cellulitis, scleritis, corneal ulcer, wet macular degeneration, uveitis with macular oedema and retinal detachment. Of referrals to hospital ophthalmology departments, in total, 19% were false-positives. Patients, however, were typically very satisfied with the service. Uptake was associated with socio-economic status. Conclusion: The present study found that a virtual assessment service providing optometrist teleconsultations was not effective at resolving patient’s acute-onset eye problems. The range and number of pathologies missed by teleconsultations suggests that the service model in the present study was detrimental to patient safety. To improve this, optometrists should follow evidence based guidance when attempting to manage patients virtually, or in person. For example, patients presenting with acute-onset symptoms of flashing lights and/or floaters require an urgent dilated fundus examination. Robust data collection on service safety is required on an ongoing basis. / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 10 Nov 2022.

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to discover some social and economic factors concerning the home background of the ninth and twelfth-grade students during their first and last years of high school; and (2) to study the physical status of these groups for the year 1949-1950, noting the development of each group in order to discover the relationship, if any, of social and economic status upon school marks of the students in the two grades.

The purpose which guided the writer in the conducting of this study was a desire to determine the existence of any relationships which might be perceptible among such traits and considerations as socio-economic status, popularity at school, general scholastic achievement, and traits of personality as they were found in a group of fifth-grade pupils enrolled in the public school of Sanger, Texas.

The eightfold purpose of this study was: 1. to evaluate the programs of boys' clubs sponsored by organizations in McKinney, Denton, and Dallas, Texas; 2. to obtain and study the aims and objectives of the programs of each club; 3. to obtain and study the aims and objectives of the active membership of the clubs; 4. to evaluate the programs in the light of an over-all guidance program; 5. to determine the different activities and their significance of mental, physical, emotional, economical, social, and moral phases of life; 6. to determine the social and economic status of the membership of the clubs; 7. to discover in which clubs there is a definite need for future professional preparation of adult leaders; 8. to discover the carry-over value of adolescent training through clubs into adult life.

本研究之目的主要是為探討國立政治大學大學部學生家庭社經背景對其工讀行為之影響。對於本研究的進行，研究者將探討「家庭社經地位」、「其他背景變項」、「助學貸款」與「工讀行為」等變項間的關係。 本研究以九十七學年度第二學期社會科學學院二至四年級大學部學生為調查對象，以問卷調查法蒐集資料，有效問卷434份。研究工具為自訂「政治大學社會科學學院大學部學生家庭社經背景調查問卷」，所取得之資料以Probit模型檢定，使用Limdep 7.0套裝軟體進行資料分析。 在敘述統計部分，樣本資料中，以社會系學生有工讀行為之比例最高，而財政系學生工讀之比例則相對最低；若以年級區分，三年級學生有工讀行為之比例遠高於二年級與四年級學生；在性別上，女生工讀之比例高於男性。經進一步分析，父親教育程度為專科或高中職者，該大學生打工比例占樣本數八成，母親教育程度在國中小以下者，該大學生打工比率最高，占86.89％；父親目前失業或退休者，其子女打工比率最高，為81.54％，而母親則不論是家管、工作中、失業或退休，大學生工讀行為占樣本比例，均高達7成。家庭月收入在3萬以下者，大學生工讀比例為90.20％，在家庭結構上，單親家庭之大學生工讀比例略高於雙親家庭，而手足總數超過4人者，工讀比例均為100％。申請助學貸款者，工讀比例為93.62％，調查並發現，有75.12％的樣本曾有工讀情形；依據曾打工之樣本進一步分析，在打工地點上，校內與校外所占比例相當，在對學業成績之影響上，60.74％認為無影響，持正面影響與負面影響之樣本，均近2成。 經由Probit模型估計後發現：在家庭社經地位中，父親教育程度為專科或高中職者，對大學生工讀行為有顯著的正向影響；母親教育程度則除了大學之外，博碩士、專科與國中小者均對大學生工讀行為有顯著的正向影響；父母親就業現況對大學生工讀行為無顯著影響；而家庭月收入在3萬元以下者，對大學生工讀行為則有顯著正向影響。 其他背景變項中，社會科學學院大學部各系所中，僅民族系對學生工讀行為有顯著的正向影響；而二年級對工讀行為有顯著的負向影響；性別對於工讀行為，在統計上並無顯著影響，手足總數在對大學生工讀行為上也呈現顯著的正向影響。 而在助學貸款方面，經過分析亦發現，對大學生的工讀行為有顯著的正向影響。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of family social and economic background of undergraduate students from National Taiwan Chengchi on their working decisions. For the proceed of this study, the researcher will probe about the relationship among the variables of “family social and economic background, “other background variables,” “student loan,” and “working decisions.” This study has based on the undergraduate students from sophomore to senior year with the College of Social Science at the second semester of 2008 academic year as its target, and questionnaire method is used to collection information, with 434 valid questionnaires retrieved. The research tool is of the self-produced “Family Social and Economic Background Questionnaire of Undergraduate Students from College of Social Science of National Chengchi University,” and the information obtained will be verified with Probit model, using Limped 7.0, software to conduct information analysis. In terms of descriptive statistics, it is found, from samples information, that students from department of sociology are given the highest ratio of working decisions, while those from department of finance are found with the lowest ratio. If it is classified in terms of year, the ratio of junior students with part-timing behavior is found far higher than those of sophomore and senior year; in terms of gender, the ratio of female students with part-timing behavior is relatively higher than those of male students. With further analysis, it is found that if the students whose fathers are found with educational background of junior college or high school the ratio of those students with part-timing behavior would have amounted to 80% of the samples, and if those students whose mother are found with educational background below junior high and elementary school the ratio of those students with part-timing behavior accounts the highest, amounting to 86.89%. As for father who are currently retired or unemployed, the ratio of their children is found with the highest part-timing behavior, amounting to 81. 54%; as for those students whose mother works as housewife, or who are with employment, unemployed, or retired, the ratio of university students who are part-timing among the samples has average reached 70%. For family with income less than NT$30,000, the ratio of student with part-timing behavior reaches 90.02%; in terms of family structure, the ratio of university student from single-parent family who part-times is slightly higher than those from dual-parent family; as for family with siblings over 4 people, the ratio of part-timing behavior is entirely 100%. For those students who apply for student loan, their ratio of part-timing behavior is 93.62%, and it is fond from the investigation that 75.12% of the samples are given with part-timing behavior; based on the samples with part-timing behavior for further analysis, it is found that the ratio of part-timing location within and outside the school is relatively the same; as for effect on their academic performance, 60.74% of the students believe that it does not effect at all, with about 20% of the samples that hold either positive and negative effect. It is found from the estimation of Probit model that if the educational background of the student’s father is found either with junior college or high school it would, in terms of family social economic status, render positive impact on the part-timing behavior of the student. Aside from educational background of the student’s mother who is found with college education, their educational background with either Ph.D, master, junior college, junior high, or elementary school, it would render with prominent positive impact on the part-timing behavior of students. As for current employment of the parents, it would hardly render any significant on the part-timing behavior of the student; for family whose monthly income that is less than NT$30,000, it would render with positive impact on the part-timing behavior of the student. Among other family variables, it is found that only the Department of Ethnology renders with positive impact on the part-timing behavior of students among each of the undergraduate students from the College of Social Science; sophomore year renders with significant negative impact on the part-timing behavior of the students. As for gender on part-timing behavior, it does not provide any significant impact statistically, while the number of total siblings has exerted prominent positive impact on the part-timing behavior of the students. In terms of student loan, it is found, after analysis, that it would exert rather significant and positive impact on part-timing behavior.

The problem of the present study is to investigate the consequences of an institutional program planned to develop positive interpersonal relations on the educational achievement, mental, health, and attitudes and outlook of a group of dependent and neglected children. The experimental group was composed of children in a home for dependent and neglected children in a large southwestern city. These children were compared to a control group whose parents were in the same socio-economic class, and who attended Sunday School for lower income families in a large Southern Baptist church in the same locality.

School garden-based education programs have become an increasingly popular tool to improve children's nutrition, yet evaluations have found mixed results. This study analyzes three years of student surveys collected before and after one year of participation in the American Heart Association's Teaching Gardens program. Analysis was guided by the Social Cognitive Theory, and measured changes in determinants of healthy eating behavior: preferences for fruits and vegetables, gardening skills, food systems learning, and perceptions of self-efficacy and social norms regarding fruit and vegetable consumption. A total of 755 pre-test and 976 post-test responses were included in the analysis, as well as 173 pre-test and 146 post-test responses from two control schools that did not participate in any gardening activities. Frequencies and crosstabulations were used to analyze pre- and post-test data. Paired t-tests were also used to analyze differences between pre- and post-test when data were collected for the same student before and after Teaching Gardens participation. Paired t-test results indicated improvement in Preferences, Food Systems Learning, and Social Norms for both control and experimental groups and in Gardening Skills for the experimental group, although none of the changes over time were significant. At posttest, significant differences by gender were found in responses across all five indices, with girls answering generally more positively to questions than boys. Crosstab results also indicated significant differences by school minority concentration and socioeconomic status (SES) across all five indices at post-test, as well as a general correlation between minority concentration and SES. However, the effects of these environmental factors were mixed. The second article of this thesis investigates the effects of another environmental factor - the level of integration of the school garden program into the wider school environment - on students' reported knowledge of Gardening Skills. Eight schools and 142 matched pairs of students that participated in the Teaching Gardens program were analyzed. Adult responses from each of the schools were used to create an index of the program's Level of Integration, which was then compared with the students' reported changes in Gardening Skills using bivariate analysis and Paired Samples t-tests. Repeated Measures General Linear Model tests were then conducted to compare the model including the Level of Integration against the more traditional model of school garden evaluation, which focuses on school's minority concentration and SES. Results indicate that students at schools with well-integrated school garden programs gain greater Gardening Skills as a result of one year of participation in the program and confirms previous findings that students from lower SES areas experience greater gains in Gardening Skills than students from higher SES areas.

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