In Sub-Saharan Africa, one of the world’s poorest regions, governments heavily rely upon donor Aid in order to sustain their national budgets and address the exacerbation of poverty. Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the region is no exception and part of the cause of the poverty is donor aid suspension. The United Nation’s World Food Programme (WFP) in Malawi introduced the School Feeding programme in 1999. The intention was to reduce dropout rates, promote regular attendance, increase enrolment, and improve children’s ability to concentrate and learn, and improve government capacity to implement a school meals programme. During the period between 2007 and 2011, the WFP announced the temporary suspension of the programme for half a million children in 10 of the 13 Malawian Districts of which the Chirazdulu district was one. Since the suspension of the programme, no proper study has been conducted to indicate the bearing of the suspension. The purpose of the study was to explore in which ways suspension of Aid provision by the WFP from 2007 to 2011 affected the school meals programme and the socio-economic status of the beneficiaries of the programme in the Chiradzulu district in Malawi. Participants in the study were three teachers at two schools where the programme is offered and four parents from the two schools who were involved in the administration of the programme. A qualitative research approached was used and a case study design was applied at two schools in the Chiradzulu district where the WFP’s school meals programme was implemented. Semi-structure interview schedules that were pre-tested were used during the individual interviews conducted with parents and teachers. The school meals programme is still implemented at the two schools today. The main findings revealed that donor aid suspension affected the continued implementation of the school meals programme and the socio-economic wellbeing of the programme’s beneficiaries. There was a reduction in school attendance by learners, increased absenteeism, evidence of malnourishment amongst learners and increasing pressure on parents to provide breakfast for the learners before they went to school. For the programme to have a sustainable impact it is recommended that its implementation must not be interrupted by aid suspension, the programme must be expanded but remain targeted and not become universal and the Malawi government assume full responsibility of the programme and stop reliance on foreign funding.

This diploma thesis deals with issues of pupils' behavior and discipline at elementary schools. It consists of a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with basic concepts and general problems of discipline and inexplicably with available literature. The practical part is focused on the research of the frequency of individual manifestations of disruptive behavior, it is determined whether the lack of discipline is associated with one of the selected characteristics of the pupil, such as the type of school, gender, socio - economic situation of the family and the development of the frequency of individual manifestations of disruptive behavior from the sixth to ninth grade. The aim of the thesis is to find out the extent of undesirable behavior in selected schools. The research method used is the statistical analysis of the data and the collection method is in the form of questionnaire. The result is a summary of the most frequently occurring unruly behavior at second level of the elementary school and its comparison within selected characteristics from the pupilś point of view. Self-evaluation is compared with the evaluation of unruly behavior from the point of view of the class and with the assessment of hypothetical person's suggestion. Key words Discipline, school discipline,...

Les différences de morbidité et de mortalité entre les groupes socioéconomiques constituent un des résultatsle plus cohérent de la recherche épidémiologique. Cependant, les mécanismes qui sous-tendent cetteassociation demeurent encore mal compris. Les données de deux grandes cohortes européennes ont étéutilisées pour décrire l'ampleur des différences socioéconomiques de mortalité toutes causes et spécifique, etexaminer le rôle des comportements de santé et du soutien social dans ces inégalités. Les indicateurs de lasituation socioéconomique dans l’enfance se sont révélés liés à la mortalité à l'âge adulte, même si toutefoisles trois mesures examinées – position socioprofessionnelle du père, niveau d’études et taille – étaientdifféremment liées à la mortalité. Les indicateurs de la position socioéconomique à l'âge adulte, catégoriesocioprofessionnelle et revenu, étaient associés à la mortalité toutes causes et cardiovasculaire dans les deuxcohortes. Dans l'étude Whitehall II, les comportements de santé étaient socialement distribués etexpliquaient une grande partie des inégalités sociales de mortalité, en particulier lorsque les changementsdans ces comportements au cours du suivi étaient pris en compte. Les mêmes comportements expliquaienttrès peu les inégalités sociales de mortalité dans l'étude GAZEL, leur répartition sociale étant faible danscette cohorte. Parmi les mesures de soutien social considérées, le statut marital expliquait également unepartie du gradient socioéconomique de mortalité dans l'étude Whitehall II, mais pas dans GAZEL, tandis quele rôle de la participation sociale et du réseau social était négligeable dans les deux cohortes. Différentsmécanismes semblent jouer un rôle dans les inégalités sociales de santé dans ces deux pays européensvoisins. Cela implique que des recherches comparatives visant à comprendre les déterminants communs etspécifiques des différences sociales de santé sont nécessaires. D’autres recherches visant davantage lescauses fondamentales des inégalités sociales de santé sont également souhaitables. / Differences in morbidity and mortality between socioeconomic groups constitute one of the most consistentfindings of epidemiologic research. However, research on social inequalities in health has yet to provide acomprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying this association. Data from two large Europeancohorts were used to examine socioeconomic differences in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in twopopulations in early old age, as well as the role played by health behaviours and social support in shapingthose inequalities. Indicators of socioeconomic circumstances in early life were found to be related tomortality in adulthood, even though the association of the three measures examined, father’s occupationalposition, education and height, with mortality did not have the same shape and depended on the cause ofmortality being examined. Indicators of socioeconomic position in adulthood, occupational position andincome, were strongly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in both cohorts. In theWhitehall II study, health behaviours - smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical activity - werestrongly socially patterned, and were found to contribute to a large part of social inequalities in mortality,particularly when changes in these behaviours over time were taken into account. The same behaviourscontributed little to explaining social inequalities in mortality in the GAZEL cohort, as their socialpatterning was weak in this cohort. Of the measures of social support examined, marital status alsoaccounted for part of the socioeconomic gradient in mortality in the Whitehall II cohort but not in GAZEL,while the role of social participation and network size was negligible in both cohorts. Different mechanismsmay be driving social inequalities in health in two neighbouring European countries. This finding calls forfurther comparative research to understand the common and unique determinants of social differences inhealth within and between countries, and for additional research addressing the fundamental causes of socialinequalities in health.

The Video Suggestibility Scale for Children (VSSC) was developed by Scullin and colleagues (Scullin & Ceci, 2000; Scullin & Hembrooke, 1998) as a tool for discriminating between children who have different levels of suggestibility. The scale requires children to view a 5-minute video about a birthday party, and to subsequently participate in an interview consisting of 18 yes/no questions. The VSSC consists of two main subscales; Yield (a measure of children's willingness to respond affirmatively to misleading questions about the video) and Shift (a measure of the children's tendency to change their responses after negative feedback from the interviewer). Preliminary research by Scullin and colleagues suggested that the scale possesses satisfactory internal consistency and that children's scores on the VSSC can predict their performance in another suggestibility paradigm. This thesis presents two studies, which further examine the validity and usefulness of the VSSC in an Australian sample of 3- to-5-year-old children. In Study One, children's performance on the VSSC (N = 77) was compared to their performance using other measures of suggestibility. These measures included children's willingness to assent to a false event as well as the number of false interviewer suggestions and new false details that the children provided in their accounts about an independent true-biased and an independent false (non-experienced) event. An independent samples t-test revealed that those children who assented to the false activity generated higher scores on the Yield measure. This pattern was also observed for the Shift subscale although it was not significant. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that Yield was a significant predictor of the number of false details reported about the false activity, but not the true-biased activity. There was no significant relationship between the Shift Vlll subscale and any of the dependent variables. Overall this study provided partial support for the construct validity of the VSSC. However, it indicated that children's performance on this scale may not be generalisable across different contexts and interview paradigms, and that the Yield subscale is more generalisable than the Shift subscale. Study Two examined whether various group and individual factors that have previously been shown to relate suggestibility (i.e., age, IQ, memory, socio-economic status, gender, temperament) could predict suggestibility as measured by the VSSC. Two hundred and twenty children were recruited from kindergartens, and were divided into two broad socio-economic categories (based predominantly on income). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that age, intelligence and memory inversely predicted children's Yield suggestibility. Further, children of low socio-economic backgrounds were more suggestible than children of high socio-economic background, and boys were more suggestible than girls on the Yield measure. Although shyness and other internalised and externalised characteristics were explored, no reliable significant relationships were found with Yield. With regard to the Shift subscale, no reliable relationships were found for any of the independent variables except for SES. Overall, results of Study 2 indicated that the VSSC is a potentially useful measure for discriminating between children's suggestibility on the basis on their individual characteristics, although benefits were observed mainly in relation to the Yield subscale. With reference to the findings of these two studies, the potential contribution of the VSSC for research and applied forensic contexts was discussed.

<p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">Oral ulcers and oral thrush could be indicative of serious illnesses such as oral cancer, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), among others. There are many different health care workers that can be approached for advice and/or treatment for oral ulcers and oral thrush (sometimes referred to as mouth sores by patients), including pharmacists. In fact, the mild and intermittent nature of oral ulcers and oral thrush may most likely lead the patient to present to a pharmacist for immediate treatment. In addition, certain aspects of access are exempt at a pharmacy such as long queues and waiting times, the need to make an appointment and the cost for consultation. Thus pharmacies may serve as a reservoir of undetected cases of oral cancer, HIV and other STIs. <b><font face="Times New Roman">Aim</font></b><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="3"><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">: To determine how community pharmacists in the Western Cape manage </font>oral ulcers and oral thrush.</font></font></p>

The study aims to understand the inclusive attitude by the senior-graders in elementary school toward the classmates of intellectual disability. The study explores that the difference of the inclusive attitudes by the senior-graders in elementary school toward the classmates of intellectual disability under different background variables (such as gender, grade, contact level, whether serving as an officer in the class or not, academic performance, the social and economic status of the family etc.), predicting ability of the inclusive attitude by the students in elementary school toward the classmates of intellectual disability under different background variables, and present viewpoints and make suggestions based on the research results to provide reference for inclusive education development of the elementary school in the future. The study adopts the questionnaire survey method in the research method, develops research framework by referring to internal and external relative literature, and develops ¡§the questionnaire survey of the peer inclusive attitude by the senior-graders in Chao Shiang Elementary School in Kaohsiung County¡¨, wherein by ¡§personal basic information¡¨, ¡§the learning acceptance attitude by the peers¡¨, ¡§the support acceptance attitude by the peers¡¨ and ¡§the friendship acceptance attitude by the peers¡¨ etc., the inclusive attitude scale by the students in Chao Shiang Elementary School toward the classmates of intellectual disability, the study understands the sample property and compares the difference of the inclusive attitudes by the students of different backgrounds toward the classmates of intellectual disability after basic information of the subjects is collected. The study makes a sampling survey after completion of the questionnaire and utilizes the unsimplified Chinese version of the statistic package software SPSS FOR WINDOW 10.0 and the statistic package software Excel 2003 to make a statistic analysis of sampling data to present research conclusions and make research suggestions after completion of survey. The study takes the senior-graders studying in Chao Chiang Elementary School in Kaohsiung County as research objects and adopts the disproportional stratified random sampling method to test a sampling. The study sends out 210 questionnaires to collect questionnaire information, recovers 207 questionnaires (the recovery rate is 98.57%), and 205 valid samples are finally acquired (the valid recovery rate is 97.62%) after invalid questionnaires are deleted. The study finds: The learning acceptance attitude by the senior-graders in Chao Chiang Elementary School in Kaohsiung County toward the classmates of intellectual disability tends to be aggressive and positive. The support acceptance attitude by the senior-graders in Chao Chiang Elementary School in Kaohsiung County toward the classmates of intellectual disability tends to be aggressive and positive. The friendship acceptance attitude by the senior-graders in Chao Chiang Elementary School in Kaohsiung County toward the classmates of intellectual disability tends to be aggressive and positive. The background variables of the senior-graders in Chao Chiang Elementary School in Kaohsiung County don¡¦t have significant difference, no matter in gender, grade, contact level, whether serving as an officer in the class or not, academic performance, the social and economic status of the family. The inclusive attitude scale in the learning acceptance attitude by the peers, the support acceptance attitude by the peers and the friendship acceptance attitude by the peers does not have predicting ability. Besides, the study also finds that the contact level between the subject students in Chao Chiang Elementary School and the classmates of intellectual disability is very high. Because Chao Chiang Elementary School has implemented inclusive education for a period of time, the subject students are somewhat familiar with the classmates of intellectual disability, which may be also one of the reasons which the acceptance attitude by the students generally tends to be aggressive and positive. Finally, the study makes suggestions to provide reference for the authority concerned, school, teachers, and future research based on the findings and generalized conclusions of the study.

This thesis tries to explore the effects of socio-economic status, gender and generation of Turkish migrants living in Berlin on their participation into transnational social fields established between Berlin and Turkey. In addition to this, evaluating transnational approaches used in international migration studies critically and acquiring a critical transnational perspective in the context of global capitalism are also in the interest areas of this study. This study is based on a qualitative field research conducted with 30 Turkish migrants in Berlin in 2006. This study maintains that, as well as global restructuring of global capitalism, new technological advances and nation state policies, migrants&rsquo / socio-economic status, gender and generation differences are vital elements to understand the way and content of transnational social fields in daily life of migrants. This study concludes that, apart from being liberatory, nation- state- based inequalities are reproduced in transnational social fields in macro and micro levels as dependent on migrants&rsquo / socio economic status, gender and generation differences.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEHAVIORS AND NEIGHBORHOOD WALKABILITY PERCEPTIONS OF TURKISH WOMEN IN LOW AND HIGH SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS Yildirim, G&uuml / lsen M.S., Department of Physical Education and Sports Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Levent nce September 2010, 65 pages The purposes of this study were to compare (a) the physical activity (PA) levels, (b) exercise stages of change levels and (c) neighborhood walkability perceptions of Turkish women who are living in Low and High socio-economic (SES) environments. Initially, Low SES and High SES neighborhoods in Ankara were identified by using the classification of Turkish Statistical Institute. Participants were randomly selected 394 women (Low SES=188, High SES=206) between the ages of 18-65 living in these neighborhoods. For data collection, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ) / Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire (PASCQ), and Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale- Abbreviated (NEWS-A) were used. Descriptive statistics, nonparametric statistical methods (Mann Whitney U test, Pearson chi-square test) and MANOVA were used for the data analysis. According to the IPAQ results, there was no significant difference in walking and vigorous levels by women&rsquo / s neighborhood SES (p&gt / 0.05). However / moderate and total PA level of women living in High SES neighborhoods were significantly higher than the related levels of women living in Low SES neighborhoods (p&lt / 0.05). The results on exercise stages of change levels indicated that the women in Low SES neighborhoods had a higher percentage at precontemplation stage than those of women in High SES neighborhoods (p&lt / 0.05). On he other hand, a higher percentage of women in High SES neighborhoods were at maintenance stage (p&lt / 0.05). NEWS-A results revealed that there were significant differences in women&rsquo / s neighborhood walkability perception by their neighborhood SES, Wilk&rsquo / s = .33, F (8,382) = 97.57, p &lt / .05, 2 = .67. According to further univariate analyses, there were significant differences in all NEWS-A subscales by neighborhood SES in favor of High SES neighborhood, except for the &ldquo / pedestrian/traffic safety&rdquo / subscale (p&lt / 0.05). There were no significant difference in pedestrian/traffic safety scale by neighborhood SES (p&gt / 0.05). In conclusion, women who live in Low SES neighborhood have a higher risk of physical inactivity.Moreover, perceptions of neighborhood environment for the promotion and support of PA were lower in Low SES neighborhood residents as compared to their High SES neighborhood counterparts. Intervention programs for women living in these areas should be provided by considering their PA level, exercise stages of change level and neighborhood walkability perceptions.

<p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">Oral ulcers and oral thrush could be indicative of serious illnesses such as oral cancer, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), among others. There are many different health care workers that can be approached for advice and/or treatment for oral ulcers and oral thrush (sometimes referred to as mouth sores by patients), including pharmacists. In fact, the mild and intermittent nature of oral ulcers and oral thrush may most likely lead the patient to present to a pharmacist for immediate treatment. In addition, certain aspects of access are exempt at a pharmacy such as long queues and waiting times, the need to make an appointment and the cost for consultation. Thus pharmacies may serve as a reservoir of undetected cases of oral cancer, HIV and other STIs. <b><font face="Times New Roman">Aim</font></b><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="3"><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">: To determine how community pharmacists in the Western Cape manage </font>oral ulcers and oral thrush.</font></font></p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal