Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / The present paper proposes to analyze the reform of the Brazilian social security system. For this, the discussions were segmented into parts using as a method the bibliographic review of authors, such as: Oliveira et al. (1994), Rangel et al. (2009) and others. The first part dealt with the reconstruction of the social security system and covered Legislative Decree No. 4,682, known as the Eloy Chaves Law, homologated on January 14, 1923, until the 1954 Constitution - a period represented by the low state participation in functions of administration and management of the social security system. The second part was the cut from 1960 to 1980, showing how the centralization of the military regime and the end of the economic miracle directly influenced the financing structure of social security expenditures. In the third clipping, the effects of the Federal Constitution of 1988 on the social security system and the reforms made in the period after the promulgation of the constitution were presented, opening the space for the presentation of the fourth part, in which were presented the arguments used to deal with current Proposal for Constitutional Amendment 287/16 of the social security system, proposed during the government of Michel Temer. The fifth and last part dealt with the participation of economists in the reconstruction of the four cuts discussed above, trying to demonstrate their participation in the process of historical reconstruction of the social security system. / O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar a reforma do sistema previdenciário social brasileiro. Para tanto, as discussões foram segmentadas em partes utilizando como método a revisão bibliográfica de autores, tais como: Oliveira et al. (1994), Rangel et al. (2009) e outros. A primeira parte tratou da reconstrução do sistema de previdência social e abrangeu o Decreto-Legislativo n.º 4.682, conhecido como Lei Eloy Chaves, homologado em 14 de janeiro de 1923, até a Constituição de 1954 – período representado pela baixa participação do Estado nas funções de administração e gerenciamento do sistema de previdência social. A segunda parte foi o recorte de 1960 até 1980, apresentando como a centralização do regime militar e o fim do milagre econômico influenciaram diretamente na estrutura de financiamento dos gastos previdenciários. Já no terceiro recorte, foram apresentados os efeitos da Constituição Federal de 1988 sobre o sistema de previdência social e as reformas efetuadas no período após a promulgação da constituição, abrindo espaço para apresentação da quarta parte, em que foram exibidos os argumentos utilizados para tratar da atual Proposta de Emenda Constitucional 287/16 do sistema de previdência social, proposta durante o governo de Michel Temer. A quinta e última parte tratou da participação dos economistas na reconstrução dos quatro recortes abordados anteriormente, procurando demonstrar qual é a participação destes no processo de reconstrução histórica do sistema de previdência social. / São Cristóvão, SE

Este trabalho se propõe a abordar a construção de um conjunto de estratégias voltadas ao desenvolvimento econômico do estado de Minas Gerais a partir, especialmente, do início do século XX e sobretudo da atuação de uma elite tecno-burocrata que, originalmente, foi composta pelos engenheiros formados pela Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto e, posteriormente, por engenheiros formados principalmente pela Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e, por fim, pelos economistas graduados pela Faculdade de Administração e Ciências Econômicas da mesma universidade. Procura, neste sentido, discutir a possibilidade de ter surgido, em Minas, agenda dedicada ao planejamento da economia e à intervenção por parte do poder público já desde o princípio do século XX. Nela, elementos como a modernização agrícola, a diversificação produtiva, o ensino técnico e profissionalizante, a exploração mineral e a implantação da grande siderurgia forjaram uma consciência regional que percebia, no Estado, seu formulador, organizador e financiador primordial e, notadamente no corpo técnico, seu mais perfeito executor. O trabalho também procura abordar como essa consciência regional se constrói na oposição estabelecida com países ou regiões desenvolvidas, pautando as estratégias regionais sempre por constante e reafirmada avaliação de atraso relativo da economia mineira. Discorre sobre os mecanismos de mobilização desta agenda, por meio da análise de planos regionais de desenvolvimento que se sucedem entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960, bem como sobre as estratégias estabelecidas pelo corpo técnico encetam transformações no percurso da construção política do desenvolvimento econômico regional. Aborda, por conseguinte, as próprias nervuras deste corpo técnico, intentando percebê-lo em suas contradições e, sobretudo, nas articulações institucionais que sustentam suas atuações e suas leituras sobre o desenvolvimento regional. Para tanto, baseia o trabalho em pesquisa bibliográfica atinente ao tema estudado e no aparato documental compilado e analisado referências apresentadas ao final deste volume. / This work discusses the construction of a set of strategies focused on economic development of the state of Minas Gerais, especially after the start of the 20th century, and above all, the work of a techno-bureaucratic elite that was originally composed of engineers with degrees from Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto (Ouro Preto School of Mines), and later, of engineers mainly from the Engineering School at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, and finally, of economists with degrees from the Business Management and Accounting College of that same university. The work examines the possibility that an agenda dedicated to economic planning and to government intervention since the beginning of the 20th century may have arisen in Minas. In it, elements like agricultural modernization, diversification of production, technical and professional teaching, mineral exploration and the implementation of a major steelmaking industry forged a regional consciousness that saw, in the State, its primary formulator, organizer and financier, and notably in its technical corps, it most perfect executor. This study also examines how this regional awareness is built in the opposition established with developed counties or regions, guiding regional strategies by a constant and reaffirmed evaluation of the relative backwardness of the economy in Minas. It discusses the mechanisms for mobilization of this agenda, through the analysis of successive regional development plans between the 1930s and 1960s, and how the strategies established by the technical corps inaugurating transformations into the path of political construction of the regional economic development. Finally, it examines the very nerves of this technical corps, attempting to see their contradictions, and above, all, their institutional articulations that serve as the basis for their activity and their reading on regional development. To achieve this, the work is based on bibliographic research of the topic studied and on the documents compiled and analyzed, with references presented at the end of this volume.

This thesis is an historical study of the formation of Thatcherite economic thinking and policymaking with a particular focus upon investigating the part played by economic ideas and economists in Thatcherism. While some economists and economic ideas are closely associated with Thatcherism, Thatcherites were hostile to the bulk of Britain’s economists residing in universities and in the Government Economic Service and skeptical of the usefulness of economic theory in policymaking. Thatcherites thought that British academic and government economists supported a ‘Keynesian consensus’ which was purported to have been in operation since the Second World War and had allegedly retarded Britain’s growth from a quasi-mythical free-enterprise Victorian high-point. However, Thatcherites were keen to win the ‘battle of ideas’ and became eager ‘buyers’ of economic ideas – Keith Joseph particularly – in a ‘marketplace in economic ideas’ which developed over the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Yet, Thatcherites were not suddenly converted to neoliberal economic thinking by the marketplace in economic ideas. Instead, Thatcherites pragmatically sought out ideas which could be adopted and adapted in combination with long-standing ideological beliefs which were hostile to the size and role of the state and in favour of ‘sound money.’ Thatcherite economic thinking developed to include sometimes contradictory strands of supply-side economics, Austrian economics, monetarism/rational expectations and public choice economics but also contained, particularly for Margaret Thatcher, elements of ‘businessmen’s economics’ and ‘housewife economics.’ A case study of privatisation policy illustrates the point that pre-existing Thatcherite thinking, such as the desire to ‘roll back the state’, provided the core underlying rationale for economic policies. Yet, Thatcherites were also able to use a jumbled amalgam of economic ideas such as Austrian and neoclassical economics to promote secondary objectives such as introducing competition when conditions were judged as favourable by Thatcherites.

The main focus of this thesis are the economic-theoretical concepts, which in varying degrees contributed to the creation of an official government program of economic reforms in the sixties of the 20th century in Czechoslovakia. The work will mainly analyze the causes of success Šikova reform movement among economists and the Czechoslovak Communist Party leadership. The first part of the study will address the reorientation of foreign trade and economy of Czechoslovakia to the Soviet Union and its satellite countries, as well as the importance of CSR for the functioning of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in the fifties. Briefly mentioned is the first attempt at economic reform led by Kurt Rozsypal issues and other proposals for changes in central planning. The crucial part of this work will be devoted to the theoretical designs and directions, which created the preconditions for the implementation of specific economic reforms in the sixties. The treatment of the topic study should answer the questions: What were the other economic programs and their leaders? These protagonists could significantly affect the program or not?

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Dept. of Economics, 1999. / Bibliography: p. 232-255. / Introduction -- Cheap money and Ottawa -- The World Economic Conference -- F.L. McDougall -- The beginnings of the 'employment approach' -- Coombs and consolidation -- Bretton Woods -- An international employment agreement -- The 'employment approach' reconsidered -- The Keynesian 'revolution' in Australia -- Conclusion. / Between 1925 and 1950, Australian economists embarked on a series of campaigns to influence international policy-making. The three distinct episodes of these campaigns were unified by the conviction that 'expansionary' economic policies by all countries could solve the world's economic problems. As well as being driven by self-interest (given Australia's dependence on commodity exports), the campaigns were motivated by the desire to promote economic and social reform on the world stage. They also demonstrated the theoretical skills of Australian economists during a period in which the conceptual instruments of economic analysis came under increasing pressure. -- The purpose of this study is to document these campaigns, to analyse their theoretical and policy implications, and to relate them to current issues. Beginning with the efforts of Australian economists to persuade creditor nations to enact 'cheap money' policies in the early 1930s, the study then explores the advocacy of F.L. McDougall to reconstruct agricultural trade on the basis of nutrition. Finally, it examines the efforts of Australian economists to promote an international agreement binding the major economic powers to the pursuit of full employment. -- The main theses advanced in the dissertation are as follows: Firstly, it is argued that these campaigns are important, neglected indicators of the theoretical positions of Australian economists in the period. Hitherto, the evolution of Australian economic thought has been interpreted almost entirely on the basis of domestic policy advocacy, which gave rise to the view that Australian economists before 1939 were predominantly orthodox in theoretical outlook and policy prescriptions. However, when their international policy advocacy is included, a quite different picture emerges. Their efforts to achieve an expansion in global demand were aimed at alleviating Australia's position as a small open economy with perennial external sector problems, but until such international policies were in place, they were forced by existing circumstances to confine their domestic policy advice to orthodox, deflationary measures. -- Secondly, the campaigns make much more explicable the arrival and dissemination of the Keynesian revolution in Australian economic thought. A predilection for expansionary and proto-Keynesian policies, present within the profession for some time, provided fertile ground for the Keynesian revolution when it finally arrived. Thirdly, by supplying evidence of expansionary international policies, the study provides a corrective to the view that Australia's economic interaction with the rest of the world has largely been one of excessive defensiveness. -- Originality is claimed for the study in several areas. It provides the first comprehensive study of all three campaigns and their unifying themes. It demonstrates the importance to an adequate account of the period of the large amount of unpublished material available in Australian archives. It advances ideas and policy initiatives that have hitherto been ignored, or only partially examined, in the existing literature. And it provides a new perspective on Australian economic thought and policy in the inter-war years. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / 255 p

The thesis analyzes how minimum wage influences unemployment in the Czech Republic. Firstly, the economic theory is researched and the conclusion is that the Czech labour market is very similar to a monopsony market due to the low mobility of the workforce and the low rate of immigration. Another result is that the level of wages in developed economies does not depend on the productivity of the workforce anymore, so minimum wage laws have psychological impacts rather than economical. The following part of this thesis is dedicated to the comparison of labour market indicators between european countries. The last chapter investigates the main hypothesis with a dataset from the Czech Republic between 1993-2014 using the econometric model. A 1% increase of real minimum wage resulted in a 0.01% increase in the general unemployment rate and a 0.1% increase of unemployment among the young population. But if the minimum wage will be raised during the times of real GDP growth, influence on unemployment will be eliminated.

Digitalisering är ett aktuellt ämne i dagsläget och teknologin har vuxit samt påverkat samhället. Det har påverkat ekonomer och deras arbetssätt. Det förekommer flertalet studier angående hur digitalisering påverkar ekonomrollen inom privat sektor, forskning kring ekonomernas egna erfarenheter och inom den offentliga sektorn är dock fåtalig. Offentlig sektor har kritiserats då den tekniska utvecklingen inte går framåt i den takt som övriga samhället. Detta då de har strukturer som försvårar införandet av moderniseringsarbete. Syftet med studien är att kartlägga och analysera erfarenheter med digitalisering samt möjligheter och utmaningar kring det utifrån ekonomers perspektiv. Studien har genomförts genom en kvalitativ metod där datainsamlingen gjordes på två offentliga organisationer genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Digitalisering resulterar i att analog information skiftar till att bli digitaliserade. Den förbättrar den interna effektiviteten genom att effektivisera arbetsprocesser genom att eliminera manuella hanteringar och reducera de mänskliga felen. Ekonomistyrsystem handlar om att påverka beteendes hos medarbetarnas, men även chefernas beteende i organisationen. Studiens empiriska resultat visar att digitalisering har bidragit till en övergång från det analoga till det digitala. Det visar även att digitaliseringen har effektiviserat arbetsprocesser inom organisationerna. Vad gäller ekonomistyrningen i organisationerna har studien identifierat att det i arbetssättet främst råder en kombination av resultat- samt handlingsstyrning i organisationerna. Slutsatserna som studien presenterar är att fördelarna med digitalisering är att det har lett till effektivare arbetsprocesser och frigjort tid till mer kvalificerade arbetsuppgifter. Möjligheterna är att effektiviseringen leder till att mer fokus kan sättas på att hantera med kvalificerade arbetsuppgifter som faktiskt kräver det mänskliga ögat och minska de mänskliga felen. En nackdel är att ekonomerna inte besitter IT- kompetensen, och behöver ta hjälp av IT-avdelningen, vilket i sig är en utmaning då det uppstår utmaningar gällande kommunikationen. På grund utav detta upplever ekonomerna detta att systemen inte alltid är optimala att hantera utifrån deras arbetsuppgifter. Ytterligare en nackdel med digitaliseringen är att den påverkar den sociala kontakten och den kreativa förmågan negativt till följd av fler digitala möten istället för att träffas fysiskt. / Digitalization is a current topic at present and technology has grown and affected society. It has affected economists and their way of working. There are several studies regarding how digitalization affects the role of economists in the private sector, research on economists' own experiences and in the public sector is, however, few. The public sector has been criticized as technological development does not progress at the pace of the rest of society. This is because they have structures that make it difficult to introduce modernization work. The purpose of the study is to map and analyze experiences with digitization as well as opportunities and challenges around it from the perspective of economists. The study was conducted through a qualitative method where data collection was done on two public organizations through six semi-structured interviews. Digitization results in analog information shifting to being digitized. It improves internal efficiency by streamlining work processes by eliminating manual handling and reducing human error. Management control systems are about influencing the behavior of employees, but also managers' behavior in the organization. The empirical results of the study show that digitization has contributed to a transition from the analog to the digital. It also shows that digitalization has streamlined work processes within organizations. With regard to management control in the organizations, the study has identified that there is both results control and action control in the organizations. The conclusions that the study presents are that the advantages of digitization are that it has led to more efficient workflow processes and freed up time for more qualified tasks. The possibilities are that the streamlining leads to more focus being placed on dealing with qualified tasks that require the human eye and reduce human errors. A disadvantage is that economists do not possess IT skills, and need the help of the IT department, which is a challenge as challenges arise regarding communication. Due to this, economists experience that the systems are not always optimal to handle based on their tasks. Another disadvantage of digitalization is that it negatively affects social contact and creative ability as a result of more digital encounters instead of meeting physically.

År 2007 – 2008 var Finanskrisen i full kraft vilket forcerade många individer till att träda ut från aktiemarknaden. Ett hårdare finansiellt klimat och en mer komplex produktmarknad har resulterat i att alla individer inte kunnat parera marknadens hastiga förändringar och därmed invänta en framtida marknadsåterhämtning. Detta utfall kan således ha varit förknippat med stora förluster av finansiella tillgångar. Tidigare forskning indikerar att det existerar ett behov av finansiell förmåga vid dessa typer av krissituationer. Är investerares finansiella förmåga en lösning här? Och isåfall, vilka kunskaper är mest centrala för att uppnå en hög finansiell förmåga? I studiens teoretiska referensram redovisas tidigare forskning och en övergripande inblick ges i investerares portföljsammansättningar samt diversifiering av dessa. Först redogörs det för individers finansiella förmåga som innehar en central roll vid investeringar på aktiemarknaden då en hög finansiell förmåga tenderar att medföra möjligheter som kan frambringa goda ekonomiska förutsättningar. Vidare presenteras grundläggande portföljteori följt av diverse riskpreferenser som existerar i denna kontext. Därefter beskrivs de effekter som ofta uppkommer med i samband med finanskriser.  Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur ingenjörer och ekonomer bygger upp och omfördelar sina aktieportföljer. Ett grundläggande kriterium avseende urvalet är att de har erhållit en examen från Uppsala Universitet, inom antingen ekonomi eller ingenjörsskap, mellan år 2000 till 2018. Det centrala här är att identifiera vilka riskpreferenser som existerar för de båda urvalsgrupperna samt att analysera aktiemarknadsdeltagandet – detta för att identifiera möjliga skillnader utbildningarna emellan.  I kölvattnet av Finanskrisen har flertalet investerare uppvisat tendenser till ett mer riskaversivt beteendemönster där resultaten visar på ett reducerat risktagande efter Finanskrisens avslut (2009 – 2018) i förhållande till perioden innan Finanskrisens uppkomst (2000 – 2006). När effekten av Finanskrisen var som starkast (2007 – 2008) uppvisade investerarna ett tydligt avståndstagande från aktiemarknaden, där de som trots allt valde att stanna kvar på marknaden eftersökte mindre riskfyllda investeringsalternativ. Resultaten pekar på att urvalets ekonomer handlar utifrån en mer riskaversiv utgångspunkt gentemot ingenjörer som istället tenderar att uppvisa en mer riskneutrala inställning till marknadens investeringsalternativ. / During 2007 – 2008 when the global financial crisis was in full effect, a majority of the investors on the stock market were forced to exit due to a harsher financial environment and increasing complexity of financial products. The results of this outcome were associated with losses of financial assets for the investors. Previous research has identified and supported the need for financial literacy during financial crises. Could financial literacy be a key factor in resolving these issues? And if so, what kind of knowledge can lead to greater financial literacy? The purpose of this study is to examine how engineers and economists build and rebalance their portfolios. The aim has been to identify the risk preferences that exists for each target group, and to analyze stock market participation – before, during, and after the global financial crisis. This in turn, is crucial for the ability to compare the investors university education and to investigate possible differences in terms of knowledge. The results show that the investors in this study display risk averse behaviours and hold assets associated with risks that are lower than the market risk. Furthermore, economists tend to be more risk averse than engineers which in comparison are more risk neutral in their market behaviours.

Kvinnor på ledande positioner är få i svenskt arbetsliv. Det finns ett växande intresse för att förstå vad detta kan bero på. Vilken roll spelar kvinnornas inställning till karriär? Vilken roll spelar familjen? Direkt och indirekt diskriminering mot kvinnor beskrivs och diskuteras, liksom kvinnors upplevelser av fördelarna med att vara kvinna i arbetet. Kvinnor i mansdominerade yrken och miljöer utvecklar speciella strategier för att hantera kopplingen mellan sin egen identitet som kvinnor och det faktum att de befinner sig i en minoritetssituation. Denna avhandling grundar sig på en undersökning om kvinnliga civilekonomers och civilingenjörers karriärutveckling. I tolkningen av resultaten används feministisk teori på området organisation. Kvinnornas situation i karriären synliggörs. Boken riktar sig till alla som är intresserade av området "kvinnor och karriär", till exempel kvinnor och män i arbetslivet, liksom organisationsforskare och kvinnoforskare. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1992. Spikblad saknas</p>

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