O objetivo principal desta dissertação é analisar como a mudança climática pode afetar o processo de desenvolvimento humano. Com esse objetivo, procurou-se identificar, caracterizar e sistematizar os impactos potenciais da mudança climática em dimensões relevantes do desenvolvimento humano, tais como: saúde, educação, meios de subsistência, segurança, valores culturais e relações sociais. O trabalho propõe uma estrutura analítica na qual se identificam relações diretas e indiretas entre os componentes climáticos e do bem-estar humano e definem-se mecanismos que interligam as duas áreas, sendo estes os recursos naturais de água, solo e biodiversidade, assim como os serviços dos ecossistemas. A análise realizada não foi restrita à realidade de um país, ao invés, foram associados elementos tendo em conta as evidências em nível global. O estudo foi baseado na abordagem de desenvolvimento humano fundamentada por Amartya Sen, a qual permitiu considerar um conjunto amplo de dimensões na avaliação do bem-estar, abrangendo as diversas formas em que as pessoas são e podem ser privadas de desfrutar uma vida que eles valoram devido à mudança climática. Através da estrutura analítica proposta neste trabalho e na investigação sistemática de dois corpos de literatura (respectivamente ambiental e de desenvolvimento humano), foi possível constatar que o processo de desenvolvimento humano está determinado pela expansão de aspectos multidimensionais, como funcionamento e capacitações, bem como meios e intitulamentos que podem aumentar ou diminuir dependendo a relação com os sistemas do meio ambiente, em especial, do sistema climático. As evidências analisadas demonstraram como as alterações do clima constituem um risco latente para o retrocesso do desenvolvimento humano e ampliação das privações humanas em todo o mundo, com desproporcionais efeitos em países pobres e em desenvolvimento. Por um lado, os choques climáticos ameaçam em diferentes caminhos (direta e indiretamente) os funcionamentos e capacitações das pessoas, como a saúde, a educação, os valores culturais e as relações sociais. Por outro lado, os choques climáticos restringem o desenvolvimento humano ao afetar e limitar os "meios e intitulamentos" necessários para o sustento das pessoas, através da redução da quantidade e qualidade da água, da produção agrícola, da alteração de atividades de pesca, redução de rendimentos econômicos, entre outras formas. Os maiores impactos são em áreas rurais, as quais concentram maior proporção de pobres. O exame de impactos levou em conta a interação com aspectos de vulnerabilidade pré-existente de cada país ou região, relacionados com a exposição definida pela localização geográfica, a sensibilidade de acordo com a dependência na agricultura e nos serviços dos ecossistemas e a capacidade de adaptação determinada por aspectos sociais, econômicos, institucionais, políticos e dotação dos recursos naturais. / The main aim of this dissertation is to examine how climate change can affect the process of human development. In particular, it tries to identify, characterize and classify the potential impacts of climate change on relevant dimensions of human development, such as health, education, livelihoods, security, cultural values and social relations. The dissertation proposes an analytical structure in which it delves into direct and indirect relations between the components of the climate and well being, and set up mechanisms that link the two areas, which are the natural resources of water, soil and biodiversity as well as the ecosystem services. The analysis was not restricted to the particular realities of a given country, in contrast, it focused on evidence at a global level. This study is based on the vision of human development as characterized by the work of Amartya Sen, which enabled us to consider a wide range of dimensions in the assessment of well being, covering the various ways in which people are and can be deprived of enjoying a life that they value due to climate change. Through the analytical framework proposed in this paper and the systematic investigation of two bodies of literature (the environmental and human development), it was possible to see that the process of human development is determined by the expansion of multidimensional aspects, such as functionings and capabilities, as well as means and entitlements that may increase or decrease depending on the relation with the environment, especially the climate system. The analysis showed evidence such as that climate change is a latent risk to the setback of human development and expansion of human deprivation in the world, with disproportionate effect on poor and developing countries. The climatic shocks threaten in different ways (directly and indirectly) the functionings and capabilities of individuals, such as health, education, cultural values and social relations. Moreover, the climatic shocks restrict human development to affect and limit the "means and entitlements" necessary for the sustenance of the people, by reducing the quantity and quality of water, agricultural production, modification of fishing activities, reduction income, among other ways. The largest impacts are in rural areas, which concentrate the largest proportion of poor people. An examination of impacts took into account the interaction with aspects of pre-existing vulnerability of each country or region, associated with exposure defined by geographic location, according to the sensitivity of the dependence on agriculture and ecosystems services and the capacity of adaptation certain by social, economic, institutional, political and status of natural resources.

Submitted by Rafael Parras (rafael.parras@unesp.br) on 2018-09-21T12:27:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_PARRAS_Impressão.pdf: 1866752 bytes, checksum: 9dbe2131a5a40499159c2de8517a007b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-09-21T17:54:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 parras_r_me_jabo.pdf: 1866752 bytes, checksum: 9dbe2131a5a40499159c2de8517a007b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T17:54:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parras_r_me_jabo.pdf: 1866752 bytes, checksum: 9dbe2131a5a40499159c2de8517a007b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / RESUMO – O sistema de produção vegetal compreende a informação sobre os sistemas representativos das explorações agrícolas. A observação do comportamento do uso e da ocupação do solo indica a dinamização agropecuária associada à “pressão” que os habitantes e a agricultura exercem sobre os recursos ambientais de uma unidade político administrativa, e é um importante fator para os tomadores de decisão. As mudanças antropogênicas do uso do solo causam um desequilíbrio ecológico no ambiente e são capazes de interferir no sistema de produção agrícola, pois os fatores necessários para a manutenção dos sistemas de produção podem ser consumidos limitando sua capacidade. Partindo do exposto, propõe-se o cálculo e a aplicação de um índice que permite comparar o comportamento do desenvolvimento de uma sociedade no que tange ao uso e ocupação do solo em uma unidade política administrativa. O Índice de uso do solo por habitante (IUSH) consiste da relação entre o uso e a ocupação do solo (área) de uma unidade política administrativa e o número de habitantes desta mesma unidade em um determinado momento. Ao observar os resultados obtidos na análise multivariada de componentes principais, nota-se que os recursos naturais demandados diretamente pela população da unidade político administrativa, como por exemplo, a água consumida, o esgoto coletado e o esgoto tratado, se agruparam separadamente dos relacionados ao comportamento de uso e ocupação do solo, como fragmentos florestais e áreas urbanizadas com acesso pavimentado. Esta separação indica a insustentabilidade. Estes dados comprovam que o IUSH mensura a pressão exercida por um determinado número de habitantes sobre os recursos naturais de uma unidade política-administrativa. Ao analisar, ao longo do tempo, este índice indica o aumento ou a diminuição da demanda sobre os recursos naturais disponíveis. Estes valores poderão auxiliar os tomadores de decisão para uma gestão mais sustentável em sistemas de produção vegetal. Posteriormente o IUSH poderá ser usado para comparar unidades político administrativas quanto a gestão sustentável de suas áreas. / ABSTRACT – The observation of the behavior of the use and occupation of the soil associated to the "pressure" that the inhabitants exert on the environmental resources of an administrative political unit is an important point for the decision makers. Anthropogenic changes in land usage cause an ecological imbalance in the environment and are able to interfering with the agricultural production system. The factors necessary for the maintenance of production systems can be consumed by limiting their capacity. Based on this, it is proposed the calculation and the application of an index that allows comparing the behavior of the society development regarding the occupation of land use in a political administrative unit. The Land Use Human Index (LUHI) consists of the relationship between the use and occupation of the soil (area) of a unit administrative political and the number of inhabitants, of this same unit, at a given moment. When analyzing, over time, this index is able to indicate the increase or decrease of the demand on the available natural resources. These values can help to take decisions towards more sustainable management. When observing the results obtained in the multivariate analysis of the main components, it can be observed that the natural resources demanded directly by the population of the administrative political unit, such as the water consumed, collected sewage and treated sewage, they can grouped separately from those related to the behavior of use and occupation of the soil, such as forest fragments and urbanized areas with paved access. These data show that the LUHI measures the pressure exerted by a certain number of inhabitants on the natural resources of a political-administrative unit. Subsequently the LUHI can be used to compare political administrative units regarding the sustainable management of their areas. / 142749/2016-8

abstract: Often, when thinking of cities we envision designed landscapes, where people regulate everything from water to weeds, ultimately resulting in an ecosystem decoupled from biophysical processes. It is unclear, however, what happens when the people regulating these extensively managed landscapes come under stress, whether from unexpected economic fluctuations or from changing climate norms. The overarching question of my dissertation research was: How does urban vegetation change in response to human behavior? To answer this question, I conducted multiscale research in an arid urban ecosystem as well as in a virtual desert city. I used a combination of long-term data and agent-based modeling to examine changes in vegetation across a range of measures influenced by biophysical, climate, institutional, and socioeconomic drivers. At the regional scale, total plant species diversity increased from 2000 to 2010, while species composition became increasingly homogeneous in urban and agricultural areas. At the residential scale, I investigated the effects of biophysical and socioeconomic drivers – the Great Recession of 2007-2010 in particular – on changing residential yard vegetation in Phoenix, AZ. Socioeconomic drivers affected plant composition and increasing richness, but the housing boom from 2000 through 2005 had a stronger influence on vegetation change than the subsequent recession. Surprisingly, annual plant species remained coupled to winter precipitation despite my expectation that their dynamics might be driven by socioeconomic fluctuations. In a modeling experiment, I examined the relative strength of psychological, social, and governance influences on large-scale urban land cover in a desert city. Model results suggested that social norms may be strong enough to lead to large-scale conversion to low water use residential landscaping, and governance may be unnecessary to catalyze residential landscape conversion under the pressure of extreme drought conditions. Overall, my dissertation research showed that urban vegetation is dynamic, even under the presumably stabilizing influence of human management activities. Increasing climate pressure, unexpected socioeconomic disturbances, growing urban populations, and shifting policies all contribute to urban vegetation dynamics. Incorporating these findings into planning policies will contribute to the sustainable management of urban ecosystems. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2015

abstract: Adaptation and transformation have emerged as a key themes for human-environment research, especially in the context of rapid social-ecological changes. The 2008 global financial crisis constitutes a major driver of change with social-ecological ramifications that have yet to be fully explored. Using Greece, the poster child of the euro-crisis as a case-study, this dissertation examines how adaptive capacity is mobilized and even enhanced in times of crisis, paying particular attention to the role played by natural capital. To do so, I focus on the back-to-land trend whereby urbanites seek to engage in food production post-crisis (2008-onwards). In-depth qualitative analysis of back-to-landers’ motivations, experiences, and challenges is integrated with quantitative data about household demographics, incomes and assets, and land management characteristics. The dissertation is organized in three main result papers (chapters). The first seeks to understand why people turn to the land in times of crisis, and the role played by agency. The second analyzes the various assets that people mobilize in order to go back to the land, paying particular attention to the different mobilities necessary for their livelihood transformation. The third examines environmental safety nets in terms of material and non-material benefits that ecosystems provide to people. This research contributes to a wider social-ecological scholarship that seeks to understand how people adapt and transform when confronted with crises, focusing on how land and associated ecosystem services contribute to the resilience of these households, and the role played by agency in this process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2018

A expansão da fronteira agrícola leva à perda e à fragmentação do habitat natural, sendo estas as principais causas da perda de biodiversidade e de suas funções ecossistêmicas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar de que maneira as modificações na paisagem e na complexidade estrutural da vegetação se relacionam à diversidade funcional (DF) de aves em paisagens agrícolas. Foram realizados levantamentos em 20 fragmentos de floresta secundária, utilizando-se o método de ponto de escuta, totalizando 95 pontos amostrados por 10 minutos cada em três campanhas mensais. Foi calculada a riqueza funcional (FRic) das assembleias e a abundância de 14 grupos funcionais (GF), as quais por sua vez foram relacionadas à quatro atributos de estrutura e dinâmica da paisagem (conectividade, área total, proporção de área core e idade dos fragmentos) que compõem a abordagem de Potencial de Prestação de Serviços Ecossistêmicos (PPSE) proposta por Ferraz et al. (2014) para atribuir valores desse potencial a fragmentos em paisagens agrícolas. A FRic e abundância de GF foram relacionadas também à complexidade estrutural dos fragmentos (CEF), aqui estimada através da riqueza, densidade e área basal de indivíduos arbóreos registrados em parcelas de 900m2 em 12 dos 20 fragmentos estudados. Tais parâmetros de CEF foram submetidos a uma Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), a partir da qual foram utilizadas as quatro primeiras componentes para as análises. As relações entre a DF de aves e atributos da paisagem e de CEF foram avaliadas por meio da seleção de Modelos Lineares Generalizados (GLM) e Modelos Aditivos Generalizados (GAM), utilizando-se para tal o Critério de Informação de Akaike corrigido para pequenas amostras (AICc), onde modelos com ΔAICc 0,1 foram considerados os mais plausíveis. FRic relacionou-se positivamente e de modo não linear à combinação de área e conectividade, onde fragmentos com tamanhos inferiores a 60-70 hectares e com distâncias superiores a 170 metros tiveram grande redução em seus valores. A presença de um sub-bosque desenvolvido também foi um fator importante para a promoção de uma maior FRic. GFs responderam diferentemente aos atributos de paisagem e de CEF, sendo que grupos de nectarívoros, granívoros, frugívoros e onívoros tolerantes à perturbação apresentaram, em sua maioria, relação negativa, enquanto frugívoros e insetívoros menos tolerantes e associados a microhabitats específicos responderam positivamente. Ainda, a maior parte dos GFs responderam à CEF e não aos atributos de paisagem, mostrando que parâmetros mais específicos das assembleias devem ser avaliados em uma escala ambiental também mais refinada. Tais resultados podem servir como diretrizes em políticas públicas para a manutenção de paisagens agrícolas funcionalmente diversas no que diz respeito às funções promovidas pela avifauna. Além disso, sugere-se que a abordagem de PPSE considere apenas área total e conectividade para ser utilizada também como um indicador da DF de aves em paisagens agrícolas. / The expansion of agricultural frontier leads to fragmentation and habitat loss, which are the main causes of biodiversity loss and its ecosystem functions. Therefore, the main goal of this work was evaluate how changes in landscape attributes and structural compexity of vegetation promoted by this expansion affect functional diversity (DF) of birds in agricultural landscapes. For this, surveys were carried out on 20 fragments of secondary forest, using the point-count method, totaling 95 points sampled for 10 minutes each in three monthly visits. Functional Richness (FRic) of recorded assemblages and the abundance of 14 functional groups (GF) were calculated, which in turn were related to four attributes of landscape structure and dynamics (connectivity, total area, core area ratio and age of fragments) that compose the Ecosystem Services Provisioning Potential (PPSE) approach proposed by Ferraz et al. (2014) to attribute values of this potential to fragments immersed in agricultural landscapes. In addition to these attributes, Fric and abundance of GF were also related to the structural complexity of the fragments (CEF), estimated here by richness, density and basal area of arboreal individuals recorded in 900m2 plots in 12 of the 20 fragments studied. These CEF parameters were summarized in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), from which the first four components were used in analysis. The relationship between the DF of birds and landscape and CEF attributes were evaluated through Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and Generalized Admixtive Models (GAM) models\' selection, using Akaike Information Criterion corrected for small samples (AICc), where models with ΔAICc 0.1 were considered the most plausible. FRic was positively and non-linearly related to the combination of area and connectivity, where fragments smaller than 60-70 hectares and distances greater than 170 meters had a great reduction in its values. A well-developed understory was also an important factor in achieving greater values of FRic. GFs responded differently to landscape and CEF attributes, with groups of nectarivores, granivores, frugivores and omnivores tolerant to the disturbance presenting a negative relationship, whereas frugivores and insectivores less tolerant and associated to specific microhabitats responded positively. Nevertheless, most GFs responded to CEF rather than landscape attributes, showing that more specific parameters of assemblages should be evaluated on a more refined environmental scale. Such results can serve as guidelines in public policies for the maintenance of functionally diverse agricultural landscapes with respect to the functions promoted by avifauna. In addition, it is proposed that the PPSE approach consider only total area and connectivity to be used as an indicator of birds\' DF in agricultural landscapes.

La coïncidence des services écosystémiques ainsi que la coïncidence entre 'hotspots' de servicesécosystémiques et 'hotspots' de biodiversité ont suscité un intérêt croissant dans les évaluations desservices écosystémiques. Les seuils utilisés dans ces analyses pour déterminer la présence desservices écosystémiques varient de façon importante mais les effets consécutifs à leur choix n'ontpas été envisagés. Nous proposons ici une analyse de l'effet du choix de ces seuils sur lacoïncidence entre services écosystémiques ainsi que sur la distribution des 'hotspots'. A partir d'uneétude de prairies des Alpes Centrales françaises, nous avons fait varié des seuils appliqués à troisservices écosystémiques (agronomique, de régulation et de valeur esthétique) de façon continue,puis considéré des triplets de valeurs-seuils représentant trois points de vue contrastés associés à despoints de vue d'acteurs. Ces seuils sont interprétés comme une importance accordée par chaqueacteur à chaque service écosystémique.La coïncidence entre services écosystémiques dépend de la détermination de seuils de présence.L'étendue des 'hotspots' de services écosystémiques et leur coïncidence avec les 'hotspots' debiodiversité varient largement selon les points de vue. Les coldspots ne sont jamais superposés avecles zones d'intérêt pour la biodiversité dans cette étude, quel que soit le point de vue envisagé.L'analyse de superposition s'est révélée moins informative que le test de diagnostic de la capacitéindividuelle des services écosystémiques à capturer la distribution des autres services. La valeuragronomique capturait peu les autres services écosystémiques. La biodiversité était bien capturéepar les valeurs esthétiques et de régulation, mais faiblement par les ‘hotspots’ de services.Cette analyse souligne l'importance de considérer les attentes variables des teneurs d'enjeux dans lesévaluations de 'hotspots' de services écosystémiques. / The consequences of land use change and the impacts of agriculture on biodiversity and thefunctioning of ecosystems have received a growing attention since the end of the 20th century.Among other frameworks, some authors have called for an 'ecological intensification' of agriculture,defined as “all the processes of transformation of productive ecosystems towards higher yieldsproduced with reduced forcing of the agro-ecosytems”, with strong emphasis on the better uses ofecosystems functioning and services as inputs to production (Griffon 2009).This study aimed at disentangling the relations between ecosystem processes and ecosystemservices by quantifying the relative contributions of soil, management and plant communities to thevariations of seven relevant ecosystem properties associated with key grassland ecosystem services:above-ground biomass production at first harvest (ABM), fodder digestibility, plant speciesrichness, soil organic matter content (SOM), soil carbon content, total microbial biomass (TMB),and soil bacteria:fungi ratio (BFR), on a permanent grassland-dominated plateau in the French pre-Alps.Soil, management and plant communities showed complementary and confounded effects to thevariations of the set of ecosystem properties, and underpinned the bundling of ecosystem servicesand the tradeoffs among them. The bundling of ecosystem properties highlighted the trade-offbetween digestibility, the B:F ratio, and biomass production on the one hand, and species richnesson the other hand, associated with a gradient in LDMC confirming the relevance of the leafeconomics spectrum theory to analyses of ecosystem service trade-offs. The date of use showedsignificant effects on the variations of the set of ecosystem properties indicating the influence offine management factors on the provision of ecosystem services.

Submitted by KEILA CÁSSIA SANTOS ARAÚJO null (keilacaraujo@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-01T18:21:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KEILA_TESE_DEFINITIVA_PDF.pdf: 42830949 bytes, checksum: 2119cf312f3fac7a768974d4a27c0220 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-02T16:19:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 araujo_kcs_dr_rcla.pdf: 42841455 bytes, checksum: a3909dde61766e2dcbd3e6588af62c6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T16:19:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 araujo_kcs_dr_rcla.pdf: 42841455 bytes, checksum: a3909dde61766e2dcbd3e6588af62c6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em assentamentos rurais da reforma agrária paulista, localizados no município de Teodoro Sampaio, na porção oeste do estado de São Paulo, região denominada Pontal do Paranapanema. Essa região possui características peculiares, especialmente, devido ao histórico de devastação de florestas, grilagem, concentração de terras e luta de movimentos sociais do campo. Atualmente, a região conta com poucos fragmentos florestais, o pouco que restou da Grande Reserva do Pontal, que se constituem no Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo, extensas áreas de monocultura da agroindústria canavieira e com muitos assentamentos rurais. Partindo dessa realidade, objetivou-se compreender e analisar a multifuncionalidade da paisagem rural, nas áreas dos assentamentos rurais, no entorno da unidade de conservação Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo e da usina de cana Alcídia. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas, utilizando-se da aplicação de questionários semiestruturados e de entrevistas, dentre outras ferramentas e técnicas metodológicas. Os questionários foram formados por blocos fechados, com questões relacionadas às expressões da multifuncionalidade concernentes à preservação dos recursos naturais e da paisagem rural, à reprodução socioeconômica das famílias, à segurança alimentar e à manutenção do tecido social. Buscou-se compreender, por meio de entrevistas, as percepções e interpretações dos assentados e de outros entrevistados do IPÊ e ITESP a respeito das transformações e impactos na paisagem ao longo de suas vivências, conhecimento e utilização de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis no local, assistência técnica e extensão rural, as relações dos assentados com a unidade de conservação e a usina de cana-de-açúcar, o entendimento sobre as funções e serviços ecossistêmicos provenientes do PEMD, modos de valoração da paisagem, mudanças e permanências no local e ainda questões referentes ao processo de luta pela conquista da terra. Os resultados foram apresentados em gráficos, seguidos das falas dos agricultores e demais entrevistados com os relatos sobre a percepção destes relacionados à paisagem rural. Verificou-se que os assentamentos rurais abrangem as quatro expressões da multifuncionalidade, no tocante à preservação dos recursos naturais, segurança alimentar, reprodução socioeconômica e manutenção do tecido social. No entanto, essas expressões se apresentaram de maneira diferenciada nas áreas avaliadas, sendo mais evidentes e efetivas no entorno do Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo. / The research was conducted in rural settlements of São Paulo agrarian reform, in the municipality of Teodoro Sampaio, in the western portion of the state of São Paulo, Pontal do Paranapanema region called. This region has unique characteristics, especially due to the historical devastation of forests, land grabbing, land concentration and struggle of social movements. Currently, the region has few forest fragments, what little was left of the Grande Reserva do Pontal, which constitute State Park Morro do Diabo, large areas of monoculture of sugar cane industry and many rural settlements. Based on this reality, the objective was to understand and analyze the multifunctionality of the countryside in the areas of rural settlements in the vicinity of the protected area Morro do Diabo State Park and usine of cane Alcídia. To collect data quantitative and qualitative approaches were used, using the application of semi-structured questionnaires and interviews, among other technical research and methodological techniques. Questionnaires were formed by closed blocks with issues related to expressions of multifunctionality concerning the conservation of natural resources and the countryside, socioeconomic reproduction of families, food security and maintaining the social fabric. He sought to understand through interviews perceptions and interpretations of the settlers and others interviewed the IPE and ITESP, about the changes and impacts on the landscape along their experiences, knowledge and use of sustainable agricultural practices in place, technical assistance and rural extension the relations of the settlers to the conservation unit and the sugar cane plant, the understanding of the ecosystem functions and services from PEMD, valuation modes of landscape changes and stays in place and still issues about the process of struggle for land. The results were presented in graphs, followed by speeches of farmers and other respondents to the reports on the perception of these related to the countryside. It was found that the rural settlements cover the four expressions of multifunctionality, concerning the preservation of natural resources, food security, socio-economic reproduction and maintenance of the social fabric. However, these expressions are presented differently in the evaluated areas, being more evident and effective in the vicinity of Morro do Diabo State Park.

O meio ambiente caracteriza-se como elemento intrínseco à atividade econômica desenvolvida pelo Agronegócio. Práticas de uso da terra em imóveis rurais têm um grande impacto sobre o meio ambiente e, simultaneamente, dependem dele para manutenção da atividade produtiva. Assim, o imóvel rural deve compatibilizar produção agrícola e preservação do meio ambiente. Nessa via, o objetivo geral do presente trabalho é analisar o mecanismo de regularização de Reserva Legal por meio de Cota de Reserva Ambiental apresentado pelo Código Florestal, sob a perspectiva de compatibilização entre atividade econômica e proteção do meio ambiente em imóveis rurais brasileiros, conforme a teoria do Estado de Direito Ambiental (EDA) em face da sociedade de risco e o disposto na Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88). Para tanto, o estudo foi desenvolvido com base no método dedutivo, utilizando-se a pesquisa bibliográfico-documental. Assim, o mecanismo, como controle jurídico do recurso natural floresta (Reserva Legal - RL, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural - RPPN, Unidade de Conservação - UC), deve, para atender os preceitos do EDA e da CF/88, efetivamente resultar na proteção dessas. Todavia, observam-se possíveis desequilíbrios ambientais que podem resultar desse mecanismo. Além disso, evidencia-se uma nova proposta - mercado de ativos ambientais – que almeja, por intermédio de fundamentos próprios do capitalismo, inserir um novo modelo para gerir a problemática ambiental. Com efeito, o caráter inovador se visualiza pela inserção do mercado financeiro no sistema de proteção do meio ambiente. Ademais, o mecanismo, de iniciativa do Estado, procura incentivar a participação dos produtores na garantia de um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado ao prever a remuneração para aquele que preserva as florestas no seu imóvel rural. Ainda, ao não exigir o encerramento da produção, o mecanismo admite o risco como elemento essencial da atividade econômica e procura equilibrá-lo com a proteção ambiental ao prever a compensação em outra propriedade. Contudo, essa compensação merece atenção e requer regulamentação mais específica, a fim de garantir o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado nos termos constitucionais. Ainda, da análise do disposto no Código Florestal no tocante ao mecanismo de regularização de reserva legal por meio de cota de reserva ambiental depreende-se a possível existência de mercados estaduais de cotas de reserva ambiental no Brasil. Portanto, muitos são os desafios para que tal mecanismo se concretize e reflita na compatibilização entre atividade econômica e proteção do meio ambiente em imóveis rurais brasileiros. Assim, resta aos estados brasileiros, em regulamentação, nos moldes do previsto pela teoria do Estado de Direito Ambiental em face da sociedade de risco e pela Constituição Federal de 1988 nos artigos 170, 186 e 225, estabelecer critérios para que nos imóveis rurais o domínio privado reflita efetivamente em frutos privados e sociais. / The environment is characterized as intrinsic element to economic activity developed by Agribusiness. Land use practices in rural properties have a big impact on the environment and simultaneously depend on it for maintenance of productive activity. Thus, the rural property must reconcile agricultural production and environmental preservation. In this way, the overall aim of this work is to analyze the mechanism of regularization of Legal Reserve through “Cota de Reserva Ambiental – CRA” presented by the Forest Code, from the perspective of compatibility between economic activity and environmental protection in rural properties in Brazil, according to the theory of the Environmental Rule of Law in the face of risk society and the provisions of the Federal Constitution of 1988. Therefore, the study was developed based on the deductive method, using the documentary library research. Thus, the mechanism as legal control of natural resource forest (Legal Reserve, Private Reserve of Natural Heritage, Conservation Unit), must, to meet the precepts of EDA and CF/88 effectively result in the protection of these. However, there are possible environmental imbalances that can result from this mechanism. Moreover, it is clear a new proposal - market environmental assets - which aims, through their own foundations of capitalism, insert a new model for managing environmental issues. Indeed, the innovative character is viewed by financial market integration in the system of protection of the environment. Moreover, the mechanism of state initiative, seeks to encourage the participation of producers in ensuring a ecologically balanced environment when predicts compensation for one who preserves the forests in their rural property. Still, by not requiring the closure of the production, the mechanism allows the risk as an essential element of economic activity and demand balance it with environmental protection by providing for compensation in another property. However, this compensation deserves attention and requires more specific rules in order to ensure a balanced environment in constitutional terms. Still, the analysis of the provisions of the Forest Code regarding the mechanism of regulation of legal reserves through “Cota de Reserva Ambiental” it appears that there may be markets state of CRA in Brazil. So many are the challenges that such a mechanism to be realized and reflected in the consistency between economic activity and environmental protection in rural properties in Brazil. Thus, complies to the Brazilian states, in regulation, according the predicted by the theory of the Environmental Rule of Law in the face of risk society and by the 1988 Federal Constitution in articles 170, 186 and 225, establish criteria for the private domain in the rural area effectively results in private and social benefits.

Les services écosystémiques (SE) ont reçu une attention croissante de la part de la communauté scientifique et des preneurs de décisions. Des approches multi-services ont été développées qui permettent de dresser un diagnostic environnemental, social et économique de territoires à plusieurs échelles. Révélant les variations spatiales individuelles de SE, les relations entre eux et l’existence de profils multi-services caractéristiques (‘bouquets’), ces études favorisent la communication entre acteurs et la gestion concertée. Pour permettre leur utilisation par le plus grand nombre, des plateformes multi-modèles permettent de fournir des estimations avec un minimum de données et d’efforts de modélisation. Des modèles plus performants existent par ailleurs mais leur coût de mise en œuvre plus élevé limite leur utilisation. Afin de répondre à une plus large palette de moyens et d’objectifs, des approches ‘par tiers’ sont donc maintenant développées.Nous présentons ici une suite de modèles génériques de SE, établis à partir de bases de données publiques et de ressources en ligne, et appliqués au cas du bassin de vie grenoblois. Ils permettent de caractériser un large éventail de services dans un territoire aux paysages et aux enjeux contrastés, tout en apportant des informations pertinentes quant aux différents aspects de planification.Nous présentons tout d’abord une suite de modèles génériques issus de la littérature et réappliqués à notre échelle. Ces modèles spatialement explicites et établis à partir de processus automatisés permettent une estimation rapide des stocks de carbone, de la prévention de l’érosion des sols, de la richesse spécifique des Vertébrés et du contrôle biologique.En réponse aux enjeux multiples de gestion des régions de montagne, nous avons développé un modèle de SE récréatif basé sur l’utilisation de traces GPS partagées sur les forums de sport. En intégrant ces données au modèle de Spectre d’Opportunité Récréative, nous avons obtenu une représentation spatiale fine de la fréquentation et de la multifonctionnalité récréative des écosystèmes.Dans une troisième partie, nous présentons une suite de modèles de SE fournis spécifiquement par les agrosystèmes. Nous avons tout d’abord établi un modèle spatialement explicite des paysages agricoles du territoire, à partir de données de télédétection et de statistiques agricoles. En couplant cette carte avec d’autres sources de données publiques et modèles biophysiques, nous avons pu évaluer les SE de production agricole, de maintien de la fertilité du sol, et de régulation de la qualité des eaux.A la lumière de ces résultats, nous examinons les implications d’utiliser au sein d’une approche multi-services une diversité de modèles issus de philosophies et de méthodologies différentes, fournissant des résultats aux niveaux d’incertitudes variables. Le regroupement d’informations contrastées dans une analyse commune interroge sur la complémentarité de ces modèles et le transfert des incertitudes à l’analyse générale. Au-delà des aspects strictement techniques, le but ultime de ces études étant d’informer les teneurs d’enjeux, un travail de communication doit donc être réalisé afin d’assurer un transfert cohérent des informations et des conclusions aux utilisateurs.Le travail présenté ici porte trois principales perspectives de développement. La mise en place d’un module informatique autonome du modèle de SE récréatif permettra sa diffusion directe à un large public. Deuxièmement, la suite de modèles servira de support pour une analyse des relations entre SE reflétant les enjeux du territoire : production agricole/efficience environnementale/biodiversité pour les agrosystèmes, hotspots récréatifs et de biodiversité dans les milieux ruraux et montagnards. L’analyse de projections selon des scénarios de développement du territoire permettra par la suite de tester la capacité de ces modèles à retourner des résultats pertinents en termes de planification. / Ecosystem services (ES) have gained increased attention from both researchers and decision-makers in recent years. Multi-service approaches have been developed and applied at various spatial scales, allowing an environmental, social and economic diagnosis of territories. Disclosing spatial patterns of ecosystem services, untangling spatial and/or causal relationships between services, and revealing the existence of characteristic ‘service profiles’ (ES bundles), such studies have helped designing land planning options and fostering communication among stakeholders. To support such efforts, comprehensive modelling platforms have been created which can provide raw estimates of multiple ES with minimum data availability and modelling efforts. On the other hand, many accurate but highly specific and hardly reproducible methods remain inapplicable to most cases. Researchers are now challenged by a double objective: to develop generic and reproducible methods which can still provide relevant information in the context of the study area. In this direction, tier-based modelling approaches have been designed in order to offer answers adaptable to a variety of situations.Here we present a suite of generic ES models for the Grenoble living basin, a major urban area located at the foot of three mountain ranges and surrounded by large agricultural lowlands. By making relevant use of a variety of large-scale databases and online resources, these models characterize a large panel of biophysical aspects in a contrasted territory and yet provide relevant information for land planning concerns.We first present a suite of generic and spatially-explicit models built from national datasets or downscaled from larger studies using fully-automated processes, which provided estimates for carbon storage, prevention of soil erosion, Vertebrate species richness and biological control.Addressing the concerns associated with management of mountain areas for multiple objectives, we developed a model of recreation ES based on the use of GPS tracks downloaded from crowd-sourced websites. Integrated within a Recreation Opportunity Spectrum framework, this process allows a spatially-accurate assessment of both visitor presence and recreational multifunctionality.We then introduce a suite of SE provided by agrosystems. Building on the results of an analysis of teledetection images and agricultural statistics, we constructed a high-resolution map reflecting spatial patterns of crop systems, serving as a common base for modelling agricultural ES: production, maintenance of soil fertility, and regulation of water quality – assessed using additional public data sources and biophysical models.In the light of these results, we examine the implications of using models originating from several fields of research, each with its own philosophy, methodology, accuracy and data requirements, in multi-service approaches. The pooling of such information in a single analysis raises several questions, such as the complementarity of these models and the transfer of uncertainties from each single model to the whole study system. Beyond these technical aspects, the ultimate goal being to inform stakeholders, a communication work must therefore be carried out to efficiently convey the right messages from the expert to the user.This work presents three main development perspectives. The release of an autonomous module of the recreation model will favor its distribution to a larger public. Second, the suite of models will provide a relevant basis for analyzing spatial relationships between SE in accordance with local stakes: combined analyses of agricultural production, environmental efficiency and animal biodiversity in agrosystems, hotspot analyses of recreation SE and biodiversity in rural and mountain areas. Third, projection analyses according to scenarios of land use change will allow testing the capacity of these models to return relevant information for land planning.

abstract: Sustainable urbanism offers a set of best practice planning and design prescriptions intended to reverse the negative environmental consequences of urban sprawl, which dominates new urban development in the United States. Master planned developments implementing sustainable urbanism are proliferating globally, garnering accolades within the planning community and skepticism among social scientists. Despite attention from supporters and critics alike, little is known about the actual environmental performance of sustainable urbanism. This dissertation addresses the reasons for this paucity of evidence and the capacity of sustainable urbanism to deliver the espoused environmental outcomes through alternative urban design and the conventional master planning framework for development through three manuscripts. The first manuscript considers the reasons why geography, which would appear to be a natural empirical home for research on sustainable urbanism, has yet to accumulate evidence that links design alternatives to environmental outcomes or to explain the social processes that mediate those outcomes. It argues that geography has failed to develop a coherent subfield based on nature-city interactions and suggests interdisciplinary bridging concepts to invigorate greater interaction between the urban and nature-society geographic subfields. The subsequent chapters deploy these bridging concepts to empirically examine case-studies in sustainable urbanism. The second manuscript utilizes fine scale spatial data to quantify differences in ecosystem services delivery across three urban designs in two phases of Civano, a sustainable urbanism planned development in Tucson, Arizona, and an adjacent, typical suburban development comparison community. The third manuscript considers the extent to which conventional master planning processes are fundamentally at odds with urban environmental sustainability through interviews with stakeholders involved in three planned developments: Civano (Tucson, Arizona), Mueller (Austin, Texas), and Prairie Crossing (Grayslake, Illinois). Findings from the three manuscripts reveal deep challenges in conceptualizing an empirical area of inquiry on sustainable urbanism, measuring the outcomes of urban design alternatives, and innovating planning practice within the constraints of existing institutions that facilitate conventional development. Despite these challenges, synthesizing the insights of geography and cognate fields holds promise in building an empirical body of knowledge that complements pioneering efforts of planners to innovate urban planning practice through the sustainable urbanism alternative. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geography 2013