Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Puga_BrunoPeregrina_M.pdf: 3988546 bytes, checksum: 2ec6a540deb81e0516715d97535c75cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A política ambiental brasileira tradicionalmente utiliza instrumentos de comando e controle para o atingimento de suas metas e objetivos. Mais recentemente tem lançado mão de instrumentos econômicos para incentivar os agentes a tomarem decisões ambientalmente desejadas pelos órgãos ambientais. Dentre estes instrumentos, encontra-se o mecanismo de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) que objetiva remunerar proprietários de terra pelos serviços ambientais prestados pela vegetação natural em suas propriedades. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é entender qual tem sido o papel deste instrumento para a governança ambiental da região do Sistema Cantareira, que compreende 12 cidades (em Minas Gerais e São Paulo), sendo responsável pelo abastecimento de grande parte da água consumida na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Para tanto, utilizou-se do referencial institucional e econômico ecológico para analisar as iniciativas de PSA nesta região. A partir disso, o objetivo central é saber qual a possibilidade de expansão desta iniciativa para toda a região, como forma de incentivo ao reflorestamento e adequação ambiental por parte dos proprietários de terra, bem como os possíveis gargalos e desafios / Abstract: Brazilian environmental policy traditionally rely on command and control instruments for the achievement of its goals and objectives. More recently has resorted to economic instruments to encourage agents to take desirable environmentally decisions by environmental agencies. Among these instruments is the mechanism of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) which aims to compensate landowners for environmental services provided by natural vegetation on their properties. Thus, the objective of this work is to understand what has been the role of this instrument for environmental governance in the region Cantareira System , which comprises 12 cities (in Minas Gerais and São Paulo State) , and is responsible for most of the water consumed in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo . For this, we used the institutional and ecological economic framework for analyzing PES initiatives in this region. From this, the main objective is to ascertain the possibility of expanding this initiative to the entire region, as a way to encourage reforestation and environmental compliance by the owners of land and its potential difficulties and challenges / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: Simone Narciso Lessa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T01:13:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_ArkanaKellySilva_D.pdf: 12658509 bytes, checksum: bddaab0850f5f3070f35f91d52a33028 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os loteamentos fechados são uma das formas de ocupação do território que mais têm se repetido na expansão das cidades brasileiras. Estes empreendimentos oferecidos, por vezes de forma ilegal, têm representado cada vez mais uma promessa de melhor qualidade de vida urbana a partir da adoção de um estilo de vida exclusivo e justificado por uma eventual fuga da violência urbana. Diante deste quadro nos questionamos sobre a dimensão do impacto ambiental destas estruturas urbanas no território e meio ambiente das cidades. Esta pesquisa baseia-se na hipótese de que o impacto da proliferação dos loteamentos fechados nas áreas metropolitanas interfere tanto nas áreas urbanas quanto nas rurbanas em sua sustentabilidade. Baseado nisto, temos como objetivos específicos: analisar os loteamentos fechados como um produto do mercado; tipificar como esses empreendimentos interferem na estrutura territorial da região metropolitana de Campinas; observar como se dá a oferta de serviços ambientais e quais substitutos são gerados no processo de apropriação da natureza. Com isso busca-se identificar de que forma as diferentes tipologias destes empreendimentos, estabelecem relações entre si formando um mosaico no território e como estas relações interferem na sustentabilidade dos serviços ambientais. Para a obtenção destes objetivos a metodologia utilizada foi descritiva e analítica, com a realização de uma caracterização dos loteamentos fechados instalados na RMC, bem como uma análise que foi elaborada seguindo três escalas distintas de investigação: metrópole, municípios e condomínios / Abstract: The gated communities are one type of territory occupation that more have been repeated in expansion of Brazilian cities. These housing development, have represented, each time more, a promise of better quality of urban life with adoption of a life style exclusive, that are justified by an eventual escape of the urban violence. This research is based on hypothesis that the impact of the proliferation of gated communities interferes in urban and rurbans areas of metropolitans territory. This thesis have as objectives: to analyze the gated communities as product of market; to observe how these enterprises intervene with the territorial structure of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas- MRC, state of São Paulo - Brasil; to observe like the environment services are offered and how substitutes services are generated in the process of appropriation of the nature. Had used like methodology one descriptive and analytical process, with the accomplishment of a characterization of the gated communities installed in the MRC, as well as an analysis that was elaborated following three distinct scales of inquiry: metropolis, cities and gated communities / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_ernesto_alvaro_martinez.pdf: 4370262 bytes, checksum: f11337dcef7dff3ecd1570d9f34bb90a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28 / Currently humanity has sought more harmonious processes of social, environmental and economic reproduction to produce goods and services. The approach of Environmental Services has sought to value the benefits that are often imperceptible to society, such as the regulation of gases, scenic beauty, biodiversity conservation, protection of soils, regulation of water functions, food supply, among others. In this context, the family-based agriculture has a key role, presenting itself as a category that can provide an important contribution to this challenge. This study aimed to determine which and how the environmental services offered by agroecosystems from different agricultures contribute to sustainable agricultural development. Through a methodology that predicted the observation of environmental perception of farmers, the characterization of agroecosystems, and even the participatory construction of environmental quality indicators, it was possible to measure the level of supply of these agroecosystems. It was found that different models of family-based agriculture in southern RS, contribute with a good supply of environmental services, as follows: the conservation and improvement of the soil, observed in management practices; the maintenance of biodiversity through the preservation of wild species; regulation of climatic conditions, related to the conservation of areas of natural vegetation, food supply, from a considerable diversity; in addition to the socio-cultural reproduction through customs and traditions related to good relationship with natural resources. / Atualmente a humanidade tem buscado processos mais harmoniosos de reprodução social, ambiental e econômica para a produção de bens e serviços. A abordagem dos Serviços Ambientais tem procurado valorar os benefícios que muitas vezes são imperceptíveis para a sociedade, tais como a regulação de gases, belezas cênicas, conservação da biodiversidade, proteção de solos, regulação das funções hídricas, fornecimento de alimentos, entre outros. Neste contexto, a agricultura de base familiar tem papel fundamental, apresentando-se como uma categoria capaz de prover importante contribuição para este desafio. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar quais e como os serviços ambientais ofertados por agroecossistemas de diferentes agriculturas contribuem para o desenvolvimento agrícola sustentável. Através de uma metodologia que previu a observação da percepção ambiental dos agricultores, a caracterização dos agroecossistemas, e ainda a construção participativa dos indicadores de qualidade ambiental, foi possível mensurar o nível de oferta destes agroecossistemas. Pôde-se constatar que os diferentes modelos de agricultura de base familiar da região sul do RS, contribuem com uma boa oferta de serviços ambientais. Sendo: a conservação e melhoria do solo, verificado nas práticas de manejo; a manutenção da biodiversidade, através da preservação das espécies silvestres; a regulação das condições climáticas, relacionada à conservação de áreas de vegetação natural; o fornecimento de alimentos, a partir de uma considerável diversidade; além da reprodução sócio-cultural, através de costumes e tradições vinculadas a boa convivência com os recursos naturais.

Water governance in South Africa is challenged by natural as well as socially constructed water scarcity. 15 years after the transition from Apartheid to the new democratic era, this paper shows that water resources are still distributed along racial lines. Based on a case study in rural KwaZulu Natal, results indicate that outcomes of water policies which aimed at redressing historic inequalities have not yet been able to create the expected benefits for the disadvantaged black farming community. This paper uses an ecosystem service (ESS) approach to assess how those benefits that are derived from different water-related ecosystem services (WES) developed in the smallholder community and its adjacent commercial farming area. The change in the distribution of water for household use, water for irrigation, water flow regulation and water for scenic beauty is further discussed in regards to its response to water policies on local and national level. Hereby, the paper addresses the research need to provide insight into ESS responses to policy outcomes, which in turn is expected to reveal challenges and opportunities for policy makers to incorporate the complex yet important interactions between social and ecological systems into their decision making. Practically, this paper contributes by making gaps in ESS utilization between smallholder and commercial farmers explicit. Focusing on the material aspects of equality, i.e. the redistribution of water resources is argued to be neither feasible nor unequivocally desirable in the near future. Rather, I encourage capacity building to increase possibilities of the smallholder farmers to effectively use existing resources.

In order to make robust decisions on how to deal with future ecosystem changes, managers need to be aware of the complexity, uncertainty, thresholds and surprises that are inherent characteristics of social-ecological systems. The subject of this paper is the use of scenarios as a tool to increase corporate responsiveness to change by improving decision making on the sustainable management of complex dynamic ecosystems. Scenarios were shown to be a useful tool to integrate in the systematic management of corporate risks and opportunities that may arise as a result of these future changes in ecosystems. Although the scenarios did not contribute to the identification of any additional risks and opportunities, they did have the capability to make the ESR into a better communication tool. The specific objectives of this paper were firstly, (i) to discuss the use of scenario analysis and how it works, secondly, (ii) demonstrate how scenarios can be integrated into the Ecosystem Service Review (ESR) methodology, and finally, (iii) present the benefits such integration would bring to decision makers. A case study was carried out at Lantmännen, to fulfill these objectives. This paper demonstrates that integrating scenarios in the ESR can make issues regarding ecosystem services and biodiversity more easily understandable and also deliver a sense of urgency for action. This proves critical when communicating strategies to other decision makers within an organization and in order to successfully manage risks and grasp opportunities arising as a result of changing ecosystems.

Supporting a growing human population while avoiding biodiversity loss is a central challenge towards a sustainable future. Ecosystem services are benefits that people derive from nature. People have drastically altered the earth’s land surface in the pursuit of those ecosystem services that have been ascribed market value, while at the same time eroding biodiversity and non-market ecosystem services. The science required to inform a more balanced vision for land-cover change in the future is rapidly developing, but critical questions remain unanswered regarding how to quantify ecosystem services and ascribe value to them, and how to coordinate efforts to safeguard multiple ecosystem services and biodiversity together. This dissertation addresses several of these challenges using Vermont as a model landscape. Specifically, we begin by estimating the economic value of flood mitigation ecosystem services and show that the externalized value of ecosystem services can be quite high. Second, we assess the role of demand from human beneficiaries in shifting the spatial distribution of ecosystem services, and address the biodiversity and human wellbeing implications of that shift. Third we analyze the tradeoffs and synergies inherent in pursing multiple ecosystem services and biodiversity through conservation, and show that overall ecosystem service conservation is more likely to boost biodiversity outcomes than to undermine them. Finally, I implement statewide scenarios of land-cover change and flood risk in order to assess our ability to quantify ecosystem service outcomes and identify spatial priorities for the future despite land-cover change dynamics that are complex and unpredictable.

The presence of green spaces in cities has been increasingduring recent years. The aim of this thesis is to understand the importance of these areas in the city through the ecosystem services approach, and to provide an example on how that approach is undertaken in two different European cities: Madrid and Stockholm. By using Geographic Information Systems, interviews with planning representatives in both countries, and planning documents, it was found that even though this approach is known and mentioned in both cases, the outcome in the distribution and accessibility of these areas varies widely from one study area to another.

Abstract The degradation of rivers and streams has led to world-wide efforts to restore freshwater habitats. A good understanding of the social-ecological context is considered key to successful restoration. In this thesis, a multidisciplinary framework was applied to study ecological and social dimensions of restoration success. First, the long-term performance of in-stream restoration measures was examined by conducting repeated cross-sectional surveys in restored streams up to 20 years post-restoration. Next, nationwide electrofishing data were used to assess the density responses of juvenile salmonids to habitat restoration and factors influencing restoration success were examined. Finally, changes in the provision of ecosystem services were evaluated by comparing the perceptions of restoration outcomes between two user groups and three study rivers. The results indicated that the restoration-induced increase in habitat heterogeneity persisted over time, initiating an overall positive development also in biological metrics (i.e. juvenile salmonids and aquatic mosses). However, overall substrate variability in restored streams remained lower than in near-pristine streams, with a shortage of gravel beds. Fish responses varied strongly between rivers, which was explained mainly by watershed scale (e.g. river basin size, dominant geology) and local (potential interspecific competition) factors. Site-specific differences were also observed in the delivery of ecosystem services, mainly reflecting stakeholder perceptions of landscape value and fish provisioning. Overall, the results show that setting indicators and target levels for restoration success is grounded on perspective. Socially conscious ecological restoration that acknowledges local specialities and needs in priority setting, planning and implementation has the potential to provide multiple benefits for river ecosystems and society. / Tiivistelmä Virtavesien ekologisen tilan heikentyminen on johtanut maailmanlaajuisiin toimiin niiden elinympäristöjen kunnostamiseksi. Usein ekologisen kunnostuksen onnistuminen edellyttää kuitenkin ihmisen ja ympäristön vuorovaikutussuhteiden laaja-alaista ymmärtämistä. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa käytettiin monitieteistä viitekehystä virtavesikunnostusten ekologisten ja sosiaalisten vaikutusten tutkimiseen. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä arvioitiin kunnostustoimenpiteiden kestävyyttä sekä uoman rakenteellisen monimuotoisuuden kehittymistä pitkällä aikavälillä (10-20 vuotta kunnostusten jälkeen). Toisessa osatyössä tehtiin valtakunnallisen sähkökalastusaineiston avulla meta-analyysipohjainen yhteenveto suomalaisten virtavesikunnostusten vaikutuksista taimenen ja lohen kesänvanhojen (0+) poikasten tiheyteen sekä tutkittiin kunnostustulokseen vaikuttavia ympäristötekijöitä. Kolmannessa osatyössä selvitettiin kunnostusten onnistumista ekosysteemipalvelujen näkökulmasta vertaamalla kahden eri käyttäjäryhmän kokemia muutoksia kolmen tutkimusjoen välillä. Väitöskirjan tulokset osoittivat, että kunnostukset lisäsivät jokiuoman rakenteellista monimuotoisuutta sekä lyhyellä että pitkällä aikavälillä ja vaikuttivat myönteisesti myös biologisiin indikaattoreihin (lohikalojen poikastiheys ja vesisammalet). Vaihtelu pohjan laadussa oli kuitenkin luonnontilaisia uomia vähäisempää ja erityisesti kutuun soveltuvaa soraa oli niukasti. Lohikalojen tiheysvaste vaihteli voimakkaasti jokien välillä, mikä selittyi pääasiassa valuma-alueeseen liittyvillä (esim. valuma-alueen koko ja geologia) ja paikallisilla (mahdollinen lajien välinen kilpailu) tekijöillä. Paikkasidonnaisia eroja havaittiin myös vaikutuksissa ekosysteemipalveluihin ja ne heijastivat etenkin maisemassa ja kalasaaliissa koettuja muutoksia. Tutkimus osoitti, että erilaiset taustat ja odotukset vaikuttavat vahvasti siihen, millaisten kriteerien perusteella kunnostusten onnistumista arvioidaan. Jotta kunnostuksilla saavutettaisiin hyötyjä sekä jokiekosysteemeille että yhteiskunnalle, on tärkeää tuntea paikalliset erityispiirteet ja -tarpeet ja ottaa ne huomioon kunnostuskohteiden valinnassa sekä toimenpiteiden suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa.

The Greater Everglades system imparts vital ecosystem services (ES) to South Florida residents including high quality drinking water supplies and a habitat for threatened and endangered species. As a result of the altered Everglades system and regional dynamics, restoration may either improve the provision of these services or impose a tradeoff between enhanced environmental goods and services and competing societal demands. The current study aims at understanding public preferences for restoration and generating willingness to pay (WTP) values for restored ES through the implementation of a discrete choice experiment. A previous study (Milon et al., 1999) generated WTP values amongst Floridians of up to $3.42 -$4.07 billion for full restoration over a 10-year period. We have collected data from 2,905 respondents taken from two samples who participated in an online survey designed to elicit the WTP values for selected ecological and social attributes included in the earlier study (Milon et al. 1999). We estimate that the Florida general public is willing to pay up to $854.1- $954.1 million over 10 years to avoid restrictions on their water usage and up to $90.8- $183.7 million over 10 years to restore the hydrological flow within the Water Conservation Area.

Creating sustainable urban landscapes in light of growing population pressures requires interdisciplinary multi-functional solutions. Alternative agro-ecosystems described as food forests, permaculture gardens, and/or edible landscapes among others could offer potential ways to address the social, economic and ecological goals of various stakeholders simultaneously. The present research used a unique rubric, the Permaculture and Agro-ecosystems Sustainability Scorecard (PASS) that combines existing agricultural and landscape sustainability indicators in order to assess alternative agro-ecosystems. The rubric evaluates provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural ecosystem services such as pollinator presence, biodiversity, pesticides and fertilizer use, carbon sequestration and human interactions. The PASS was used to score twelve sites in South Florida that meet specific criteria in the small farm, residential and public space categories. The results showed that the majority of the sites scored highest in the supporting services provided, followed by regulating and cultural services and lowest in the economic services category.