Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T06:26:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TipactiMilachay_MiguelAngel_D.pdf: 7064414 bytes, checksum: 67ab9884438d4999c7f76e07899398d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa analisa a experiência piloto de gestão participativa dos Serviços Ecossistêmicos Hidrológicos (SEH) da cidade de Moyobamba no Peru, faz uma avaliação dos processos da gestão do piloto Moyobamba para identificar e propor diretrizes políticas que favoreçam os processos de gestão que ainda não estão regulamentados no Peru. Utiliza-se conceitos da economia neoclássica e ecológica fazendo uma diferenciação de ambas para ter diretrizes de desenvolvimento para a análise. Também foram utilizados os conceitos da ciência pós-normal e o principio de precaução. Além do mais, a experiência analisa a contextualização histórica da área de influência do piloto Moyobamba abordando os aspectos físicos, sociais, econômicos e culturais da região, que situa o espaço-tempo para a tomada de decisões, incluindo-se o espaço regional e nacional. Para tanto, abraça as etapas do planejamento e suas interações com o gerenciamento ambiental para identificar e explicar os entraves existentes no piloto e aplica a metodologia multicritério de auxilio à tomada de decisão MACBETH para registrar o conhecimento e valores dos pares involucrados na experiência. Reconhece-se como maiores entraves: a inexistência de uma proposta sustentável da manutenção dos SEH, e as falhas institucionais do governo, tanto de índole de intervenção como de formulação de políticas adequadas que facilitem a gestão dos SEH. Ressalta-se também que o fortalecimento do empoderamento social no processo vivido no piloto se constitui no principal pilar da gestão dos SE em Moyobamba. As considerações finais demonstram que a experiência piloto permitiu fazer recomendações de diretrizes para politicas públicas de gestão dos SEH no Peru. Ressalta-se a necessidade de manter um equilíbrio no desenvolvimento dos elementos dos cluster de relações de mercado, empoderamento e governo identificados, sendo necessária uma intervenção centrada em valores, diferenciada do que o Sistema Nacional de Investimento Público (SNIP) estipula, pois o tema da gestão dos SEH é mais que a soma de execução de projetos pontuais e precisa considerar as complexas interações sócias e institucionais / Abstract: This research analyzes the pilot experience on hydrological ecosystem services (HES) participative management in the city of Moyobamba, Peru. It assesses pilot management processes in order to identify and propose policy guidelines which would favor yet to be regulated management processes in Peru. This work makes use of ecological and neoclassical economy concepts, while distinguishing them both, in order to find development guidelines for analysis. It also utilizes concepts such as the post-normal science and the precautionary principle. The experience's analysis also holds a historical contextualization on the Moyobamba pilot's influential area, focusing on physical, social, economic and cultural aspects in the region, it¿s constitutes a space-time situation for decision-making, includes regional and national space. To do so, this research embraces some planning steps and their interactions with environmental management, in order to identify pilot's hot points and barriers, and applies MACBETH decisions making aid multicriterial methodology to register knowledge and values of stakeholders. The greatest barriers recognized: the non-existence of any maintenance economical sustainability proposal in HES and government institutional failures, concerning intervention as well as formulation of appropriate policies that would facilitate the HES management. Social empowerment through the experienced pilot process is valued, that is the basis for the Moyobamba ecosystem service management pilot. It can be concluded from this work that pilot analysis allowed us to make policy guidelines recommendations for being considered in public policies formulation for HES management in Peru. We emphasize the need to maintain a balance in elements development in the cluster market relations, empowerment and government identified; that an intervention focused on the values apart is needed than the National System of Public Investment (SNIP) states, and that the issue of HES management is more than the sum of implementing specific projects: it has to consider the complex interactions and institutional members / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

As mudanças no uso e na cobertura da terra, principalmente em áreas florestais, causam alterações ambientais em diversas escalas. Uma das suas consequências negativas é a fragmentação de habitats, que causa desequilíbrio nos diversos ecossistemas e perda de espécies e populações. Investigar os fatores que influenciam o aumento da cobertura florestal e as suas consequências para a conservação da biodiversidade é fundamental para o planejamento de políticas públicas ambientais, principalmente em regiões de ocorrência de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. No caso do muriqui-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus), um primata neotropical criticamente em perigo de extinção, a existência de conectividade entre fragmentos florestais remanescentes é um dos maiores limites para a sua conservação, pois mudanças no uso e na cobertura da terra serão necessárias. A conservação desse primata requer estratégias mais integradas do que apenas a criação de áreas protegidas, sendo necessário o envolvimento dos proprietários rurais, juntamente com os tomadores de decisão. A aplicação de instrumentos políticos econômicos, como compensações e pagamentos por serviços ambientais, pode ser uma estratégia para estimular proprietários rurais a participarem de programas de conservação da biodiversidade em terras privadas. O problema da pesquisa deste trabalho foi identificar os fatores que levaram ao aumento de áreas florestadas em propriedades rurais em regime familiar de exploração e as suas consequências à conservação da biodiversidade. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES, onde ocorrem populações do muriqui-do-norte e predominam as propriedades agrícolas familiares, nas quais tem ocorrido aumento de áreas florestadas, muitas delas fragmentadas. O trabalho foi dividido em três partes: Análise das mudanças de uso e da cobertura da terra entre 1970 e 2005, identificando os principais indutores do aumento da cobertura florestal em uma região de ocorrência do muriqui-do-norte; Descrição do perfil socioeconômico, da percepção e das motivações dos proprietários rurais para a conservação de serviços ecossistêmicos; Proposição de corredores estruturais para sete populações de muriqui-do-norte, baseada na permeabilidade da matriz e na aceitação dos donos da terra. Foram utilizados mapas de uso e cobertura da terra, censos agropecuários, entrevistas semiestruturadas, métodos de valoração e compensação de serviços ambientais baseados no mercado de bens substitutos e na preferência declarada, além de simulações dos corredores ecológicos no programa LORACS. A decisão de deixar áreas naturais na propriedade rural é fortemente influenciada por fatores econômicos. O aumento da produtividade, possibilitada pela tecnificação agrícola, permitiu a ampliação da cobertura florestal no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá. O perfil socioeconômico dos agricultores entrevistados e as características das propriedades nos permitem inferir sobre a importância dos instrumentos políticos econômicos, do tipo de agricultura praticada e da percepção ambiental para criar oportunidades de conservação da biodiversidade. Programas de conservação que têm como meta a efetivação de corredores de vegetação em áreas privadas e, consequentemente, a perda de áreas produtivas, podem utilizar instrumentos políticos econômicos, baseados na disposição a receber, no custo de oportunidade da terra e no custo de restauração ecológica, para serem mais atrativos aos proprietários rurais, motivando-os a romper as barreiras para sua aceitação. / The changes imposed in land use and land cover, especially in forest areas, produce environmental changes at various levels. One negative consequence is the habitat fragmentation, followed by disturbance in many ecosystems, such as the loss of species and its populations. The study of factors influencing the increase of forest cover and its consequences for the conservation of biodiversity is essential for the planning of environmental policies, particularly for the regions where endangered species occur. One critical factor for the conservation of the spider monkeys (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) - a neotropical primate critically endangered, is the connectivity between remaining forest fragments, because necessary changes in land use and land cover will happen. The above mentioned conservation requires more integrated strategies than just the creation of protected areas, whereas the involvement of landowners and decision makers are needed. The use of economic policy instruments, such as compensation and payments for environmental services, can provide a strategy to encourage landowners to participate in biodiversity conservation programs on their lands. The present research consists in identifying the leading factors to the increase of forested areas on lands in family regime of exploitation and its consequences for biodiversity conservation. This study has been conducted in Santa Maria de Jetibá, a county of Espírito Santo, Brazil, where there are populations of spider monkeys inside little farms, whose forested areas have been increased, but fragmented. This work comprehends three parts: - Analysis of land use and land cover change between 1970 and 2005, identifying the main drivers of forest cover increase, in a region where spider monkeys occur; - Study of the socioeconomic profile, the perception and motivations of landowners for the conservation of ecosystem services; - Proposition of structural corridors for seven populations of spider monkeys, based on the matrix permeability and acceptance of landowners. The employed resources are: land cover maps, agricultural census, semi-structured interviews, and methods of valuation and compensation of environmental services based on the market of substitute goods and the declared preference, as well as simulations of ecological corridors in LORACS program. The decision to leave natural areas on the farm is strongly influenced by economic factors. The increase in productivity enabled by agricultural mechanization, allowed the expansion of forest cover in farms of Santa Maria de Jetibá. The socioeconomic profile of farmers and the characteristics of their properties prompted the influence of economic policy instruments, the type agriculture and the environmental conscience among farmers, to create biodiversity conservation opportunities. Conservation programs aiming to lay vegetation corridors in private land and, consequently, the loss of productive areas, can be implemented by economic policy instruments, based on the economical compensation, in the land opportunity cost and cost of ecological restoration, bring down barriers of landowners against conservational programs.

Os ecossistemas são responsáveis por sustentar a vida humana e suas diversas atividades através da provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos. Apesar disso, estão sendo seriamente prejudicados por uma ampla variedade de atividades humanas. Nesse contexto, destacamos a Baía do Araçá (São Sebastião, SP), que vem sofrendo fortes pressões e transformações ao longo dos anos. A Baía ganha destaque, atualmente, por ser impactada pela possível expansão do Porto de São Sebastião. Há um relativo consenso na ciência em relação à necessidade de valoração econômica dos serviços ecossistêmicos, destacando-se, aqui, sua contribuição para tomadas de decisão. Porém, outros valores devem ser considerados além do econômico, como ecológicos e socioculturais. A valoração dos serviços ecossistêmicos contribui, dentre outras questões, por ressaltar valores que, normalmente, não são reconhecidos em tomadas de decisão. Apesar de existir uma extensa produção científica a respeito da Baía do Araçá, nenhum dos estudos publicados tratou da temática dos seus serviços ecossistêmicos. Tendo em vista o potencial da valoração desses serviços de contribuir para tomadas de decisões envolvendo seus ambientes, este estudo se propôs a identificar e valorar os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pela Baía do Araçá sob as perspectivas econômica e sociocultural. Os serviços foram identificados através de três etapas principais: revisão bibliográfica, consulta a especialistas e consulta à comunidade local. Para parte dos serviços não foi identificado método de valoração econômica adequado. Outra parte teve sua valoração econômica a cargo de outros estudos associados a este. Foram identificados treze serviços ecossistêmicos prestados pela Baía do Araçá. Desses, cinco serviços ecossistêmicos foram valorados economicamente através dos métodos preços de mercado, valoração de projetos e custos de reposição. Foi feita uma extrapolação de valor econômico para cinquenta anos, trazida ao valor presente pela aplicação de três taxas de desconto. Para a valoração sociocultural, foram feitas entrevistas com 68 moradores do bairro mais próximo da Baía do Araçá. As entrevistas continham três perguntas abertas voltadas à importância geral e pessoal e ao uso do ambiente. Com base na técnica free-listing, os itens das respostas foram categorizados em serviços ecossistêmicos quando possível. Foi calculado o Índice de Saliência de Smith para cada serviço identificado e, para a valoração, foi feito um ordenamento dos serviços com base no resultado do índice. O valor econômico dos cinco valorados, para 2014, foi estimado em R$ 749.342,70. No ordenamento sociocultural, o serviço de fornecimento de alimento foi o mais bem valorado, seguido por lazer e recreação, patrimônio e identidade cultural e sentido de lugar, satisfação pela conservação do ambiente, beleza cênica e conservação da paisagem, desenvolvimento de atividades científicas e educacionais, acesso ao mar, depuração de efluentes, benefícios futuros e abrigo para embarcações. Este estudo contribui, principalmente, por expor os serviços e seus valores econômicos e socioculturais associados ao cenário atual da Baía do Araçá, o que pode contribuir para tomadas de decisões envolvendo este ambiente. Aponta para caminhos futuros de pesquisa, como a análise de cenários. Contribui também metodologicamente, em especial, por ter criado novas abordagens de valoração econômica que podem ser adotados em outros estudos. / Ecosystems are responsible for sustaining human life and its various activities through the provision of ecosystem services. Nevertheless, ecosystems are seriously injured by a wide range of human activities. We highlight the Araçá Bay (São Sebastião, SP) in this context, which has come under strong pressures and transformations over the years. The Bay is currently under threat of the likely expansion of the São Sebastião Port. There is a relative consensus in science regarding the need of economic valuation of ecosystem services. We stand out its contribution to decision-making. However, other values must be considered beyond economic as those ecological and socio-cultural. The valuation of ecosystem services contributes highlighting values that are usually not recognized in decision-making among other issues. Although there is an extensive scientific literature about the Araçá Bay, none of the published studies were about its ecosystem services. Considering the potential of the valuation of ecosystem services to contribute to decision-making involving their environments, this study aimed to identify and to value the ecosystem services provided by the Araçá Bay under the economic and socio-cultural perspectives. The services were identified through three main steps: literature review, expert consultation and local community consultation. For part of the services we dont identified appropriate economic valuation method. Another part had its economic valuation carried out by other studies. Thirteen ecosystem services provided by the Araçá Bay have been identified. Five ecosystem services were economically valued through market pricing, project valuation and replacement costs methods. An extrapolation of the economic value to fifty years, brought to present value by applying three discount rates, was also made. Interviews were conducted with 68 residents of the nearest neighborhood of the Araçá Bay for the sociocultural valuation. The interviews contained three open questions focused on general and personal importance and the use of the Bay. Based on free-listing technique, the items of the responses were categorized into ecosystem services when possible. The Smiths Salience Index for each identified service was calculated. We made a ranking of the services based on the results of the index for the valuation. The economic value of the five valued, for 2014, was estimated at R$ 749,342.70. In the socio-cultural ranking, food supply was the first service, followed by leisure and recreation, heritage and cultural identity and sense of place, satisfaction by the environmental conservation, scenic beauty and landscape conservation, development of scientific and educational activities, access to the sea, sewage treatment, future benefits and shelter for boats. This study contributes mainly to expose the services and their economic and socio-cultural values associated with the current scenario of the Araça Bay. This can contribute to decision-making involving the Bay. We points out directions to the need of future research, such as scenario analysis. This study also contributes methodologically, in particular because creates new approach of economic evaluation that can be adopted in other studies.

Dung beetles is a group of coprophagous beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. Dung beetles have an important function by improving nutrient circulation and biological control of parasites. Dung is a short-lived resource, making dung beetles tied to habitats continuously grazed. Decline in pasture combined with shorter grazing seasons has resulted in a decrease in available dung. Other reasons can be the use of chemicals to control internal parasites on the grazing animals. This has contributed to the fact that half of the dung beetles in Sweden are endangered. The aim of the present study was to analyze data on dung beetles from the County Administration Board in Östergötland and see if species communities have changed between 2001-2019. In addition, the effect of sand as soil type was studied by comparing the species richness between pastures with and without sand. Analysis whether there was any variation among species richness and species communities depending of grazing animals was also performed. Results showed that the number of species had increased over time and that changes in species communities had occurred. Pastures with sand had more species, however, the amount of sand in the nearest surroundings was of less importance. Dung beetles were found to have a preference when choosing dung-type. Pastures with dung from multiple species of grazing animals were found having the highest species richness. Studies on this would clarify even further what seems to favor dung beetles, this could then be applied to other areas to counteract the loss of species.

No description available.

Worldwide, coral reefs are recognized as highly valuable ecosystems offering numerous environmental and economic services. In Saudi Arabia, the primary ecosystem service derived from coral reefs is the support of reef-based fisheries, accounting for ~75% of total fisheries landing in the kingdom. Saudi Arabian reefs experienced high fishing pressure for decades due to the growing population and associated fishing pressure. Despite the importance of the provisioning service there are limited ecosystem services valuations for this region. In the wake of a 2015 mass bleaching event, we quantified the effect of habitat degradation on the potential fisheries revenue in the central southern Red Sea. We conducted in situ reef fish surveys in 2014 and 2015 before the bleaching event and in 2019, nearly four years after the bleaching event. Using species-specific prices collected from local fish markets, we calculated values per hectare from multiple reefs in this region, to assess how the reef-based fishery was impacted by the bleaching event. A loss in live hard and soft coral cover was recorded after the bleaching event with associated shifts in the dominance of commercially important fish species. Notably, prior to bleaching, a larger proportion of the high value carnivorous species (70% carnivores, 25% herbivores) dominated the fish assemblage whereas post-bleaching reefs had a higher dominance of lower-valued herbivorous species (25% carnivores, 50% herbivores). While the total revenue was not significantly different before (7,913 USD/hectare) to after the bleaching event (6,814 USD/hectare), the loss of high value species observed suggests that if reefs continue to degrade there are potential negative flow-on effects impacting fisheries provisioning with time. Overall, an increasing percentage of live hard coral cover was positively correlated with fisheries revenue per reef, further providing evidence for the potential loss of revenue in degraded reef ecosystems in the region.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第22562号 / 地博第265号 / 新制||地||100(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 岡本 正明, 准教授 甲山 治, 准教授 柳澤 雅之, 教授 水野 広祐 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

As urban greening efforts continue, it is important to assess whether decisions to intensify street tree planting are meeting intended goals of improving urban canopy cover and increasing ecosystem services. Benefits of the urban forest take many forms, from ecological and economic to social and cultural, and are frequently cited in support of street tree planting. However, it is unknown to what extent factors such as species or nursery production method affect the ability of trees to successfully establish and provide ecosystem services in the urban environment. Using a system of oak trees planted along roads in South Amherst, Massachusetts during spring 2014, growth in caliper at six inches, diameter at breast height, and total tree height from fall 2014 to fall 2018 were modeled to determine whether species and/or nursery production method influenced street tree establishment and growth. Economic benefits were examined using a novel approach, whereby the breakeven point of costs and returns in ecosystem services was identified. Results indicated that both species and nursery production method influenced the success of these trees, which provided a return on investment by year 2018, in terms of both growth and benefits provided. This information is relevant to tree wardens and others tasked with street tree planning and maintenance, who must work within the confines of limited budgets in an environment that poses many challenges for trees.

Trees in a community provide numerous benefits, including reducing ambient temperature, removing gaseous and particulate pollutants from the air, sequestering atmospheric carbon, and improving stormwater retention and filtration. However, trees also pose risks, especially in proximity to overhead utility lines. Trees near utility lines cause a large proportion of electrical power outages. As such, trees must be frequently and often severely pruned away from lines to minimize this risk. Presumably, community trees not growing near overhead utility lines are not pruned as frequently or severely. The objectives of this study are to (i) assess factors related to both individual trees and the sample populations of trees growing near and away from overhead utility lines, and (ii) determine whether those factors differed between the two groups. From May through September 2020, I sampled 200 utility easement plots and 200 non-utility plots in Eversource Energy’s distribution territories, measuring 2361 trees. I measured diameter at breast height (DBH), crown height and spread, percent crown missing, percent twig dieback, and likelihood of failure. Using this field collected data, I conducted an i-Tree Eco assessment to evaluate the contribution ecosystem services delivered by trees at each sampling site.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第22816号 / 地環博第203号 / 新制||地環||39(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 西前 出, 教授 柴田 昌三, 准教授 落合 知帆 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM