2000-talets digitaliserade samhällsera har bidragit till att allt fler aktörer fått tillträde till den tillverkande industrin. Denna utveckling har bidragit till en globaliseringstrend, vilken resulterat i att företagen verksamma inom den tillverkande industrin konkurrerar på andra villkor än tidigare. Från att ha strävat efter att äga samtliga delar av distributionskedjan utnyttjar man numera externa leverantörer och samarbetar integrerat med dessa för att främja en, för distributionskedjan, global värdegenerering. Således konkurrerar företagen inte längre mot varandra. Snarare är det numera distributionskedjorna, verksamma inom samma bransch, som rivaliserar. Detta då det tidigare förhållningssättet inte längre är hållbart i en global omvärld. Det globala förhållningssättet kräver dock att samtliga involverade aktörer kommunicerar väl med varandra inom distributionskedjorna. Detta för att stödja informationsflödet och effektivisera produktionen och distributionen av de tillverkade produkterna eller tjänsterna. I syfte att förbättra kommunikationsmöjligheterna inom distributionskedjorna används globala informationssystem. Tidigare publicerad forskning på området belyser vikten av innovativa förbättringsåtgärder i anknytning till dessa. Detta för att underbygga en bibehållen intern effektivitet och samtidigt stärka integrationen inom distributionskedjorna. Därmed är fördelaktiga beslutsprocesser gällande utvärderingsfaktorer i anknytning till distributionskedjornas informationssystem väsentliga att se till, inte minst inom den tillverkande industrin, där konkurrensen är hård. En fallstudie har genomförts på Cloetta-Skandinavien, ett företag som i högsta grad befinner sig inom den tillverkande industrins ramar. I samspel med företaget har potentiella utvärderingsfaktorer i anknytning till Supply Chain Management granskats och utvärderats utifrån situationen i praktiken. / The development in the 21th century has resulted in that more companies than ever have access to the manufacturing industry. This development has contributed to a globalization trend, which in turn has resulted in that business operating in the manufacturing industry are competing on different terms than before. From having strived to possess all parts of the supply chain utilities they nowadays use external suppliers and cooperates integrated with them to promote a global value generation. Thus, firms no longer compete against each other. Rather it is now the distribution chains, operating in the same industry that rivals. This is because the former approach is no longer sustainable in the newly developed global approach. The global approach, however, requires that all involved distributors communicate well with each other within the supply chains. This is to support the information flow and streamline the production and distribution of the products manufactured or offered services. In order to improve the communication possibilities within the supply chains companies nowadays use global information systems. Previously published research in this area highlights the importance of innovative improvements related to these. This is to build a sustained internal efficiency while strengthening integration in the supply chains. Thus, advantageous decisionmaking regarding the evaluation factors related to supply chain information systems essential to ensure, particularly in the manufacturing industry where competition is tough. A case study has been conducted within Cloetta Scandinavia, a company that in the highest degree is working within the manufacturing industry’s framework. In interaction with the company, potential evaluation factors related to Supply Chain Management has been reviewed and evaluated based on the situation in practice.

Syfte: Molnbaserade tjänster har blivit allt vanligare i redovisningsbranschen. Därför syftar denna studie till att undersöka vilka faktorer som ligger till grund för små och medelstora redovisningsbyråers adoptionsbeslut vid implementeringen av molnbaserad klientredovisning. Metod: Studien utgår ifrån den hermeneutiska forskningsfilosofin med en abduktiv ansats då tidigare studier inom området varit få och att vi söker förståelse för motiven bakom människors handlingar. Rent praktiskt har elva semi-strukturerade intervjuer hos små och medelstora redovisningsbyråer genomförts. En modifierad EDI-adoptionsmodell har använts som en del av studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt. Resultat och slutsats: Faktorer som påverkar beslutet följer till stor del den modifierade EDI- adoptionsmodellen. Däremot hade organisatorisk beredskap inte lika stor påverkan som övriga tre kategorier. Dessutom upptäcktes en ny faktor, trygghet. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till en förståelse för vilka faktorer som är av betydelse vid adoption av molnbaserade redovisningssystem. Det bör vara av intresse för leverantörer, men även ge stöd åt redovisningsbyråer som står inför ett sådant beslut. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag är att undersöka vilka faktorer som är av betydelse i framtiden när molnbaserad redovisning är mindre nytt, hur byråer påverkas efter implementeringen samt hur relationerna med klienterna och lönsamheten påverkas. Vidare hade det varit önskvärt att undersöka den nytillkomna faktorn, trygghet, och se om den bör läggas till som en del av en ny modifierad EDI-adoptionsmodell. / Aim: Cloud computing is more interesting now than ever before, especially in the accounting industry. Therefore, this study aims to examine which factors motivate small and medium sized accounting practices to adopt cloud-based client accounting. Method: This study assumes a hermeneutic research philosophy with an abductive approach because of the lack of previous studies in the field and that we are seeking to understand motives behind people's actions. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees from small and medium-sized accounting practices. A modified EDI-adoption model was used as a part of the study's theoretical framework. Results and conclusions: The results show that most of the factors follow the modified EDI- adoption model but the organisational readiness didn ́t have as much impact on SMP:s decision as the others. A new factor, safety, was also discovered. Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to an understanding of which factors that have an impact on SMP:s decision to adopt cloud-based client accounting. The findings should be of interest to different cloud accounting providers such as Fortnox, as well as accounting practices that are thinking about adopting cloud-based client accounting. Suggestions for future research: One suggestion for future research is to study which factors have an impact on SMP:s in the future when cloud-based accounting isn ́t seen as something new and how the client relationships and profitability of the practices will be affected by the adoption. Also, it would be interesting to examine the new factor, safety, and see if it should be a part of the future EDI-adoption model.

Inom varje verksamhet förekommer det alltid någon form av projektplanering när man vill bedriva sin verksamhet på en ny marknad. Dessa typer av förberedelser görs på olika sätt och utmaningen för företagen blir att använda sig av rätt etableringsstrategi. För att lyckas med implementering av ett projekt, på respektive marknad som organisationer verkar på, är en utav framgångsfaktorerna att ha en tydlig och genomtänkt metod. Företaget Beta erbjuder molnbaserade tjänster inom tullhantering där man skapar lösningar som hjälper andra företag att hantera sina tullärenden. Aktören är etablerad på den svenska marknaden och vill prova att erbjuda sina IT-lösningar i Norge. Företaget har därför ett behov av att undersöka hur den norska marknaden ser ut, om det finns en möjlighet att bredda deras befintliga systemlösningar och i så fall hur de ska gå tillväga för att få ett fungerande system som kan kommunicera med norska tullverket. I rapporten föreslås en metod som kan användas som underlag vid utvidgning av en verksamhet till nya marknader. Utvecklingsprocessen som presenteras ska också kunna generaliseras, fungera som underlag och användas även av andra företag som ställs inför samma utmaning som Beta. Denna rapport innehåller även en analys av den norska marknaden. Det finns en jämförelse mellan delar av svenska och norska tullsystemet och en presentation av de ändringar som behöver göras utifrån skillnader som finns. Som resultat ger rapporten en tydlig bild av hur man möjligen kan gå tillväga för att ta sig an liknande problem. Författarna presenterar även ett resultat som beskriver en lösning till Betas problem. / Within each activity, there is always some kind of project planning when you want to do business in a new market. These types of preparation are done in different ways and the challenge for companies is to make use of the right establishment strategy. To succeed in implementing a project, on the respective market that organizations are working on, one of the success factors is to have a clear and thoughtful approach. The company Beta offers cloud-based customs management services, which provide solutions that help other companies handle their customs issues. Beta is established in the Swedish market and wants to try to offer their IT solutions in Norway. The company therefore has a need to investigate how the Norwegian market looks, if there is an opportunity to broaden their existing system solutions and, if so, how they should go about getting a working system that can communicate with the Norwegian customs office. The report proposes a method that can be used as a basis for expanding a business to new markets. The development process presented should also be generalized, serve as a basis, and used by other companies facing the same challenge as Beta. This report also contains an analysis of the Norwegian market. There is a comparison between parts of the Swedish and Norwegian customs system and a presentation of the changes that need to be made based on differences. As a result, the report provides a clear picture of how one might possibly be able to address similar problems. The project members also present a result describing a solution to Beta's problems.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of implementing the Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) model in an MRO (maintenance, repair, and operations) partnership, and highlight its potential economic, environmental, and organizational benefits, as well as limitations. Approach - First, a comprehensive literature review was conducted on fields relevant to VMI. Second, empirical data was gathered from a single exploratory case study with Momentum Industrial, and its customer Stora Enso. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data from the case companies. Findings - Results suggest that VMI results in benefits for the supply chain in general, such as reduced administration and inventory costs, improved service levels, reduced information distortion, and improved relationship among partners. For the particular case of VMI in an MRO partnership, improved service levels can be obtained by a reduced risk of production downtime for the customer. Moreover, the implementation of VMI has potential environmental benefits, such as reduced paper use, and higher transportation fill rate. Limitations of implementing VMI include the difficulty in system integration, and information sharing. Trust could be a potential issue that limits information sharing amongst supply chain partners. Moreover, the difference in organizational cultures and policies of partners should be taken into consideration. Limitations - The study is limited to opinions from one MRO customer in the paper and packaging industry. Even though the questions asked to informants in Momentum and Stora Enso tackled benefits to MRO customers in general, a broader image could have been achieved by interviewing customers from different industries. Moreover, the case companies do not currently adopt VMI in their partnership, so the case study results are based on what they think would be the potential benefits and limitations of implementing VMI in an MRO partnership. Practical Implications - This paper can serve as a guideline for logistics managers who are considering VMI in an MRO partnership specifically, as it provides them with the benefits and limitations associated with VMI. More generally, any company considering VMI can also benefit from the theoretical framework presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-04T21:45:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adilson J da Silva.pdf: 1679669 bytes, checksum: 027c6b4ba0a531ee2c3cb3524d5d47bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-19 / A necessidade de cortar custos e aumentar a produtividade, aliada à crescente disponibilização de padrões que visam garantir a interoperabilidade entre aplicações distintas, têm levado um crescente número de empresas a utilizar a Internet como principal meio de comunicação com os seus parceiros comerciais, estimulando o crescimento do comércio eletrônico B2B e conseqüentemente aumentando o interesse na automatização da fase de negociação, que normalmente precede a fase de interação eletrônica entre os parceiros comerciais, buscando assim a agilização de todo o processo de colaboração. O desenvolvimento de negociações eletrônicas de forma automatizada implica na definição de regras e mensagens que devem ser utilizadas pelas partes, durante o processo de negociação. O padrão ebXML (Electronic Business Extensible Markup Language) especifica os componentes CPP (Collaboration Protocol Profile) e CPA (Collaboration Protocol Agreement) para serem utilizados na fase de negociação. O CPP descreve o perfil da empresa com relação a suas capacidades técnicas para o estabelecimento de um processo de negócio com outras empresas e o CPA é o acordo resultante da intersecção dos CPP dos parceiros comerciais envolvidos em um processo de colaboração de negócios. Estes componentes podem ser utilizados na automatização do processo de negociação, mas a especificação ebXML deixa em aberto a forma de geração automática do acordo de colaboração (CPA), assim como a forma de interação entre as empresas nesta fase. O problema é como efetuar a automatização desta interação e gerar automaticamente o acordo (CPA), a partir dos perfis (CPP) de cada empresa. Neste trabalho são analisadas as especificações ebXML e elaborada uma proposta para agilizar o processo de negociação, através da automatização da troca de mensagens que ocorre durante a fase de negociação e a geração de informações para auxiliar um negociador humano a tomar uma decisão final sobre um determinado processo de negociação, com a conseqüente geração de um acordo de colaboração (CPA). A proposta abrange a definição de um protocolo de negociação baseado em XML, para a troca de mensagens durante a fase de interação e a modelagem de um sistema para o controle destas mensagens e comparação das propostas de acordo, até a finalização do processo de negociação e, em caso de sucesso, com a geração do documento de acordo de colaboração. Para a validação da proposta foi desenvolvido um protótipo utilizando a linguagem Java e plataforma J2EE, abrangendo requisitos básicos para suportar um processo de negociação. Este protótipo foi implementado em um ambiente de testes com um cenário de uso envolvendo um processo de negociação entre duas empresas, visando estabelecer um processo de negócio de compra e venda.

<p>Background: It has been shown that EDI can yield positive effects within companies. Which effects are possible for a company to direct assign to the introduction of EDI and is it possible to estimate the total effect.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this study is to estimate and analyze the effects of using EDI in electronic business. We also want to contribute with a model for measure and estimate the effects of EDI.</p><p>Accomplishment: We have studied literature concering EDI and realized a preliminary studie in form of interviews with experts to establish deeper knowledge of EDI. We have also tried to estimate the effects obtained in companies in three different businesses, power, government and transport industry.</p><p>Result: To obtain as good effects as possible it is important that the co- oporation is built on trust and engagement. Before implementing the EDI-system a thorough overhaul of the processes in the company should be done, involving both the top managers and the staff. Internet can be used to achieve minimal cost and it is important to limit the information sent by EDI to only send the information demanded. Finally companies also should mediate the advantages of EDI inside the organisation to make the co-operators realize the good effects obtained by EDI.</p>

Background: It has been shown that EDI can yield positive effects within companies. Which effects are possible for a company to direct assign to the introduction of EDI and is it possible to estimate the total effect. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to estimate and analyze the effects of using EDI in electronic business. We also want to contribute with a model for measure and estimate the effects of EDI. Accomplishment: We have studied literature concering EDI and realized a preliminary studie in form of interviews with experts to establish deeper knowledge of EDI. We have also tried to estimate the effects obtained in companies in three different businesses, power, government and transport industry. Result: To obtain as good effects as possible it is important that the co- oporation is built on trust and engagement. Before implementing the EDI-system a thorough overhaul of the processes in the company should be done, involving both the top managers and the staff. Internet can be used to achieve minimal cost and it is important to limit the information sent by EDI to only send the information demanded. Finally companies also should mediate the advantages of EDI inside the organisation to make the co-operators realize the good effects obtained by EDI.

<p>På bara ett par år har elektronisk handel potential att radikalt förändra de ekonomiska och sociala förhållanden i samhället. Internets snabba tillväxt kopplar samman individer och organisationer till ett stort globalt nätverk som representerar enorma möjligheter. Det talas om ett nätverkssamhälle och en nätverksekonomi.</p><p>Elektronisk handel driver företag mot att bedriva affärer på ett fundamentalt nytt sätt. Behovet av att dela information i realtid ökar tillsammans med förändringarna i värdekedjan.</p><p>Syftet med studien är att kartlägga elektronisk handel i allmänhet. Studien fokuseras på hur elektronisk handel används för att länka samman företag, stora som små, från råmaterial till konsumenten. Arbetet belyser hinder och krav i samband med elektronisk handel och det sätt de hanteras på.</p><p>Företagen i undersökningen visar ingen tydlig strävan mot att uppnå en totalt integrerad värdekedja. Grundliga affärsprocesser flyttas mot Internet för att utnyttja nätverkets fördelar. Främst används EDI och online-tjänster som Internetbutiker för elektronisk handel.</p>

The thesis hears content-error in relation to agreements closed by electronic means. The purpose of the thesis is to elucidate how the rules in 32 §(1) AvtL apply to agreements closed by such means and to evaluate its suitability. The elucidation is done on the basis of, the rules’ adequacy in relation to their objectives in collaboration with a comparative view on a selection of international legal framework under private law, such as DCFR, UNCITRAL Model Law, UNIDROIT Principles and CISG. Since Sweden lack a specific regulation for electronically closed agreements, all modern closing methods will be evaluated from the dated outlook of the Swedish Contract Act. In relation to entirely automated processes which results in the closing of an agreement, particular difficulty arise in correlation with prerequisites, which requires a human stance. How to determine a computer's will, trust or bad faith is possibly a trick question, the correct question may be, if intention, trust or bad faith can be attributed to a computer. The IT-investigation, SOU 1996:40, dismiss using the rule on error-in-content in association with automatically generated declaration of intention. The legal debate is relatively thin on this area and the vast majority of doctrine is out-of-date. The thesis’s conclusion can be summarized in that the subjective elements should be considered fulfilled with most electronically closed agreements but a legal reform in this area is to recommend in a mainly clarifying aim. A provision free from subjective elements – in unity with the stated international legislations’ line – is to advocate. Finally, the need of an alternative imposition of penalty has – in association with a content-error-mistake – been noticed, in the form of damage so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract.

Presented diploma work represents a further development of my bachelor-degree diploma work, dealing with new technologies in retail business. In contrast of said bachelor diploma work, which extent was limited to theoretical part of the problem, practical application of the objective new technologies has been analyzed within TESCO stores buiseness environment. Therefore, this diploma work deals with specific technologies, which are really used in the TESCO retail network. The technologies analyzed in this work were chosen on the basis of Retail Summit 2011 topics. Application potential of m-commerce and e-commerce is analyzed and EDI technology innovation, which makes this option available for small companies, is described. Beside self-service cash desks, which are currently widely used, the RFID, NFC and LCD price tags, which are still in the testing process, are dealt with.