The relationship between the Eriksonian concept of ego identity status and the social process of conformity was investigated. Ego identity status was measured by the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (OM-EIS) (Adams, Shea, and Fitch, 1979). A total of 87 subjects were categorized into one of the four ego identity status groups: Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, and Identity Achievement. Conformity was measured by peer ratings, and experimental task, and by three self-report personality measures. Two of the conformity measures supported the main hypothesis that those in the less mature ego identity statuses (Diffusion and Foreclosure) would demonstrate the most conformity behavior. More specifically, peers rated males in the Diffusion and Foreclosure statuses as more conforming, and wales and females in the Diffusion status rated themselves as more conforming on a peer pressure conformity self-report. In light of these results, the relationship between conformity and ego identity status is discussed.

College students were assessed as to ego identity status and perceptions of their relationships with parents during their first year away from home. Each parent was also asked to rate the relationship. There was general agreement between parents and adolescents although the data indicate that mothers and adolescents share a more similar view of their relationship than did the fathers and adolescents. The hypothesis that females would report more affection and communication with their parents than would males was partially supported. Daughters were more communicative with their mothers and were more affectionate toward both parents than were sons. Several proposed hypotheses were not supported at all. Males were not more independent nor more satisfied with their independence than the female subjects. Foreclosed youths did not visit home more frequently than the other youths, and individuals who frequently visited home were not less independent nor less affective than those who visited home infrequently. It was also hypothesized that foreclosed and identity achieved youths would report higher levels of affection, communication, and satisfaction with independence in their relationships with parents than would diffused or moratorium youths. One significant result was that foreclosed youths rated themselves as more affectionate than diffused youths toward their mothers.. Another significant finding was in the area of independence. It was hypothesized that the identity achieved and moratorium youths would be more independent from their parents than would the diffused and foreclosed youths. This hypothesis was supported by the adolescents' self-ratings and partially supported by the fathers' ratings. Overall, several sex and identity status differences were found. Only one identity status difference was found among the female subjects, while several identity status differences were found among the male subjects. Although no cause-and-effect relationships can be concluded, the results do indicate that differences in the relationships with parents do occur at the same time as identity status differences.

This study attempted to investigate the relationship of occupational choice to ego identity achievement, to self-concept, and to academic achievement, as these are related to Eric Erikson's contention that is adolescents' inability to settle on an occupational choice which disturbs them and results in a sense of identity diffusion (lack of solidified ideas of self, goals for life, and a need to seek external supports). The sample consisted of 320 senior high school boys in the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grades. Variables considered included: level of vocational commitment; ego identity; self-regard, i.e., self-concept, self-acceptance, ideal self and adjustment (sum of discrepancies between self and ideal self); and academic achievement, i.e., achievers or underachievers. The variables were treated by means of analysis of covariance, controlling for intelligence, Duncan range test, chi-square analysis, and Pearson product-moment correlations. Results of the analysis of data revealed that significant differences existed between adolescents who had expressed vocational commitments and adolescents who were vocationally undecided on (a) ego identity achievement, and (b) self-concept. In considering characteristics of those making or not making a vocational choice, it was found that level of vocational commitment of senior high school boys tends to be dependent on length of time the choice is considered, the amount of feedback and discussion with parents concerning the choice, father's occupation, and the influence of significant others. Another finding was that the verbalized vocational choice of adolescents is consistent with their measured interest. Ego identity was found to be nonsignificantly correlated with achievement and intelligence. Ego identity, self-concept, and self-acceptance have positive and significant intercorrelations (.01 level). It was concluded that adolescents who have not made a vocational commitment, demonstrate a greater degree of identity diffusion--lower ego identity achievement and lower self-concept--than adolescents who have expressed a vocational commitment. It was felt that the data supported Erikson's formulations concerning the period of adolescence to the extent that a positive and predictive relationship was found between level of occupational commitment and ego identity achievement, and between the level of occupation commitment and self-concept. It was felt that ego identity was not significantly related to intelligence or achievement. It was further concluded that ego identity, self-concept, and self-acceptance are related measures dealing with level of maturity and ego integration in adolescence.

The relationship between conformity behavior and the four identity statuses as operationalized by Marcia was studied in 80 college students. Also, various personality characteristics were studied relative to their discernability by identity status and their relationship to conformity behavior. As sex difference was a major consideration in the study, the sample was divided into 40 males and 40 females ranging in age from 18 to 25 years. Statistical analysis indicated there were no significant differences between identity statuses relative to conformity for either males or females. In addition, very few personality characteristics were indicative of conformity for either sex. However, knowledge of personality profiles led to the correct classification into the four identity statuses for 72.5% of male subjects and 67.5% of the female subjects. These results would appear to indicate that identity and personality are positively related constructs which are not easily transferable to overt behavior regardless of sex.

<p>Closed loop fuel injection have been in use for two decades but it's not until the recent five years that the wide band lambda sensor have been utilized. The goal is to explain wide band and discrete lambda sensors in a simple but powerful way. Both sensors are modeled by simple mathematics and accounts for Oxygen, Hydrogen and Carbon monoxide influences. The focus is not just on the output from the sensors, but also on the underlying function. This means that all explanations are thorough and methodical. The function of a wide band lambda sensor is more complicated than a discrete type lambda sensor, therefore it's harder to get correct readings. The model of the wide band lambda sensor is used to evaluate different problems in preparation for the development of an observer. Several potential problem sources are tested and investigated, these include calibration error, pressure error, air leak error, gas sensitivity and fuel errors. To evaluate the potential problems and their ability to explain differences between actual lambda and sensor output, two sensors with differing outputs have been used. The final result is implemented in an ECU.</p><p>The models indicate that the difference between the two sensors is most likely explained by different sensitivity for CO, O2 and H2. This can in turn have one or several explanations. It is suggested that different ability to pump oxygen, different nernst cells or even different controllers can cause this. The reason is not investigated further as this would require a very deep research on the two sensors. Because no usable explanation is found an observer that estimates the offset at stoichiometric conditions, where lambda equals one, is constructed. The observer uses the fact that the switch point of a discrete lambda sensor is insensitive to disturbances. The offset calculation is performed in real time on an ECU. Tools for calibration of the observer are also developed. With the observer the error for the two sensors is roughly halved over the whole spectrum and at stoichiometric conditions, which is the normal operation for an engine, the error was too small to measure.</p><p>Although the wide band lambda sensor is a very complex sensor it is shown that it can be understood with simple mathematics and basic knowledge in chemistry. The developed model agrees well with the real sensor for steady state conditions. For transient conditions, however, the model needs to be refined further. The question why the two sensors differ is discussed but the true origin of the cause remains unsolved. The conclusion is that the error can be drastically reduced with just an offset. It is also shown that when building a lambda sensing device the controller is of equal importance as the sensor element itself. This is due to the sensitivity of surrounding factors that the controller must be able to handle. These effects are specially important for engines running at lambda not equal to 1, for example diesel engines.</p>

<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur individer med olika roller inom en fotbollsförening för unga talanger upplever motivationsklimat. För att skapa förståelse för begreppet motivation i en fotbollsförening har följande frågeställningar använts; hur upplevs klimatet i verksamheten, vad upplevs vara tillfredsställande prestationer samt hur upplevs att tillfredsställande prestationer uppnås? I studien deltog tio manliga respondenter (m=36,4 år, Sd=16,9) med olika roller kopplade till idrottsverksamhetens talanglag. Respondenterna grupperades enligt följande: spelarrepresentanter, ledarrepresentanter och föreningsrepresentanter. Intervjuer genomfördes utifrån en semistrukturerad intervjuguide baserad på studiens syfte. Materialet analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Granheim och Lundmans (2003) rekommendationer där rådata kategoriserades i teman. Resultatet visade på upplevelser som kan kopplas till tidigare forskning om task- och ego-orienterat motivationsklimat. Studiens resultat diskuterats utifrån den enskilda individens behov av en sund psykosocial miljö för att kunna utvecklas idrottsmässigt.</p> / <p>The purpose of the study was to investigate how individuals with different roles within a football club for young talents experiences motivation climate in the club. To create understanding for the meaning of motivational climate, the following issue has been studied; how is the climate in the club being perceived, what is perceived to be a satisfying achievement and how to reach satisfying achievement? Ten male respondents (m=36,4 år, Sd=16,9) with different roles related to the talent team participated. The respondents were grouped as follows; player representatives, coach representatives and club representatives. Interviews were conducted by using a semi-structured interview guide based on the main purpose of the study. Raw data was examined through a qualitative content analysis in which raw data were categorized into themes, recommended by Granheim and Lundman (2003). The results showed experiences of ego-orientation and task-orientation climates in each group of respondents that can be linked to previous research. The result from the study is discussed from the individual’s need of a healthy psychosocial environment in order to developed athletic skills.</p>

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur individer med olika roller inom en fotbollsförening för unga talanger upplever motivationsklimat. För att skapa förståelse för begreppet motivation i en fotbollsförening har följande frågeställningar använts; hur upplevs klimatet i verksamheten, vad upplevs vara tillfredsställande prestationer samt hur upplevs att tillfredsställande prestationer uppnås? I studien deltog tio manliga respondenter (m=36,4 år, Sd=16,9) med olika roller kopplade till idrottsverksamhetens talanglag. Respondenterna grupperades enligt följande: spelarrepresentanter, ledarrepresentanter och föreningsrepresentanter. Intervjuer genomfördes utifrån en semistrukturerad intervjuguide baserad på studiens syfte. Materialet analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Granheim och Lundmans (2003) rekommendationer där rådata kategoriserades i teman. Resultatet visade på upplevelser som kan kopplas till tidigare forskning om task- och ego-orienterat motivationsklimat. Studiens resultat diskuterats utifrån den enskilda individens behov av en sund psykosocial miljö för att kunna utvecklas idrottsmässigt. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how individuals with different roles within a football club for young talents experiences motivation climate in the club. To create understanding for the meaning of motivational climate, the following issue has been studied; how is the climate in the club being perceived, what is perceived to be a satisfying achievement and how to reach satisfying achievement? Ten male respondents (m=36,4 år, Sd=16,9) with different roles related to the talent team participated. The respondents were grouped as follows; player representatives, coach representatives and club representatives. Interviews were conducted by using a semi-structured interview guide based on the main purpose of the study. Raw data was examined through a qualitative content analysis in which raw data were categorized into themes, recommended by Granheim and Lundman (2003). The results showed experiences of ego-orientation and task-orientation climates in each group of respondents that can be linked to previous research. The result from the study is discussed from the individual’s need of a healthy psychosocial environment in order to developed athletic skills.

From the viewpoint of applications, conventional cameras are usually limited in their fields of view. The omni-directional camera has a full range in all directions, which gains the complete field of view. In the past, a moving object can be detected, only when the camera is static or moving with a known speed. If those methods are employed to mobile robots or vehicles, it will be difficult to determine the motion of moving objects observed by the camera. In this paper, we assume the omni-directional camera is mounted on a moving platform, which travels with a planar motion. The region of floor in the omni-directional image and the brightness constraint equation are applied to estimate the ego-motion. The depth information is acquired from the floor image to solve the problem that cannot be obtained by single camera systems. Using the estimated ego-motion, the optical flow caused by the floor motion can be computed. Therefore, comparing its direction with the direction of the optical flow on the image leads to detection of a moving object. Due to the depth information, even if the camera is in the condition that combining translational and rotational motions, a moving object can still be accurately identified.

Closed loop fuel injection have been in use for two decades but it's not until the recent five years that the wide band lambda sensor have been utilized. The goal is to explain wide band and discrete lambda sensors in a simple but powerful way. Both sensors are modeled by simple mathematics and accounts for Oxygen, Hydrogen and Carbon monoxide influences. The focus is not just on the output from the sensors, but also on the underlying function. This means that all explanations are thorough and methodical. The function of a wide band lambda sensor is more complicated than a discrete type lambda sensor, therefore it's harder to get correct readings. The model of the wide band lambda sensor is used to evaluate different problems in preparation for the development of an observer. Several potential problem sources are tested and investigated, these include calibration error, pressure error, air leak error, gas sensitivity and fuel errors. To evaluate the potential problems and their ability to explain differences between actual lambda and sensor output, two sensors with differing outputs have been used. The final result is implemented in an ECU. The models indicate that the difference between the two sensors is most likely explained by different sensitivity for CO, O2 and H2. This can in turn have one or several explanations. It is suggested that different ability to pump oxygen, different nernst cells or even different controllers can cause this. The reason is not investigated further as this would require a very deep research on the two sensors. Because no usable explanation is found an observer that estimates the offset at stoichiometric conditions, where lambda equals one, is constructed. The observer uses the fact that the switch point of a discrete lambda sensor is insensitive to disturbances. The offset calculation is performed in real time on an ECU. Tools for calibration of the observer are also developed. With the observer the error for the two sensors is roughly halved over the whole spectrum and at stoichiometric conditions, which is the normal operation for an engine, the error was too small to measure. Although the wide band lambda sensor is a very complex sensor it is shown that it can be understood with simple mathematics and basic knowledge in chemistry. The developed model agrees well with the real sensor for steady state conditions. For transient conditions, however, the model needs to be refined further. The question why the two sensors differ is discussed but the true origin of the cause remains unsolved. The conclusion is that the error can be drastically reduced with just an offset. It is also shown that when building a lambda sensing device the controller is of equal importance as the sensor element itself. This is due to the sensitivity of surrounding factors that the controller must be able to handle. These effects are specially important for engines running at lambda not equal to 1, for example diesel engines.

There have been few African studies that examined relationships between acculturation, a process where immigrants assimilate the culture of their host country, coping, acculturative stress and enduring involvement in leisure. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between cultural orientations and acculturative stress, coping, leisure participation, as well as ego involvement of Nigerian Canadians in leisure. The research participants (n=104), were English speaking Nigerian Canadians between the ages of 18-52 average age of 35, SD of just under 8. All research participants were born outside Canada. Most Nigerian Canadians (99%, n=103) had lived in Canada for a period of 1-10 years when data were collected. Each participant filled out a questionnaire that measured their African and Canadian cultural orientations, and acculturative stress, coping, leisure participation, and ego involvement in leisure. Composite scale scores were computed for the variables of African cultural orientation, Canadian cultural orientation, depression, discrimination, intergenerational conflicts, coping and ego involvement in leisure; after which ANOVAs were computed to determine between group differences for the median split groups on these variables. Kruskal Wallis H tests were then computed to determine between group differences with regards to demographic characteristics, transportation, housing and dress patterns. ANOVA was also computed to determine differences on number of children in households. Pearson Correlations were then computed to determine relationships between leisure participation and ego involvement on one hand, and depression, discrimination, intergenerational conflicts, and coping on the other hand. Results revealed significant differences between participants on African and Canadian cultural orientations, with the two High African groups showing higher African preferences, and the two High Canadian groups showing higher Canadian preferences than the two lower African and the two lower Canadian groups in each instance. Participants were not significantly different on acculturative stress and coping. Also, there were minimal between group relationships with respect to leisure participation and acculturative stress and coping; while no relationships were found for ego involvement in leisure.