A verified elasto-viscoplastic finite element model is used to develop a better understanding of the performance of embankments with geosynthetic reinforcement constructed over rate-sensitive soil. The interaction between reinforcement and prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) and their effects on time-dependent behaviour of embankments are examined. For rate-sensitive soils, the generation of creep-induced pore pressures following the end of construction is evident along the potential slip surface. As a result, the minimum factor of safety with respect to embankment stability occurs after the end of construction. The combined use of reinforcement and PVDs are shown to provide an effective means of minimizing creep-induced excess pore pressure, increasing overall stability, and decreasing deformation of the embankments. The combined effects of the viscoelastic properties of geosynthetic reinforcement (polyester, polypropylene and polyethylene) and the rate-sensitive nature of foundation soils on the performance of embankments are examined. The effect of various factors, including reinforcement type (i.e., stiffness and viscosity), soil viscosity, construction rate and allowable long-term reinforcement strain, on the time-dependent behaviour of embankments are considered. The long-term performance of reinforced embankments is investigated for different maximum allowable long-term reinforcement strains. From a series of finite element analyses, the ideal allowable reinforcement strains to minimize embankment deformation while providing optimum long-term service height of the embankment, considering the effect of soil and reinforcement viscosity, are proposed for soils similar to those examined in this study. The currently proposed design methods for embankments with creep-susceptible reinforcement over rate-sensitive soils appear to be overly conservative. This study proposes a refined approach for establishing the allowable long-term reinforcement strains that are expected to provide adequate performance while reducing the level of conservativeness of reinforced embankment design. Finally, a previously developed elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model is modified to incorporate the effect of soil structure using a state-dependent fluidity parameter and damage law. The model was evaluated against data from a well-documented case study of a reinforced test embankment constructed on a sensitive Champlain clay deposit in Saint Alban, Quebec. The benefit of basal reinforcement and the effect of reinforcement viscosity are then discussed for these types of soil deposits. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-01-21 22:26:40.133

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta uma técnica numérica. baseada no Método de Decomposição do Operador (Operator Splitting Method) e algorítimos sequenciais associados (product formula algorithm) para simular o fenômeno de propagação de ondas em barras elasto-viscoplásticas. Este método tem boas propriedades de estabilidade e preciaão mesmo quando um esquema explícito de baixa ordem é utilizado na integração temporal. Esta técnica numérica é usada para simular carregamentos cíclicos de alta frequência em barras de aço austenítico a altas temperaturas. / [en] The present work presents a numerical technique ( based on the Operator Split Method associated with product formula algorithm ) for simulating the wave propagation phenomenon in bars with any kind of elastic-viecoplastic oonstitutive equations. This method has very good properties of stability and precision even if explicit time evolution schemes are used. This numerical technique is used to simulate high frequency cyclic loadings in austenitic steel bars at high temperatures.

学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-09-25 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2841号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1418 ; 整理番号: 25526 / The consolidation of peat is complex due to the resultant large strain associated with the highly compressible nature of natural peat deposits and to the rapid changes in soil properties during the consolidation process. In addition, the consolidation process is further complicated by the occurrence of secondary compression which significantly contributes to the overall settlement of peaty soil. Therefore, it is necessary to take these properties into account in order to obtain better predictions from peat consolidation analyses. In the present study, the consolidation behavior of peaty clay found in Sri Lanka is extensively studied using a model based on the elasto-viscoplastic theory. The model can describe the prominent creep behavior of peaty soil as a continuous process. In addition, the model can accommodate the effect of structural degradation on the consolidation process. The analysis takes into account all the main features involved in the peat consolidation process, namely, finite strain, variable permeability, and the effect of secondary compression. Also, it considers the variable compressibility for stage-constructed embankments which exert high levels of pressure on the peaty subsoil. The constitutive equations used in the model and the procedure adapted to account for the above-mentioned features of the analysis are described. The constitutive model is based on Perzyna’s type viscoplastic theory and the Cambridge elasto-plastic theory combined with empirical evidence. In the finite element formulations, which are based on the finite deformation theory, an updated Lagrangian method is adopted. A description of the material parameters used in the model and the procedures applied to evaluate them, with standard laboratory and field tests, are explained. In addition, a performance of the model incorporating the original and the modified Cam-clay theory is evaluated by simulating triaxial test results. A comparison shows that with the present definition of the parameters, the original model yields more representative results than the model based on the modified Cam-clay theory. Initially, the capability of the constitutive model to capture the consolidation behavior is verified using the consolidation model test data on peaty clay found in Sri Lanka. It is confirmed that the constitutive model is able to predict the observed creep characteristics and the effect of sample thickness on settlement predictions for the material under consideration. The performance of the model in predicting the consolidation behavior under field conditions is studied using field data on instrumented earth fill constructed on peaty clay. One-dimensional compression is assumed for the peaty clay due to the large plane area of the fill. Separate analyses are carried out by the model considering the infinitesimal strain theory, the finite strain theory, and the finite strain theory together with the effect of structural degradation in order to explore how these features describe the observed field behavior. Analyses reveal that it is necessary to consider finite deformation together with the effect of structural degradation in order to successfully simulate the resultant large strain and the stagnated pore water pressure observed in the field. The construction of road embankments over peat deposits is quite problematic, and thus, it is often done after first improving the properties of the peaty soil through the utilization of appropriate ground-improvement techniques. Understanding the field response of peaty clay during this improvement process is naturally of great importance. A constitutive model is applied to predict the field performance of embankments constructed on peaty clay using different ground-improvement techniques. The back analysis of embankments constructed with the preloading method indicates that the model can be successfully applied to predict both the deformation and the stability of structures constructed on peaty clays. The stability of the embankment during and after construction is verified by investigating the stress-strain characteristics of the subsoil. The model applications used to predict the consolidation behavior of embankments constructed by the preloading method, combined with other ground-improvement techniques, are then discussed. Embankments constructed with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) and sand compaction piles (SCPs) are considered, and finite element analyses are carried out in all cases by converting the actual three-dimensional conditions that exist around the drains into simplified two-dimensional plane strain conditions. The field behavior when PVDs are installed in the peaty clay is simulated using the equivalent vertical permeability for the PVD-improved subsoil. In the case of SCPs, a conversion scheme is used to transform the axisymmetric nature of sand columns into equivalent plane strain conditions. A comparison of the predicted results with the field observations shows a reasonable agreement. An analysis of the PVD-improved foundation indicates that the installation of PVDs not only accelerates the rate of consolidation, but influences the deformation pattern of the subsoil due to embankment loading. The analysis also shows that the use of PVDs can significantly increase embankment stability. The model prediction for the SCP-improved foundation reveals that the stiffness and the area replacement ratio used in the conversion scheme play vital roles in predicting the behavior of SCP-improved soft grounds. The observed improvements in the bearing capacity of the subsoil and in the stability of the embankment, brought about by the installation of SCPs, can be simulated by the model. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13370号 / 工博第2841号 / 新制||工||1418(附属図書館) / 25526 / UT51-2007-Q771 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 岡 二三生, 教授 田村 武, 准教授 木元 小百合 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

[pt] É considerado neste trabalho um modelo mecânico para simulação do comportamento anisotérmico de materiais inelásticos submetidos a carregamentos dinâmicos. O trabalho tem como motivação o estudo, através de simulações numéricas, dos efeitos da propagação da onda de tensão no meio, e de fenômenos como o aquecimento e a degradação local induzida pelas deformações inelásticas. A equação da energia com seus termos de acoplamentos entre os efeitos térmico e mecânico é incluída na modelagem. A teoria constitutiva utilizada baseia-se na mecânica do dano contínuo no contexto de variáveis internas sendo particularizada para materiais elastoviscoplásticos e aplicado ao caso de uma barra solicitada axialmente. O sistema não linear de equações diferenciais parciais resultante do modelo é resolvido através do uso uma técnica de decomposição do operador que permite a aplicação de procedimentos numéricos clássicos de solução. Dentre estes procedimentos, foi usado no trabalho, o método de Glimm. Exemplos numéricos retratando a evolução do dano e da temperatura induzida pela deformação plástica devido a carregamentos de impacto e de alta frequência, são apresentados e analisados. Comparações entre simulações com os modelos isotérmico e anisotérmico permitem caracterizar as influências da equação da energia e do dano. / [en] This work presents a mechanical model for simulating the anisothermal behavior of damageable inelastic solids under dynamical loadings. The main motivation of this study is to investigate, by means of numerical simulations, the thermomechanical coupling in a simple one-dimensional problem involving the wave propagation phenomenon in a damageable non-isothermal solid. To achieve this goal, the equation of energy is taken into account in the modeling with the coupling terms between the thermal and mechanical effects. The damageable inelastic mechanical behavior is describe by means of an internal variable constitutive theory and the analysis is restricted to elastoviscoplastic solids. The resulting system of non linear partial differential equations is solved by using an operator splitting technique, along with classical numerical procedures such as the Glimm s method. Numerical examples which illustrate the damage and temperature evolution induced by the plastic deformation process due to impact and cyclic loadings are presented and analyzed. A suitable comparative analysis between simulations with and without the thermomechanical couplings shows the situations under which these terms are relevant.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta a abordagem do problema de análise de tensões e deformações em estruturas elasto-plásticas através de técnicas de programação matemática, e alguns métodos de solução deste problema. A determinação da evolução das tensões e deformações que ocorrem em uma estrutura de material elasto-plástico, submetida à um programa de carga que evolui no tempo, é definida por um sistema de equações e inequações obtidas a partir das equações constitutivas do material e das equações de compatibilidade e de equilíbrio da estrutura, formuladas em taxas. Este sistema é equivalente as condições necessárias de Kuhn-Tucker para a minimização de um funcional quadrático com restrições de igualdade e desigualdade. Para a solução deste problema de otimização através de técnicas numéricas, que permitem determinar a cada incremento de carga a evolução das tensões e deformações na estrutura, adota-se uma formulação incremental do problema elasto-plástico, própria para o tratamento numérico. / [en] This thesis presents the analysis of the stresses and strains in elastic-plastic structures, using a mathematical programming approach and some solution techniques for this problem. The evolution of the stresses and strains occuring in one elastic-plastic structure, loaded by a time varying load, is defined by a system of equations and inequations obtained from the constitutive relations of the material and from the compatility and equilibrium conditions of the structure, expressed in terms of rates. This system is equivalent to the Kuhn-Tucker conditions needed for the minimization of a quadraditic funtional with equality and inequality constraints. An incremental formulation for the elastic-plastic problem is adoted to solve this optimization problem by numerical techniques, enabling the determination of stresses and strains evolution in the structure due to finite load increments.

[pt] O objetivo princioal deste trabalho é estudar a viabilidade do uso de técnicas numéricas simples para aproximar a solução de uma classe de problemas Elasto-Víscoplasticos no dominio de pequenas deformações, e estabelecer qualitativamente um domínio de validade numérico para esta análise. Neste caso o método de Galerkin é utilizado para integrar e conjunto de equações Elasto-Viseoplastieas no espaço e esquemas de integração Explicitos do tipo Preditor-Corretor são usados para integrar no tempo o conjunto de equações semi-discreto. O conjunto de leis de comportamento Elasto-Viscoplastico (proposto por Lemaitre e Chaboche) é desenvolvido num contexto termodinâmico associando-se Variáveis Internas aos vários Mecanismos Dissipativos que um material Elasto-Viscoplastico apresenta vários Mecanismos Dissipativos que um material Elasto-Viscoplastico apresenta durante sua evolução. Neste trabalho serão analisados alguns aspectos dos esquemas propostos como a estabilidade do Esquema de Integração Temporal e o problema de Trancamento da malha além da abordagem de tópicos como o problema de Contato Unilateral de materiais Elasto- Viscoplasticos sujeitos a pequenas deformações. / [en] In the present work We study the possibility of appling a simple numerical procedures to aproximate the solution of Elastic-Viscoplastic problems in the domain of small deformations. These procedures consists of using Galerkin s method to integrate the system of Elastic-Viscoplastic equations in space and an Explicit integration tecnique such as Predictor-Corrector methods for the integration of the semi-discret system of equations. The Elastic-Viscoplasác behavior of materials such as that treated by Lemaitre and Chaboche is modeled by associating Internal Vminbles to the observed dissipative phenomems in Themodinamical context. Some aspects of the proposed procedures such as stability of Predicta-Conector methods and Mesh Looking problem will be analised.

Le pisé est une technique constructive vernaculaire consistant à compacter successivement des couches de terre humide entre des coffrages. Cette technique, présente dans le monde entier, l'est en particulier en France dans la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Comme il n'existe pas de réglementation attachée à cette technique constructive, il est très difficile pour des propriétaires de réparer leur bien. Le développement de cette technique pour de nouveaux projets souffre aussi de cette absence alors qu'elle répond à certains enjeux posés par le Développement Durable. Le travail présenté ici fait partie intégrante du projet national PRIMATERRE dédié à l'étude des constructions impliquant de la terre. Une loi de comportement élasto-plastique est développée dans ce travail pour modéliser le comportement du pisé. Elle s'appuie sur une approche hiérarchisée de la modélisation en lien avec le nombre d'essais disponibles pour identifier les paramètres de modèle mais aussi en lien avec la complexité de phénomènes à prendre en compte. Ce modèle s'inspire d'un modèle pré-existant, CJS, développé en géotechnique pour modéliser le comportement mécanique des matériaux granulaires. Une adaptation s'est imposée pour prendre en compte les spécificités du comportement mécanique du pisé qui possède de nombreuses similitudes avec celui des matériaux quasi-fragiles. Deux niveaux de modélisation pour le modèle de comportement appelé CJS-RE sont présentés, pouvant être utilisés dans un contexte de sollicitation monotone. Le premier niveau CJS-RE1 est un modèle élastique parfaitement plastique alors que le second niveau CJS-RE2 est un modèle élasto-plastique à écrouissage isotrope. Deux mécanismes de déformation plastique sont présents, l'un lié aux phénomènes purement déviatoires et l'autre aux phénomènes de traction. La validation du modèle a été entreprise sur la base de la simulation d'essais en laboratoire de compression diagonale et de chargement latéral (pushover) sur des murets, issus de la littérature. Le niveau CJS-RE1 a été capable de capturer les phénomènes essentiels issus de ces deux tests et peut être utilisé comme une première approches des problèmes. Le niveau CJS-RE2 a permis de retrouver plus précisément le comportement non linéaire du pisé sur une large gamme de déformations, que ce soit dans l'essai de compression diagonale ou dans le pushover. Enfin, la prise en compte d'interfaces entre les couches dans la modélisation semble constituer une approche surdimensionnée lorsque seule la résistance d'un système constitué en pisé est recherchée. Cependant, parce qu'elles apportent une certaine ductilité au système dans la modélisation, elles peuvent être utilisées lorsque des résultats plus détaillés sont attendus. / Rammed earth is a vernacular building technique consisting in compacting successively layers of moist earth within formworks. This technique is present worldwide and in particular in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in France. As no regulation exists for rammed earth structures in France, the owners of such structures are helpless at the time when repairing damages appearing in any aging heritage structures. Moreover, this lack of regulation tends to slow down the development of such a constructive solution in new projects though this technique answers many of the issues raised by the sustainable development. The work presented herein is part of the national research project PRIMATERRE devoted to the study of construction building involving earth. Herein, an elasto-plastic constitutive law is developed for modeling the behavior of rammed earth. It is based on a hierarchical approach of the modeling in relation to the information available to identify the set of model parameters and the refinement of phenomena to be modelled. This model was adapted from a pre-existing CJS model used in advanced foundation engineering for the modelling of granular soils. The necessary adaptation of some mechanisms of the model in the context of rammed earth material which holds the characteristics of a quasi-brittle material is highlighted. Two levels for the model denoted CJS-RE which can be used in the context of monotonous loadings are presented herein. The first level is a simple elastic perfectly plastic model (CJS-RE1) and the second model is an elasto-plastic model with an isotropic hardening (CJS-RE2). Two mechanisms of plastic deformation are involved, one related to purely deviatoric phenomena and one related to tensile phenomena. The validation of the model was performed based on different sets of actual tests including diagonal compression tests and pushover tests on wallets. The simple elasto-plastic model CJS-RE1 was able to capture some basic features for these two tests and may be used for a first estimate of the system resistance. The more sophisticated model CJS-RE2 was found better to retrieve the nonlinear behavior of rammed earth over a larger range of deformations throughout both a diagonal compression test and a pushover test. Finally, the modelling of interfaces between layers of earth seems oversized when the resistance of the system is investigated. However, since they may influence the simulated ductility of the system, they may be used to model the behavior of rammed earth system more precisely.

This dissertation describes the development and verification of a general purpose computer program, CONSOL97, for analysis of one dimensional consolidation of multi-layered soil profiles. The program uses an elasto-visco-plastic model that can simulate both consolidation and creep in a single consistent analysis. The finite element program uses standard oedometer test data to model stress-strain-time relationships, and the effect of strain rate on preconsolidation stress observed in the laboratory and in the field. Validation of the computer program by simulating standard oedometer tests is described and the applicability of the program in predicting field behavior is examined. The oedometer test simulations indicate good agreement with stress-strain and strain-log time test results during loading. Unloading behavior produces excessive rebound. Well-instrumented field tests at Väsby, Sweden, Skå-Edeby, Sweden and Berthierville, Canada indicate that elasto-visco-plastic CONSOL97 analyses produce better predictions of field behavior than conventional elasto-plastic models. CONSOL97 results were in good agreement for the Väsby and Berthierville test fills but underestimated displacements and pore pressures near the center of the normally consolidated clay layer beneath the Skå-Edeby test fill. / Ph. D.

<p> This thesis details work done in the development of the phase field model which allows simulation of elasticity with diffuse interfaces and the extension of a thin interface analysis developed by previous authors to study non-dilute ideal alloys. These models are coupled with a new finite difference adaptive mesh algorithm to efficiently simulate a variety of physical systems. The finite difference adaptive mesh algorithm is shown to be at worse 4-5 times faster than an equivalent finite element method on a per node basis. In addition to this increase in speed for explicit solvers in the code, an iterative solver used to compute elastic fields is found to converge in O(N) time for a dynamically growing precipitate, where N is the number of nodes on the adaptive mesh. A previous phase field formulation is extended such as to make possible the study of non-ideal binary alloys with complex phase diagrams. A phase field model is also derived for a free energy that incorporates an elastic free energy and is used to investigate the competitive development of solid state structures in which the kinetic transfer rate of atoms from the parent phase to the precipitate phase is large. This results in the growth of solid state dendrites. The morphological effects of competing surface anisotropy and anisotropy in the elastic modulus tensor is analyzed. It is shown that the transition from surfaceenergy driven dendrites to elastically driven dendrites depends on the magnitudes of the surface energy anisotropy coefficient (E4 ) and the anisotropy of the elastic tensor (β) as well as on the super saturation of the particle and therefore to a specific Mullins-Sekerka onset radius. The transition point of this competitive process is predicted from these three controlling parameters. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Les lasers femtosecondes sont un outil efficace pour induire des modifications structurelles localisées en volume dans les matériaux diélectriques. Initialement transparents, les diélectriques ne commencent à absorber efficacement l’énergie laser que lorsque l’intensité excède le seuil de claquage optique du matériau. Cette propriété, couplée à une durée d’impulsion femtoseconde plus courte que les temps caractéristiques de relaxation de la matière, permet d’obtenir un dépôt d’énergie précis et localisé dans le volume irradié. Pour modéliser la formation de telles structures, un modèle thermo-élasto-plastique en géométrie 2D planaire, incluant la transition solide-liquide via un modèle de ramollissement, a été implémenté dans un code hydrodynamique lagrangien. Des études de la formation d’une cavité et de l’interaction de multiple cavités ont tout d’abord été réalisées en supposant un dépôt instantané d’énergie laser dans le volume d’une cible de silice fondue. La relaxation de la matière chauffée, portée à l’état de plasma dense, induit alors la propagation d’ondes de choc dans le solide froid environnant. Des déformations permanentes peuvent apparaître dans le matériau si la contrainte, induite par ces ondes, excède la limite élastique. Ces premières études ont notamment permis de comprendre et de décrire les différentes étapes de la formation de micro-structures, fortement corrélées au comportement élasto-plastique du solide environnante. De plus, en utilisant une loi de Weibull, tenant compte de la densité de défauts dans la matière, des probabilités de fractures dans le matériau ont été calculées. Dans un second temps, la structuration de la silice fondue par un faisceau de Bessel a été considérée. Un solveur de Maxwell 3D, couplé à une description fluide de la dynamique électronique, a été utilisé pour modéliser le dépôt d’énergie laser. Les résultats ont permis de comprendre comment s’établit le dépôt d’énergie et rendent compte des effets des différents processus d’ionisation sur les évolutions des profils de densité et d’énergie électronique. Des simulations thermo-élasto-plastiques ont ensuite étaient réalisées en utilisant le dépôt d’énergie calculé. Différents types de déformations induites dans la silice ont pu être mis en évidence en fonction de l’énergie et de la durée de l’impulsion incidente, en accord avec les observations expérimentales. / Femtosecond laser pulses are an efficient tool to induce localized structural modifications in the bulk of dielectrics materials. The dielectrics, initially transparent, start to efficiently absorb the energy when the laser intensity exceeds the optical breakdown threshold of the material. This property, coupled to a femtosecond pulse duration smaller than the caracteristic relaxation times of matter, allows to induce a localized and accurate energy deposition in the irradiated volume. In order to model the formation of such structures, a 2D thermo-elasto-plastic model, including solid-liquid transitions through a softening model, has been implemented in a lagrangian hydrodynamic code. Studies on the formation of a single cavity and several interacting cavities have been firstly performed, assuming an instantaneous energy deposition in the bulk of fused silica. The relaxation of the heated matter, transformed to a warm dense plasma, induces shock waves in the surrounding cold solid. Permanent deformations may appear if the stress, induced by the waves, exceeds the yield strength of the material. This first study allowed to understand and describe the various steps of the micro-structures formation, which are strongly correlated to the elasto-plastic behavior of the surrounding solid. Furthermore, by using a Weibull’s law, accounting for defects density in the material, cracks probabilities have been predicted. Secondly, the structuration of fused silica by a Bessel beam has been considered. For that purpose, a 3D Maxwell solver coupled to a fluid description of the electron dynamics has been used to model the laser energy deposition. Results allow to understand how the energy deposition establishes and show the effects of the different ionization processes on the electron density and energy profiles. Then, thermo-elasto-plastic simulations have been carried out including the calculated energy deposition. Various kinds of induced deformations in fused silica have been obtained depending on the incident pulse energy and duration, which is in agreement with experimental observations.