Les effets capillaires sont très courant dans la Nature. Dans le contexte du séchage de milieux poreux dont la taille de pore est dans la gamme micromètre-millimètre, ils jouent un effet dominant en contrôlant la répartition des phases (liquide-vapeur) dans l’espace poral, au fur et a` mesure que le séchage se produit. L’idée du présent travail est d’étudier le séchage d’un fluide pur et mouillant dans des micromodèles, c’est-à-dire des milieux poreux modèles quasi-2D et micro-fabriqués. Nous présentons des résultats obtenus pour différentes géométries. Typiquement, les micromodèles utilisés sont constitués de réseaux de cylindres pris en sandwich entre deux plaques. La distribution des phases et le taux d’évaporation dans de tels micromodèles peuvent être aisément mesurés par visualisation directe puis traitement d’images.En jouant sur l’arrangement spatial des cylindres, on obtient dans un premier temps des micromodèles pour lesquels le taux de séchage est quasi-constant, depuis le début de l’expérience de séchage jusqu’à l’évaporation totale du liquide saturant initialement le système. Typiquement, cette situation est obtenue quand la taille des pores décroît en allant du centre du micromodèle vers sa périphérie (les micromodèles sont axisymmétriques). Au contraire, quand la taille des pores croît du centre vers la périphérie, l’invasion d’un front de séchage stable est observée, d’ou` un temps de séchage total bien supérieur.Nous avons aussi réalisé un autre type de microsystèmes, au sein duquel les cylindres sont arrangés en spirale de Fibonacci, en nous inspirant de motifs observés en phillotaxie. Dans de tels systèmes, des films liquides épais se développent le long des spirales, au cours du séchage, et jouent un rôle crucial dans la cinétique d’évaporation. Cette situation rappelle celle déjà étudiée par Chauvet dans des tubes capillaires de section carrée. Cependant, elle est plus complexe, de par la nature poreuse du micromodèle (alors qu’un tube capillaire, tel qu’étudié par Chauvet, peut être vu comme un pore unique) et parce que les films liquides y ont une forme plus complexe. Pour de tels systèmes, nous présentons des résultats expérimentaux quantifiant l’effet des films liquides sur la cinétique de séchage, en lien avec des prédictions théoriques issues d’un modèle de séchage visco-capillaire. Un tel modèle nécessite l’utilisation du logiciel Surface Evolver pour modéliser la forme des films liquides, couplée avec des simulations directes de l’écoulement de Stokes dans les films liquides, pour y calculer la résistance visqueuse a` l’écoulement induit par l’évaporation.Enfin, dans un dernier chapitre, plusieurs expériences d’évaporation sont conduites sur des micromodèles déformables. Des effets élasto-capillaires peuvent en effet induire des changements de géométrie de l’espace poral en cours d’évaporation, ce qui, comme vu précédemment, peut affecter la distribution des phases et la cinétique de séchage. / Capillarity is a common phenomenon encountered in Nature. In the context of the drying of porous media with pore size in the micrometer-millimeter size range, capillary effects play a dominant role in controlling the phases (liquid or vapor) distribution in the pore space as drying occurs. The basic idea of the present work is to study the drying of pure, wetting fluids in micro-fabricated, quasi-2D, model porous media (hereafter called micromodels). We present results obtained for different micromodel geometries. Typically, the micromodels used consist of arrangements of cylinders sandwiched between a top and bottom plate. Phases distribution and evaporation rates in such micromodels can easily be measured by direct visualizations and subsequent image processing.By tuning the cylinders pattern, one can first obtain micromodels for which the drying rate is almost constant, from the beginning of the drying experiment to the total evaporation of the liquid initially filling the system. Typically, this situation is obtained when the pores size decreases from the micromodel center to the periphery (the micromodels are axisymmetric). On the contrary, when the pores size increases from the center to the periphery, invasion of a stable drying front is observed, resulting in a much longer total drying time.We also designed another type of micromodel where the cylinders are arranged in a Fibonacci spiral pattern, a design inspired by phyllotaxic structure. In such systems, thick liquid films develop along the spirals during drying and play a key role in the drying kinetics. This situation is reminiscent of that already studied by Chauvet in capillary tubes with square cross-sections. However, it is more complex because of the porous nature of the micromodel (whereas a single capillary tube, as studied by Chauvet, can be viewed as a unique pore), and because of the much more complex liquid films shapes. For such systems, we present some experimental results on the liquid films effects on the drying kinetics, together with theoretical prediction, based on a visco-capillary drying model. Such a modelling requires the use of the Surface Evolver software to model the film shape, coupled with DNS simulations of the Stokes flow within the liquid films to compute the viscous resistance to the evaporation-induced flow.Finally, as a last part of this thesis, several evaporation experiments performed on deformable micromodels are presented. This preliminary work aims at reaching a situation where elasto-capillary effects modify the pore space geometry during evaporation. This, as seen above, should in turn alter the phase distribution during evaporation and the drying kinetics.

O trabalho é um estudo experimental do comportamento tensão-deformação, em argila adensada unidirecionalmente, após mistura com água. Para sua execução, foram desenvolvidos equipamentos para adensamento de grandes quantidades de Lama, e medidores eletrônicos específicos para deformações volumétricas e radiais, usados em ensaios de compressão triaxial. O modelo da teoria clássica elasto-linear, para solos com comportamento anisotrópico é utilizado, após desenvolvimento algébrico, na obtenção dos parâmetros da argila. Nos cálculos, são aplicados processos estatísticos de regressões polinomiais. São analisadas as correlações dos parâmetros elásticos iso e anisotrópicos (Módulos de Elasticidade, Coeficientes de Poisson e Módulos de Elasticidade Transversal), com as tensões confinantes dos ensaios triaxiais, e com os Índices de pré-adensamento OCR das Lamas. / This work is an experimental study of the stress-strain behavior on clay one-dimensionally consolidated, after mixing with water. A consolidation equipment designed for great mass of mud and specific electronic apparatus for volumetric and lateral displacements on the triaxial tests were developed for this study. The classical theory of elasto-linear model for anysotropic soils is used, after algebraic manipulation, to obtain clay parameters. Multiple regressions are used for variables computations. Iso and anysotropic elastic parameters (Young modulus, Poisson ratio and shear modulus) are correlated with the confinant stresses and the over-consolidation-ratios (OCR).

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer un modèle numérique permettant de simuler la mise en forme de viroles métalliques par un procédé de formage incrémental. Ce procédé de mise en forme est particulièrement intéressant pour les industriels car il permet d'une part de réduire les pertes de matière première et d'autre part d'obtenir des pièces avec des propriétés mécaniques améliorées. La mise au point du procédé reste néanmoins une étape fastidieuse et le recours à l'outil numérique devient indispensable si l'on souhaite atteindre le meilleur rapport qualité/coût-délai. À cette fin, le comportement mécanique d'un acier faiblement allié a été étudié à travers divers essais de traction et de cisaillement. Les résultats de ces essais mettent en évidence que le matériau présente une faible anisotropie de comportement, une faible sensibilité à la vitesse de déformation et un écrouissage cinématique (effet Bauschinger). Cette base de données expérimentales a ensuite servi à l'identification de plusieurs modèles de comportement élastoplastique phénoménologique. Deux modèles numériques différents ont alors été développés au sein du code de calculs par éléments finis Abaqus afin de simuler le formage d'une pièce de référence et d'une étude de cas industriel. Les résultats de ces simulations montrent que le modèle tridimensionnel fournit une bonne représentation du procédé de formage a contrario du modèle bidimensionnel axisymétrique construit notamment afin de réduire les temps de calculs. Par ailleurs, une étude de la sensibilité du modèle éléments finis aux différents modèles de comportement identifiés a été menée. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de mettre en évidence que la description du comportement plastique n'a qu'une faible influence sur la géométrie de la pièce déformée alors même que le comportement élastique joue un rôle bien plus important notamment au regard du calcul du retour élastique des pièces. Il a également été montré que le choix d'une forme particulière de géométrie de pièce permettait de réduire considérablement ce phénomène. Enfin, une étude sur la modélisation du comportement du matériau avec un modèle moins phénoménologique a été entreprise. Elle permet d'avoir un caractère plus générique avec un nombre de paramètres inférieurs aux modèles phénoménologiques en considérant les hétérogénéités du matériau. Elle ouvre la voie à l'utilisation de modèle de comportement prenant en compte des phénomènes physiques au sein d'un modèle éléments finis sur une opération de formage. / This Ph.D. thesis aims to propose a numerical model for modelling the incremental forming process of a metallic thin wall short tube. This process is especially interresting for manufacturer because it allows to reduce the material raw losses and to increase the mechanical properties of the part. The technical development of the process is a tedious step and the numerical simulation becomes necessary if the best ratio quality/cost-delay must be reach. To achieve this goal, the mechanical behaviour of a low-allow steel was studied with uniaxial and shear tests. The results of this tests highlight that the material has a low anisotropic behaviour, a low strain rate sensitivity and kinematic hardening (Bauschinger effect). Then, this experimental database was used to identify several elastic-plastic phenomenological behaviour laws. Two different numerical models were developed in the finite element code Abaqus to simulate the forming of a reference part and an industrial study. Results of simulation show that tridimensional model is a good representation of the forming process contrary to the bidimensional model built to reduce the CPU time. Furthermore, a finite element model sensibility study of the identifying behaviour models has been carried out. The results of this study highlight that plastic behaviour description has a low influence on the formed part geometry. However, the elastic behaviour has an important influence in particular on the calculated springback. Moreover, it was shown that the choice of a particular part geometry reduce in an important way this phenomenon. Finaly, a study about the material behaviour modeling with a less phenomenological model was done. This latter is a more generic model with a lower parameters number compared with phenomenological models taking into account material heterogeneities. This study innovates for the behaviour model taking account of physical phenomenon in finite elements model on a forming process.

De nombreuses applications industrielles mettent en jeu des fluides complexes qui possèdent souvent un seuil d'écoulement leur permettant de résister à des efforts finis sans s'écouler. Par ailleurs, ces fluides peuvent glisser aux parois lorsque les conditions interfaciales sont favorables. Toutes ces propriétés influencent leurs écoulements autour d'obstacles. Cette thèse se propose de comprendre ces écoulements dans le domaine où les vitesses d'écoulement sont telles que les effets inertiels peuvent être négligés devant les effets visqueux eux-mêmes faibles par rapport aux effets plastiques. Elle analyse l'influence de la vitesse et du glissement sur la force de traînée et les champs cinématiques générés par l'écoulement très lent et en régime permanent d'un fluide à seuil autour d'obstacles aux surfaces adhérentes ou glissantes. Les géométries considérées sont le disque, la sphère, le cône et la plaque plane. Le fluide utilisé a un comportement élasto-viscoplastique pouvant être décrit par les modèles de Herschel-Bulkley et de Hooke. Ce comportement a été caractérisé en volume et en présence de glissement par des mesures rhéométriques. Le nombre adimensionnel clé de l'étude est le nombre d'Oldroyd, ratio entre les effets plastiques et les effets visqueux, compris ici entre 10 et 200. Les mesures de forces de traînée ont montré qu'indépendamment de l'obstacle et des conditions interfaciales, le coefficient de traînée diminue avec le nombre d'Oldroyd et tend vers une valeur asymptotique. Cette valeur montre qu'au-delà d'un certain nombre d'Oldroyd, ce coefficient n'est plus gouverné par la vitesse mais dépend uniquement du seuil et de la surface caractéristique de l'obstacle. Elle permet de calculer un critère de stabilité pour lequel l'objet est maintenu en suspension. Les champs cinématiques déterminés par PIV ont permis de caractériser la forme et l'étendue des zones rigides et cisaillées. Les mesures de forces de traînée et de champs cinématiques ont permis de quantifier la contribution des contraintes normales et tangentielles dans la force de traînée totale. La présence de glissement aux parois de l'obstacle diminue significativement le coefficient de traînée et modifie la morphologie de l'écoulement en réduisant l'étendue des zones cisaillées. Une simulation numérique a été menée dans le cas de la plaque plane avec un modèle élasto-viscoplastique et un code à éléments finis avec points d'intégration Lagrangiens. / Many industrial processes include numerous complex fluids often presenting a yield stress. Those fluids can also slip when interfacial conditions are favorable. All these properties affect their flows around obstacles. This thesis aims to understand such flows in a domain where the flow velocities are so low that inertia effects can be neglected compared to viscous effects which are substantially low compared to plastic effects. It analyzes the influence of the velocity and the slip on the drag force and the kinematic fields of the creeping flow of a yield stress fluid around obstacles either with adhesive or slippery wall. The flow is analyzed in steady regime. The considered geometries are the disc, the sphere, the cone and the flat plate. The fluid used has an elasto-viscoplastic behavior which is modelled by the Herschel-Bulkley and Hooke models. This behavior has been characterized by rheometrical tests performed with adherence and slip conditions. The main non-dimensional number is the Oldroyd number, i.e. the ratio between plastic and viscous effects, which ranges from 10 to 200. The drag forces measurements have shown that regardless of the obstacle and the interfacial conditions, the drag coefficient decreases with the Oldroyd number before tending towards to an asymptotical value. This asymptotical value highlights that for high Oldroyd numbers the drag coefficient is no longer governed by the velocity but depends only on the yield stress and the characteristic section of the obstacle. A stability criterion for which the obstacle is held in suspension has been calculated from it. The kinematic fields determined by PIV have enabled to characterize the shape and the extent of the sheared and static regions. The drag forces and the kinematic fields measurements have enabled to quantify the contribution of the normal and tangential stresses in the total drag force. The wall slip significantly reduces the drag coefficient and also reduces the extent of the sheared zones. A numerical simulation has been performed with an elasto-viscoplastic model by means of a code using finite elements method with Lagrangian integration points in the case of an adhesive flat plane.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The subject of elastohydrodynamic lubrication is identified with situations in which elastic deformation plays a significant role in the hydrodynamic lubrication process. To analyze the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (LEH) of elliptical contacts it is necessary to solve simultaneously the Reynolds equation for pressure and the elasticity equation. The greatest shortcoming of this approach is the dependence exponential between the viscosity and the pressure which is, so that the coupled equations system becomes highly nonlinear. The objective of this work is to analyze LEH in elliptical contacts by means of multi grid algorithms (used for modeling and simulating complex dynamic systems) to solve them. / O estudo da Lubrificação Elasto Hidro Dinâmica (LEH) está relacionado às situações onde a deformação elástica dos corpos em contato hidrodinâmico não pode ser desprezada. Para analisar a LEH em contatos elípticos é necessária a solução simultânea da equação de Reynolds para a pressão e da equação da elasticidade. Para a deformação complementa-se esta formulação com a adoção de uma relação exponencial da viscosidade com a pressão, o que torna o sistema de equações acopladas altamente não-linear. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de analisar a LEH em contatos elípticos, resolvendo-a com o auxilio da técnica de Multi Grelha, que é um acelerador de convergência dos sistemas lineares gerados na discretizacão das equações que regem o fenômeno. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

O presente trabalho de pesquisa aborda a aplicação de análise por elementos finitos a maciços escavados por túneis, revisando relevantes estudos sobre análise numérica deste tipo de obra e realizando modelagem numérica própria, bi e tridimensional, voltada ao caso do Túnel Paraíso do Metrô de São Paulo (obra com dados de instrumentação e de ensaios), com uso do consagrado programa de elementos finitos Imperial College Finite Element Program (ICFEP), desenvolvido nos últimos trinta anos no Imperial College de Londres. Dentre os modelos constitutivos adotados nestas análises, destaca-se o Cinemático com Duas Superfícies Modificado do Imperial College, modelo elasto-plástico com endurecimento cinemático e isotrópico, baseado no estado crítico, com grande capacidade de representar as características de rigidez de argilas sobreadensadas (como são as argilas da região do Túnel Paraíso), cujas principais características são levantadas através de revisão bibliográfica. Da observação da etapa de reprodução numérica de ensaios e dos resultados conseguidos com as análises da escavação do túnel, são feitas considerações sobre o desempenho de todos os modelos constitutivos adotados (além do Cinemático com Duas Superfícies Modificado, o Cam-Clay Modificado e o elasto perfeitamente plástico com critério de ruptura de Mohr-Coloumb), bem como sobre a performance dos modelos numéricos desenvolvidos. / This research approaches the application of finite element analysis to tunnel excavation, making a survey of some numerical relevant studies of this kind of construction and performing a range of plane-strain and three-dimensional analyses, focused on the Paraíso Tunnel from Sao Paulo Underground (with field instrumentation and lab tests), using a powerful finite element program, the Imperial College Finite Element Program (ICFEP), developed in the last thirty years at Imperial College London. Among the constitutive models adopted in those analyses, it is highlighted the Modified Two Surfaces Kinematic from Imperial College, a elasto-plastic model with kinematic and isotropic hardening, based on the critical state, with great ability to represent the pre-failure stiffness of overconsolidated clays (as are the clays around Paraíso Tunnel), whose main features are raised through a literature survey. From the results of numerical simulation of lab tests and from the predictions of the tunnelling analyses, it is discussed the performance of all constitutive models adopted (including Modified Cam-Clay and elastic perfectly plastic model with Mohr-Coloumb failure criterion) and of the numerical models developed.

Muitas são as pesquisas que avaliam as variáveis intervenientes no colapso dos solos: contudo, pouco tem sido publicado a respeito da influência da trajetória de ciclos de umedecimento e secagem, no comportamento colapsível do solo, e do colapso em condições de carregamento triaxial. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o colapso de um solo arenoso, típico da região centro-oeste do Estado de São Paulo, frente a tais variáveis através de ensaios edométricos convencionais, edométricos com controle de sucção e triaxiais. Dos ensaios edométricos convencionais caracterizou-se o colapso sob vários níveis de tensão, determinando assim a sobrecarga de inundação que causa máximo colapso. Nos ensaios de compressão triaxial, cada amostra foi inundada sob um determinado estado de tensão, caracterizado pela relação &#9631/&#9633. Nestes ensaios foi observado que as deformações volumétricas são dependentes da tensão confinante e da relação &#9631/&#9633, e que as deformações axiais por colapso são menores que as medidas nos ensaios edométricos convencionais. Nos ensaios edométricos com sucção controlada verificou-se que o valor inicial da sucção apresenta influência no valor do colapso total. Quanto aos ciclos de umedecimento e secagem, o solo sofreu colapso insignificante quando a sucção foi reduzida a um mesmo valor pela segunda vez. Os resultados experimentais dos ensaios edométricos com sucção controlada foram então modelados de acordo com o modelo de ALONSO et. al, (1990), e as adaptações a esse modelo propostas por FUTAI (1997) e MACHADO (1998), verificando-se a capacidade de cada formulação em representar matematicamente o comportamento colapsível do solo estudado. / There are many researches that evaluate and discuss the factors which interfere in the collapse of soils. However, not many have been published regarding the influence of the cycles of wetting in the collapsible behavior of the soil, and neither have collapse strains under triaxial load. The present work deals with the collapse behavior of a sandy soil, typical from the center-west of the State of São Paulo, considering the aforesaid aspects and using conventional oedometer, suction controlled oedometer and triaxial compression tests. In conventional oedometer tests, the influence of overburden stress on the induced wetting on collapse strains was characterized. Collapse strains were also measured in triaxial compression tests, varying the ratio of principal stress (&#9631/&#9633) when the samples are inundated. It was observed that collapse volumetric strains are dependent on confining stress and on &#9631/&#9633, and that, axial and radial strains are related to the ratio of &#9631/&#9633. The axial collapse strains observed in triaxial compression tests were shown to be lower than the ones measured in conventional oedometer tests. In controlled suction tests, the amount of collapse strains under gradual suction reduction was studied including the influence of suction reversals. It was noted that the initial suction influences the amount of collapse strains, and that, in the cycles of wetting and drying, the strains after the second cycle tended to be negligible. Experimental results from suction controlled oedometer tests were modeled through the model by ALONSO et. al. (1990) and by the adaptations to this model proposed by FUTAI (1997) and MACHADO (1998).

No description available.

No description available.

Breast cancer is a major health problem across the globe. Many incidences in the underdeveloped nations go unreported, due to non-availability or lack of access to breast screening programs. Mammography, the current gold standard for breast screening, comes with several inherent limitations in terms of cost, radiation exposure, and associated discomfort. The cost of equipment and personnel alone puts mammography out of reach for most developing nations. Hence, there is a great and growing need for an adjunct breast screening modality, within reach of general masses, especially in the overpopulated, underdeveloped countries. Digital Image Elasto Tomography (DIET) is intended to be a low cost, radiation free, noninvasive and portable breast cancer screening modality that will be accessible to the general population and will encourage more women to undergo breast screening. The DIET imaging concept induces mechanical vibrations into a breast and its surface motion is captured with digital cameras and reconstructed in 3D, for elastic characterization of the breast tissues. Ex-vivo trials and limited in-vivo trials show promise in breast cancer diagnostic evaluation. The current DIET system is, as noted, functional, but not suitable for wide scale screening. There are significant development issues in hardware, software and algorithms required to improve its speed of testing and quality of diagnostic results. The main aim of this thesis is to overcome these issues taking the DIET system from the lab to a more directly useful and usable system. This thesis presents a complete design development and analysis of the DIET clinical system, developing a prototype suitable for large-scale in-vivo trials, to establish the sensitivity and specificity of this novel technology. The major components of this research are development, of the imaging array to capture surface motion, strobe illumination for reliable image capture, actuation system to vibrate the breast harmonically, remote positioning of the actuator, ergonomic design of the imaging device, and the development of a graphical interface for easy operation of the system. Moreover, anthropomorphic silicone breast phantoms suitable for diagnostic evaluation of elastographic imaging modalities, including DIET and MRE are also presented. A new approach in software based DIET diagnosis through separate modal analysis, focusing on the second natural frequency of the breast, is also presented. Finally, the new DIET technology developed is validated ex-vivo, using two different diagnostic techniques. The trials results are positive and demonstrate viability of this new technology for commercialization. All of these aspects have advanced the clinical and technological future of this overall DIET system concept. The overall thesis makes several technical advances necessary to advance the DIET concept from a purely research concept to clinical feasibility. These advances are coupled within an advanced design to create an all new clinical prototype system. The final, validated result shows the clinical potential, both ex-vivo and in-vivo, and clinical feasibility of the DIET concept and this research.