Afin d'optimiser la mise aux milles au laminage à froid, la thèse consiste à développer un modèle prédictif de variation de largeur à la fois précis et rapide pour des utilisations en temps réel. Des efforts ont commencé en 1960s en développant des formules empiriques. Par la suite, la Méthode des Bornes Supérieures (MBS) est devenue la plus connue. [Oh 1975] utilisant le champ de vitesse 3D "simple" prédit bien la variation de largeur au laminage en conditions d'un tandem finisseur. [Komori 2002] a proposé une combinaison des champs fondamentaux et obtenu une structure informatique peu dépendante aux champs de vitesse. Néanmoins, seuls deux champs fondamentaux ont été introduits qui forment un sous-ensemble de la famille 3D "simple". [Serek 2008] a étudié des champs de vitesse quadratique qui inclue la famille "simple" et donne des meilleurs résultats avec un temps de calcul plus long. Le premier résultat de la thèse est un modèle 2D (MBS) avec des champs de vitesse oscillante. Ce modèle aboutit à une vitesse optimale qui oscille spatialement le long de l'emprise. Les résultats (puissance, vitesse...) sont plus proches des ceux de Lam3-Tec3 que la MBS 2D "simple". Pour une modélisation 3D, nous avons choisi la MBS avec la vitesse 3D "simple" et obtenu un très bon accord avec les expériences réalisées sur des produits étroits à Arcelor Mittal [64]. En outre, un nouveau modèle MBS est développé pour une bande bombée et des cylindres droits. Les résultats montrent que la variation de largeur diminue avec la bombée de la bande et correspondent bien à ceux de Lam3-Tec3. Cependant, la MBS admet un comportement rigide-plastique tandis qu'au laminage des bandes larges les déformations élastique et thermique ont des impacts importants sur la déformation plastique. Les modèles existant prenant en compte ces phénomènes [23,64] sont couteux en temps de calcul. Ainsi, l'idée est de décomposer la variation de la largeur de plastique en trois termes : les variations de largeur totales, élastique et thermique à travers la zone de plastique déterminés par trois nouveaux modèles simplifiés. Les deux premiers permettent d'estimer les variations de largeur élastique et plastique avant et après l'emprise. Ils donnent aussi les conditions aux limites au modèle d'emprise qui est en effet la MBS avec le champ de vitesse 3D "simple" permettant d'estimer la variation de la largeur totale. En outre, avec les puissances de déformation et de dissipation plastique de frottement données par le même modèle, la variation de largeur thermique est également obtenue. Le modèle de variation de largeur est donc appelée UBM-Slab combiné, très rapide (0,05 s) et prédit avec précision la largeur de variation par rapport à Lam3-Tec3 (<6%) / In order to save material yields in cold rolling process, the thesis aims at developing a predictive width variation model accurate and fast enough to be used online. Many efforts began in the 1960s in developing empirical formula. Afterward, the Upper Bound Method (UBM ) became more common. [Oh 1975]'s model with 3D "simple" velocity field estimates well the width variation for finishing mill rolling conditions. [Komori 2002] proposed a combination of fundamental ones to obtain a computer program depending minimally on the assumed velocity fields. However, only two fundamental fields were introduced and formed a subset of the "simple" family. [Serek 2008] studied a quadratic velocity family that includes the "simple" one and leads to better results with a higher computing time. Focusing on UBM , the first result of the thesis is a 2D model with an oscillating velocity field family. The model results to an optimum velocity that oscillates spatially throughout the roll-bite. The optimum power and the velocity field are closer to Lam3-Tec3 results than the "simple" one. For 3D modelling, we chose the 3D "simple" UBM and carried a comparison to the experiments performed at Arcelor Mittal using narrow strips [64]. A very good agreement is obtained. Further, a new UBM model is developed for a crowned strip with cylindrical work-rolls. It shows that the width variation decreases as a function of the strip crown and the results match well those of Lam3-Tec3 . However, the UBM considers only a rigid-plastic behaviour while in large strip rolling, the elastic and thermal deformations have important impacts on the plastic one. There exist some models considering these phenomena [23,64] but they are all time-consuming. Thus, the idea is to decompose the plastic width variation into three terms : total, elastic and thermal width variations through the plastic zone that are determined by three new models. The simplified roll-bite entry & exit models allow estimating the elastic and plastic width variations before and after the roll-bite. They give equally the longitudinal stresses defining the boundary conditions for the roll-bite model which is indeed the 3D "simple" UBM approximating the total width variation term. Moreover, with the plastic deformation and friction dissipation powers given by the same model, the thermal width variation term is also obtained. The width variation model, called UBM-Slab combined is very fast (0.05s) and predicts accurately the width variation in comparison with Lam3-Tec3 (<6%)

Elementos estruturais como as placas finas fazem parte de um grande número de aplicações nas mais diversas áreas da engenharia e são de grande importância para a engenharia naval e aeronáutica, na construção de cascos de embarcações e estruturas offshore, e na construção de fuselagens de aviões. Por constituírem-se em um elemento estrutural esbelto, estão sujeitas a um comportamento mecânico diferenciado denominado de flambagem, proveniente de um carregamento de compressão uniaxial. O fenômeno da flambagem pode ser dividido em flambagem elástica e elasto-plástica, sendo dependente de aspectos dimensionais, construtivos e/ou operacionais. A inclusão de perfurações em placas provoca uma redistribuição de suas tensões internas, afetando não apenas a sua resistência, mas também as suas características de flambagem. Neste trabalho, desenvolveu-se a análise do comportamento mecânico de placas finas perfuradas de aço, simplesmente apoiadas em suas bordas, e submetidas à compressão. Serão analisados dois graus de liberdade: H/L e H0/L0. Para H/L, serão analisadas placas com H/L = 1,00 e H/L = 0,50, sendo que H e L representam, respectivamente, a largura e o comprimento da placa. Para H0/L0, serão analisadas infinitas possibilidades, sendo que H0 e L0 representam, respectivamente, a largura e o comprimento da perfuração. As placas utilizadas possuem espessura (h) de 10,00 mm e perfuração centralizada. Quanto às perfurações, estas serão dos tipos: oblonga longitudinal, oblonga transversal, elíptica, retangular, losangular, hexagonal longitudinal e hexagonal transversal. Ainda em relação às perfurações, serão consideradas as seguintes frações ϕ = 0,08; 0,10; 0,15; 0,20 e 0,25, sendo que (ϕ) corresponde ao volume da perfuração. Para a determinação das cargas crítica e última de flambagem, foi utilizada a simulação numérica com o auxílio do software Ansys®, que é baseado no método dos elementos finitos. A aplicação do método Design Construtal, possibilitou a determinação das geometrias ótimas para todos os tipos de perfurações, todos os valores de (ϕ) e para todas as relações de H/L. Os resultados obtidos mostram que há influência do tipo, da forma e do tamanho da perfuração na definição das curvas limites à flambagem e das curvas à flambagem elasto-plástica. Foi possível definir, para cada tipo de perfuração e para todos os valores de (ϕ), os pontos de transição entre a flambagem elástica e à elasto-plástica, assim como os pontos que definem os valores máximos para o fator TLNMáx (tensão limite normalizadora). / Structural elements such as thin plates are part of a large number of applications in various areas of engineering and are of great importance for marine and aerospace engineering, construction and offshore structures hulls, and the construction of airplane fuselages. Being a slender structural element, they are subject to a different mechanical behavior known as buckling, caused by a compressive loading. The phenomenon of buckling can be divided in elastic and elasto-plastic buckling, being dependent dimensional, construction and / or operational aspects. The inclusion of perforations in plates causes a redistribution of its internal stress, affecting not only their resistance but also their buckling characteristics. In this work it was performed the analysis of the mechanical behavior of thin perforated steel plates, simply supported on its edges, and subjected to compression. In the analysis it was considered two degrees of freedom: H/L and H0/L0. For H/L will be analyzed plates with H/L = 1.00 and H/L = 0.50, wherein H and L represent respectively the width and length of the plate. There are endless possibilities for the relation H0/L0. The studied plates have a thickness (h) of 10.00 mm and centralized perforation. The following types of perforation will be used: longitudinal oblong, transverse oblong, elliptical, rectangular, diamond, longitudinal hexagonal and transverse hexagonal. Also in relation to perforations, it will be considered the following fractions (ϕ = 0.08; 0.10; 0.15; 0.20 and 0.25), wherein (ϕ) corresponds to the volume ratio of the perforation. For determining the critical and ultimate buckling loads it was utilized numerical simulation with the assistance of Ansys® software, which is based on the finite element method. The application of the Constructal Design method of this study made it possible to determine the optimal geometries for all types of perforations, for all values of (ϕ) and all the relations H/L. The results show that there is an influence of the perforation type, shape and size, in defining the limit curves of the buckling and the curves of the elasto-plastic buckling. It was also possible to define, for each type of perforation and for all (ϕ) values, the transition points between elastic and elasto-plastic buckling; as well as the points that define the maximum values for the TLNMáx factor (normalized limit stress).

Elementos estruturais como as placas finas fazem parte de um grande número de aplicações nas mais diversas áreas da engenharia e são de grande importância para a engenharia naval e aeronáutica, na construção de cascos de embarcações e estruturas offshore, e na construção de fuselagens de aviões. Por constituírem-se em um elemento estrutural esbelto, estão sujeitas a um comportamento mecânico diferenciado denominado de flambagem, proveniente de um carregamento de compressão uniaxial. O fenômeno da flambagem pode ser dividido em flambagem elástica e elasto-plástica, sendo dependente de aspectos dimensionais, construtivos e/ou operacionais. A inclusão de perfurações em placas provoca uma redistribuição de suas tensões internas, afetando não apenas a sua resistência, mas também as suas características de flambagem. Neste trabalho, desenvolveu-se a análise do comportamento mecânico de placas finas perfuradas de aço, simplesmente apoiadas em suas bordas, e submetidas à compressão. Serão analisados dois graus de liberdade: H/L e H0/L0. Para H/L, serão analisadas placas com H/L = 1,00 e H/L = 0,50, sendo que H e L representam, respectivamente, a largura e o comprimento da placa. Para H0/L0, serão analisadas infinitas possibilidades, sendo que H0 e L0 representam, respectivamente, a largura e o comprimento da perfuração. As placas utilizadas possuem espessura (h) de 10,00 mm e perfuração centralizada. Quanto às perfurações, estas serão dos tipos: oblonga longitudinal, oblonga transversal, elíptica, retangular, losangular, hexagonal longitudinal e hexagonal transversal. Ainda em relação às perfurações, serão consideradas as seguintes frações ϕ = 0,08; 0,10; 0,15; 0,20 e 0,25, sendo que (ϕ) corresponde ao volume da perfuração. Para a determinação das cargas crítica e última de flambagem, foi utilizada a simulação numérica com o auxílio do software Ansys®, que é baseado no método dos elementos finitos. A aplicação do método Design Construtal, possibilitou a determinação das geometrias ótimas para todos os tipos de perfurações, todos os valores de (ϕ) e para todas as relações de H/L. Os resultados obtidos mostram que há influência do tipo, da forma e do tamanho da perfuração na definição das curvas limites à flambagem e das curvas à flambagem elasto-plástica. Foi possível definir, para cada tipo de perfuração e para todos os valores de (ϕ), os pontos de transição entre a flambagem elástica e à elasto-plástica, assim como os pontos que definem os valores máximos para o fator TLNMáx (tensão limite normalizadora). / Structural elements such as thin plates are part of a large number of applications in various areas of engineering and are of great importance for marine and aerospace engineering, construction and offshore structures hulls, and the construction of airplane fuselages. Being a slender structural element, they are subject to a different mechanical behavior known as buckling, caused by a compressive loading. The phenomenon of buckling can be divided in elastic and elasto-plastic buckling, being dependent dimensional, construction and / or operational aspects. The inclusion of perforations in plates causes a redistribution of its internal stress, affecting not only their resistance but also their buckling characteristics. In this work it was performed the analysis of the mechanical behavior of thin perforated steel plates, simply supported on its edges, and subjected to compression. In the analysis it was considered two degrees of freedom: H/L and H0/L0. For H/L will be analyzed plates with H/L = 1.00 and H/L = 0.50, wherein H and L represent respectively the width and length of the plate. There are endless possibilities for the relation H0/L0. The studied plates have a thickness (h) of 10.00 mm and centralized perforation. The following types of perforation will be used: longitudinal oblong, transverse oblong, elliptical, rectangular, diamond, longitudinal hexagonal and transverse hexagonal. Also in relation to perforations, it will be considered the following fractions (ϕ = 0.08; 0.10; 0.15; 0.20 and 0.25), wherein (ϕ) corresponds to the volume ratio of the perforation. For determining the critical and ultimate buckling loads it was utilized numerical simulation with the assistance of Ansys® software, which is based on the finite element method. The application of the Constructal Design method of this study made it possible to determine the optimal geometries for all types of perforations, for all values of (ϕ) and all the relations H/L. The results show that there is an influence of the perforation type, shape and size, in defining the limit curves of the buckling and the curves of the elasto-plastic buckling. It was also possible to define, for each type of perforation and for all (ϕ) values, the transition points between elastic and elasto-plastic buckling; as well as the points that define the maximum values for the TLNMáx factor (normalized limit stress).

O presente trabalho de pesquisa aborda a aplicação de análise por elementos finitos a maciços escavados por túneis, revisando relevantes estudos sobre análise numérica deste tipo de obra e realizando modelagem numérica própria, bi e tridimensional, voltada ao caso do Túnel Paraíso do Metrô de São Paulo (obra com dados de instrumentação e de ensaios), com uso do consagrado programa de elementos finitos Imperial College Finite Element Program (ICFEP), desenvolvido nos últimos trinta anos no Imperial College de Londres. Dentre os modelos constitutivos adotados nestas análises, destaca-se o Cinemático com Duas Superfícies Modificado do Imperial College, modelo elasto-plástico com endurecimento cinemático e isotrópico, baseado no estado crítico, com grande capacidade de representar as características de rigidez de argilas sobreadensadas (como são as argilas da região do Túnel Paraíso), cujas principais características são levantadas através de revisão bibliográfica. Da observação da etapa de reprodução numérica de ensaios e dos resultados conseguidos com as análises da escavação do túnel, são feitas considerações sobre o desempenho de todos os modelos constitutivos adotados (além do Cinemático com Duas Superfícies Modificado, o Cam-Clay Modificado e o elasto perfeitamente plástico com critério de ruptura de Mohr-Coloumb), bem como sobre a performance dos modelos numéricos desenvolvidos. / This research approaches the application of finite element analysis to tunnel excavation, making a survey of some numerical relevant studies of this kind of construction and performing a range of plane-strain and three-dimensional analyses, focused on the Paraíso Tunnel from Sao Paulo Underground (with field instrumentation and lab tests), using a powerful finite element program, the Imperial College Finite Element Program (ICFEP), developed in the last thirty years at Imperial College London. Among the constitutive models adopted in those analyses, it is highlighted the Modified Two Surfaces Kinematic from Imperial College, a elasto-plastic model with kinematic and isotropic hardening, based on the critical state, with great ability to represent the pre-failure stiffness of overconsolidated clays (as are the clays around Paraíso Tunnel), whose main features are raised through a literature survey. From the results of numerical simulation of lab tests and from the predictions of the tunnelling analyses, it is discussed the performance of all constitutive models adopted (including Modified Cam-Clay and elastic perfectly plastic model with Mohr-Coloumb failure criterion) and of the numerical models developed.

Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados de ensaios triaxiais convencionais, de compressão confinada e triaxiais com controle de tensão, realizados em amostras saturadas e com controle de sucção, em corpos de prova indeformados coletados ao longo de um perfil típico de solo da cidade de São Carlos - SP. A partir dos dados obtidos, faz-se um estudo do comportamento de deformação e resistência do solo, em condições não saturadas, ao longo de todo perfil amostrado. Para o solo residual de arenito realiza-se também um estudo das suas principais características de elastoplasticidade, para a condição saturada e para o caso dos ensaios realizados com controle de sucção. Mostra-se que as superfícies de plastificação obtidas para o solo podem ser ajustadas de modo razoável pela superfície de escoamento do Cam-Clay modificado, utilizada nos modelos de Alonso et al. (1990) e Balmaceda et al. (1992). Para esta superfície, o uso de uma lei de fluxo associada conduziu a resultados satisfatórios. Um modelo constitutivo é proposto para representação do comportamento do solo em condições não saturadas. Uma nova superfície de plastificação e uma nova lei de fluxo (não associada) são propostas para o solo, conseguindo-se uma melhor previsão dos pontos de escoamento situados à esquerda da projeção da linha de estados críticos e diminuindo-se os valores dos desvios angulares dos vetores de incrementos de deformação plástica. No modelo constitutivo proposto neste trabalho, a superfície de escoamento LC do solo é obtida levando-se em consideração não somente os valores da pressão de pré-adensamento, mas também os valores de &#947(s). Os modelos constitutivos proposto e de Balmaceda et al. (1992) são utilizados na simulação dos ensaios de laboratório, obtendo-se bons resultados. Com o uso dos parâmetros adotados para a simulação dos ensaios de laboratório são realizadas previsões do comportamento de estruturas de fundação em campo, obtendo-se resultados satisfatórios. / This thesis deals with the application of elasto-plastic concepts to a typical non saturated soil from São Carlos - SP. The soil profile analysed is composed at is upper part of a sandy soil of coluvium origin and of a residual soil from sandstone at depths larger than 8 m. The water level is at a depth of about 10 m. The experimental work included compression triaxial tests following different stress paths and confined compression tests performed both on saturated and on unsaturated specimens. In the case of the residual soil of sandstone, its main elastoplastic characteristics are studied. It is shown that yield points can be fairly fitted by the yield surface proposed by of Alonso et al. (1990) and Balmaceda et al. (1992), which are an extension of modified Cam-Clay yield surface. In this case, an associated flow law also gave reasonable results in reproducing experimental data. In order to get a better adjustment between experimental and theoretical results, a new constitutive model is proposed using a new yield surface and a non associated flow law. It is shown that this new yield surface can better adjust experimental yield points, mainly those located at left of the critical state line (C.S.L.) and the new flow rule leaded to lower deviation of incremental plastic strain vectors. In the proposed model, the yield surface LC is obtained considering both &#947(s) and po experimental values. The proposed and Balmaceda et al. (1992) models were utilised to predict the laboratory soil behaviour, showing good results. The parameters already used to reproduce laboratory tests were also used to model foundation structures built in the soil studied and a fair agreement between experimental and predict results was obtained.

No description available.

No description available.

Afin d'optimiser la mise aux milles au laminage à froid, la thèse consiste à développer un modèle prédictif de variation de largeur à la fois précis et rapide pour des utilisations en temps réel. Des efforts ont commencé en 1960s en développant des formules empiriques. Par la suite, la Méthode des Bornes Supérieures (MBS) est devenue la plus connue. [Oh 1975] utilisant le champ de vitesse 3D "simple" prédit bien la variation de largeur au laminage en conditions d'un tandem finisseur. [Komori 2002] a proposé une combinaison des champs fondamentaux et obtenu une structure informatique peu dépendante aux champs de vitesse. Néanmoins, seuls deux champs fondamentaux ont été introduits qui forment un sous-ensemble de la famille 3D "simple". [Serek 2008] a étudié des champs de vitesse quadratique qui inclue la famille "simple" et donne des meilleurs résultats avec un temps de calcul plus long. Le premier résultat de la thèse est un modèle 2D (MBS) avec des champs de vitesse oscillante. Ce modèle aboutit à une vitesse optimale qui oscille spatialement le long de l'emprise. Les résultats (puissance, vitesse...) sont plus proches des ceux de Lam3-Tec3 que la MBS 2D "simple". Pour une modélisation 3D, nous avons choisi la MBS avec la vitesse 3D "simple" et obtenu un très bon accord avec les expériences réalisées sur des produits étroits à Arcelor Mittal [64]. En outre, un nouveau modèle MBS est développé pour une bande bombée et des cylindres droits. Les résultats montrent que la variation de largeur diminue avec la bombée de la bande et correspondent bien à ceux de Lam3-Tec3. Cependant, la MBS admet un comportement rigide-plastique tandis qu'au laminage des bandes larges les déformations élastique et thermique ont des impacts importants sur la déformation plastique. Les modèles existant prenant en compte ces phénomènes [23,64] sont couteux en temps de calcul. Ainsi, l'idée est de décomposer la variation de la largeur de plastique en trois termes : les variations de largeur totales, élastique et thermique à travers la zone de plastique déterminés par trois nouveaux modèles simplifiés. Les deux premiers permettent d'estimer les variations de largeur élastique et plastique avant et après l'emprise. Ils donnent aussi les conditions aux limites au modèle d'emprise qui est en effet la MBS avec le champ de vitesse 3D "simple" permettant d'estimer la variation de la largeur totale. En outre, avec les puissances de déformation et de dissipation plastique de frottement données par le même modèle, la variation de largeur thermique est également obtenue. Le modèle de variation de largeur est donc appelée UBM-Slab combiné, très rapide (0,05 s) et prédit avec précision la largeur de variation par rapport à Lam3-Tec3 (<6%) / In order to save material yields in cold rolling process, the thesis aims at developing a predictive width variation model accurate and fast enough to be used online. Many efforts began in the 1960s in developing empirical formula. Afterward, the Upper Bound Method (UBM ) became more common. [Oh 1975]'s model with 3D "simple" velocity field estimates well the width variation for finishing mill rolling conditions. [Komori 2002] proposed a combination of fundamental ones to obtain a computer program depending minimally on the assumed velocity fields. However, only two fundamental fields were introduced and formed a subset of the "simple" family. [Serek 2008] studied a quadratic velocity family that includes the "simple" one and leads to better results with a higher computing time. Focusing on UBM , the first result of the thesis is a 2D model with an oscillating velocity field family. The model results to an optimum velocity that oscillates spatially throughout the roll-bite. The optimum power and the velocity field are closer to Lam3-Tec3 results than the "simple" one. For 3D modelling, we chose the 3D "simple" UBM and carried a comparison to the experiments performed at Arcelor Mittal using narrow strips [64]. A very good agreement is obtained. Further, a new UBM model is developed for a crowned strip with cylindrical work-rolls. It shows that the width variation decreases as a function of the strip crown and the results match well those of Lam3-Tec3 . However, the UBM considers only a rigid-plastic behaviour while in large strip rolling, the elastic and thermal deformations have important impacts on the plastic one. There exist some models considering these phenomena [23,64] but they are all time-consuming. Thus, the idea is to decompose the plastic width variation into three terms : total, elastic and thermal width variations through the plastic zone that are determined by three new models. The simplified roll-bite entry & exit models allow estimating the elastic and plastic width variations before and after the roll-bite. They give equally the longitudinal stresses defining the boundary conditions for the roll-bite model which is indeed the 3D "simple" UBM approximating the total width variation term. Moreover, with the plastic deformation and friction dissipation powers given by the same model, the thermal width variation term is also obtained. The width variation model, called UBM-Slab combined is very fast (0.05s) and predicts accurately the width variation in comparison with Lam3-Tec3 (<6%)

Dans le cadre de la déposition géologique profonde des déchets radioactifs, l'argile de Boom est choisie comme une des formations hôtes potentielles dans le programme belge. Par sa formation géologique, cette argile est considérée comme un matériau isotrope transversal. En effet, l'anisotropie de ses propriétés hydraulique et thermique a été mise en évidence dans plusieurs études. Il apparait maintenant nécessaire de mener une étude complète sur son comportement anisotrope. Sur le plan expérimental, l'anisotropie des propriétés thermo-hydro-mécaniques de l'argile de Boom a été mise en évidence à l'aide des mesures de la conductivité thermique, de la conductivité hydraulique, et du module de cisaillement. Grâce à ces mesures sur des carottes fraichement forées, l'endommagement dû à l'excavation de la galerie a été identifié (dans la zone près de la galerie « Connecting » à Mol, Belgique) et modélisé par un modèle empirique dont la variable d'endommagement est basée sur le volume des macro-pores. Ensuite, l'anisotropie du comportement en condition K0 a été étudiée en analysant le comportement de trois types d'éprouvettes différents (0°, 45° et 90° au plan du litage) pendant et après la re-saturation dans des cellules oedométriques et triaxiales à plusieurs états de contraintes différents. Enfin, le comportement anisotrope en condition triaxiale a été étudié en réalisant des essais triaxiaux sur trois types d'éprouvettes. Au cours de ces essais, les mesures des vitesses d'ondes Vs et Vp ont été également effectuées à l'aide des éléments piézoélectriques encastrés dans deux embases supérieure et inférieure d'une cellule triaxiale. Ces résultats ont permis de déterminer les paramètres de l'élasticité anisotrope. Sur le plan de modélisation, un modèle anisotrope avec huit paramètres anisotropes (cinq paramètres élastiques et trois paramètres plastiques) a été développé, en utilisant la théorie de Bohler (Boehler et Sawczuk, 1977). Ce modèle est basé sur un modèle élasto-plastique isotrope à deux surfaces de charge validé précédemment pour l'argile de Boom (Hong, 2013). La validation de ce modèle anisotrope a été réalisée grâce aux résultats expérimentaux des essais oedométriques et triaxiaux obtenus dans cette étude / In the program of deep geological radioactive waste disposal in Belgium, Boom Clay has been chosen as one of the potential host rocks. Due to the geological stratification, this stiff clay has been regarded as a transverse isotropic material. The anisotropy of its hydraulic and thermal properties was shown in several studies. It seems necessary now to conduct a more in-depth study on the anisotropic behaviour of Boom Clay. In terms of experimental works, the anisotropy of the thermo-hydro-mechanical properties of Boom Clay was evidenced using measurements of thermal conductivity, hydraulic conductivity and small-strain shear modulus. Through these measurements on freshly cored Boom Clay samples, the damage due to excavation of the gallery was identified (in the zone near the Connecting gallery at Mol, Belgium) and modelled using an empirical model in which the damage variable is based on the volume of macro-pores. Afterwards, the anisotropy behaviour under K0 condition was studied by analysing the behaviour of three types of specimens (0°, 45°, and 90° to the bedding plane) during and after the re-saturation in the triaxial and oedometer cells under different stress states. Finally, the anisotropic behaviour under triaxial condition was investigated through several triaxial tests on three types of specimens. During these tests, the velocity measurements of seismic waves Vs et Vp were performed thanks to the bender elements installed in the upper and bottom bases of a triaxial cell. These results were used to determine the parameters of anisotropic elasticity. In terms of modelling works, an anisotropic model with eight anisotropic parameters (fives elastic parameters and three plastic parameters) was developed using the theory of Boehler (Boehler et Sawczuk, 1977). This model is based on an elasto-plastic isotropic model with two yield surfaces elaborated previously for Boom Clay (Hong, 2013). The validation of this anisotropic model was made based on the results obtained from oedometer and triaxial tests performed in this study

Les grandes quantités d’eaux usées générées par l’activité humaine doivent être traitées pour minimiser le risque sanitaire et l’impact sur les milieux récepteurs. Les boues résiduaires sont le principal coproduit de ce traitement. Afin de les valoriser, des transformations sont mises en œuvre dans les stations d’épuration pour réduire leur volume et améliorer leur qualité sanitaire. Des problèmes d’écoulement et de mottage sont fréquemment rencontrés par les opérateurs. La caractérisation du comportement rhéologique de ce mélange hétérogène d’eau, microorganismes, fibres, particules colloïdales et non colloïdales, polymères organiques, etc., représente encore de nos jours un challenge scientifique et technique, en particulier lorsque la concentration massique en solides excède 20%. Dans ce travail, une méthodologie complète, associant mesures et modélisation, a été développée afin de caractériser les propriétés rhéologiques, l’adhérence et la cohésion des boues résiduaires. Elle s’adresse à des boues dont le comportement, évalué par un test d’affaissement, s’apparente à celui d’un solide mou et elle peut être mise en œuvre tant que le matériau n’a pas dépassé la limite de plasticité mesurée selon la norme ASTM D 4318, relative aux sols. Dans cette étude, elle a été appliquée à des boues centrifugées, dont la teneur massique en solides était proche de 20%. La méthode expérimentale inclut des essais mécaniques en compression uniaxiale (à très grande déformation, à petite déformation avec un ou plusieurs cycles de charge/décharge) sur un texturomètre de Lloyd Instruments et des essais en cisaillement réalisés sur un dispositif spécialement conçu au laboratoire pour quantifier les propriétés adhésive et cohésive des boues. Ces essais permettent d’identifier le seuil de fracturation du matériau, les ordres de grandeur du module élastique, de la viscosité et du seuil de plasticité, la résilience, les contraintes maximales d’adhésion et de cohésion et, enfin, les énergies d’adhésion. Un modèle mécanique analogique a ensuite été établi. Le comportement viscoélastique et visco-élasto-plastique des boues sous une sollicitation uniaxiale de charge-décharge a pu être simulé par un modèle conceptuel, dit ‘Burgers-Ludwik’, à 7 paramètres rhéologiques. Ce modèle est basé sur les lois mécaniques fondamentales de Hooke, de Newton et sur l'équation de Ludwik pour décrire le comportement plastique d'écrouissage. L’optimisation des paramètres du modèle avec Matlab® a été réalisée avec une méthode de régression multiple non linéaire à plusieurs étapes, ainsi que les calculs des bassins d'attraction et des intervalles de confiance. La sensibilité de la méthodologie à mettre en évidence des changements de propriétés induits par des procédés ou par un stockage a ensuite été évaluée. Il s'est ainsi avéré qu"un malaxage rend le matériau plus adhésif et plus facile à déformer, avec une diminution du seuil et de la rigidité du matériau, et qu’un stockage rend les boues moins cohésives et aussi plus faciles à déformer. / Human daily activities generate a large quantity of wastewater that should be treated in order to minimise the sanitary risk and impacts on the environment. Sewage sludge is the main co-product of the wastewater treatment. Specific processes are implemented to reduce its volume and improve its sanitary quality before valorisation. As dewatered sludge is a mixture of water, microorganisms, fibres, colloidal and non-colloidal particles, organic polymers, etc., with the increase of its solid content, difficulties in pumping, conveying or discharging handling are frequently encountered during these treatments. The rheological characterisation of this heterogeneous material still remains a scientific and technical challenge, especially when solid mass content exceeds 20%. In this work, an entire methodology linking experimental measurements and modelling has been developed to characterise the rheological properties and the stickiness of sewage sludge. This methodology is suitable for sludge behaving as a soft solid (evaluated by slumping test) and as long as the material stays below its plastic limit (by the ASTM D 4318 initially standardized for soils). In this dissertation, the methodology is applied to dewatered sludge of total solid content around 20% by weight. This method includes uniaxial compression tests (from very large deformation to small one with single or two cycles of loading-unloading) using a universal materials testing machine of Lloyd Instrument and shearing tests using a device designed and fabricated in our laboratory for quantifying the sticky properties of sludge. These tests can identify the bioyield of the material, the orders of magnitude of the elastic modulus, viscosity, yield stress and resilience, the maximum adhesive and cohesive stresses, and finally the energy of adhesion. An analogical mechanical model is then established. The viscoelastic and visco-elasto-plastic behaviours under uniaxial cyclic compression can thus be simulated with this conceptual model of 7 parameters, named “Burgers-Ludwik”. This model is based on the fundamental mechanical laws of Hooke, Newton and the equation of Ludwik for simulating plastic hardening of material. A multi-step program based on non-linear multiple regressions is coded to optimize the model parameters with Matlab®. The sensibility of this methodology is highlighted by testing the changes in rheological properties of sewage sludge induced by processing or storage. Mixing makes the sludge more adhesive while storage makes it less cohesive. Both make the sludge easier to deform.