Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Darmstadt.

Orientador: Amarildo Tabone Paschoalini / Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo de uma classe de materiais chamado de Elastômeros Magneto-Reológicos (MRE – Magneto-Rheological Elastomers, da sigla em inglês), com foco principal em sua resposta mecânico-magnética, onde as propriedades das micropartículas de Ferro Carbonila funcionalizaram a borracha de silicone. As amostras foram preparadas a partir da dispersão de partículas de Ferro Carbonila em borracha de silicone, sendo que, a vulcanização do material aconteceu por meio de um catalisador, e foram realizados ensaios do tipo de cisalhamento. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais de cisalhamento em que as amostras foram organizadas na forma de “sanduiche” formado por Latão/MRE/Latão/MRE/Latão e acopladas à máquina de ensaio universal entre imãs permanentes, no qual se analisou a relação tensão-deformação de várias amostras com concentrações de 18%, 33% e 48% em volume de Ferro Carbonila, com e sem campo magnético. Considerando a caracterização do MRE, são apresentados também resultados utilizando a técnica de Espectroscopia Infravermelha por Transformada de Fourier visando construir uma compreensão da relação entre as propriedades das amostras mediante sua concentração e a técnica de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com o objetivo de se observar a caracterização morfológica das partículas dispersas no silicone. Os resultados apontam para a possibilidade de utilização do MRE em sistemas como absorvedores dinâmicos de vibrações sintonizáveis uma vez que os resul... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation presents a study of a class of materials called Magneto-Rheological Elastomers (MRE) with main focus on its mechanical and magnetic response, where the properties of the iron carbonyl micro particles functionalize rubber silicone. Samples were prepared from the dispersion of iron carbonyl particles in silicone rubber, and that vulcanization of the material took place by means of a catalyst, and the type of shear tests were performed. We carried out experimental shear tests in which the samples were arranged in the form of "sandwich" formed by Brass / MRE / Brass / MRE / brass and attached to the universal test machine between permanent magnets, which examined the relationship tension strain samples with different concentrations of 18%, 33% and 48% by volume iron carbonyl with and without magnetic field. Considering the characterization of the MRE, they are also displayed results using the Infrared Spectroscopy technique of Fourier Transform aimed at building an understanding of the relationship between the properties of the samples by concentration and scanning electron microscopy technique in order to observe the characterization morphological particles dispersed in the silicone. The results point to the possibility of use of the MRE system as Dynamic Vibration Absorbers tunable since the results obtained are within 50% variation of the stiffness of the system with and without magnetic field. / Mestre

La société UroMems propose de résoudre les problèmes d’incontinence urinaire avec un nouveau sphincter urinaire artificiel, dans lequel le mécanisme de pompe manuelle utilisé dans les sphincters actuellement implantés dans de nombreux patients est remplacé par un dispositif mécatronique. Une manchette occlusive, mimant le fonctionnement du sphincter naturel, est reliée et activée par le dispositif afin d’autoriser la miction et l’incontinence du patient.Le travail de thèse s’oriente sur la compréhension et l’amélioration du sphincter artificiel. La première partie de cette étude porte sur la numérisation et la modélisation 3D de cette manchette, la caractérisation mécanique de ses différents composants et la mise en place d’un modèle éléments finis. Un banc de test sur un cas simple avec suivi par stéréo-corrélation d’images est également présenté afin de valider le comportement du modèle numérique pour un chargement simple. La deuxième partie porte sur la simulation du geste chirurgical et du fonctionnement de la manchette ainsi qu’une validation du modèle éléments finis en comparaison avec des mesures effectuées sur paillasse. La troisième partie de ce travail consiste à produire des données expérimentales sur sujet anatomique afin d’observer le fonctionnement de la manchette dans son environnement naturel. Les résultats de cette étude ont motivé l’utilisation d’un matériau fantôme (un hydrogel de Polyvinyl alcohol) dont les propriétés mécaniques sont ajustables. Une caractérisation mécanique de cet hydrogel est présentée ainsi qu’un banc d’essai servant de cas test pour la validation du modèle numérique complet. La quatrième partie propose une analyse histo-morphologique de l’urètre masculin, ainsi qu’une caractérisation mécanique complète. Les données obtenues sont ensuite intégrées au modèle éléments finis afin de simuler le fonctionnement de la manchette occlusive dans son environnement naturel. Dans la dernière partie l’outil numérique mis en place est exploité afin de proposer des pistes d’améliorations du sphincter artificiel actuel. / UroMems aims at developing a novel treatment solution for severe urinary incontinence by replacing the manual pump mechanism, which is currently considered as the gold standard and which is implanted in patients throughout the world, by a mechatronic device. An occlusive cuff that mimics the natural human sphincter is linked to the device in order to ensure continence and allow micturition.This work focuses on understanding and improving the artificial sphincter. The first part of this study aims at modeling of the occlusive cuff, characterizing the mechanical behavior of all of its components and establishing a corresponding finite element model. A bench test using digital image correlation is also presented in order to validate the behavior of the numerical model for a simple test. In the second part the implantation of the occlusive and its inflation are simulated and the model is validated by comparing its results to the data measured experimentally. The third part aims at validating the interaction between the occlusive cuff and an extraneous body in the numerical simulation. To this end the in vivo experimental behavior of the occlusive cuff is observed. The variability measured among the different subjects motivated the use of a phantom material (a Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel) of controlled mechanical properties. A thorough mechanical characterization of the hydrogel is also presented in this part as well as a test bench used for the validation of the numerical model. The fourth part proposes a histo-morphological analysis of the male urethra and its mechanical characterization. The data obtained were then integrated to the finite element model. The last part of this work is dedicated to exploiting the finite element tool to propose design improvement of the occlusive cuff.

Submitted by JEFERSON CAMARGO FUKUSHIMA null (jefersonfukushima@gmail.com) on 2016-09-22T21:13:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JEFERSON CAMARGO FUKUSHIMA.pdf: 3226498 bytes, checksum: f63c215c729b226ec0509c5cb4af067c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-23T14:23:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fukushima_jc_me_ilha.pdf: 3226498 bytes, checksum: f63c215c729b226ec0509c5cb4af067c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T14:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fukushima_jc_me_ilha.pdf: 3226498 bytes, checksum: f63c215c729b226ec0509c5cb4af067c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-05 / Fundação de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão de Ilha Solteira (FEPISA) / O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo de uma classe de materiais chamado de Elastômeros Magneto-Reológicos (MRE – Magneto-Rheological Elastomers, da sigla em inglês), com foco principal em sua resposta mecânico-magnética, onde as propriedades das micropartículas de Ferro Carbonila funcionalizaram a borracha de silicone. As amostras foram preparadas a partir da dispersão de partículas de Ferro Carbonila em borracha de silicone, sendo que, a vulcanização do material aconteceu por meio de um catalisador, e foram realizados ensaios do tipo de cisalhamento. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais de cisalhamento em que as amostras foram organizadas na forma de “sanduiche” formado por Latão/MRE/Latão/MRE/Latão e acopladas à máquina de ensaio universal entre imãs permanentes, no qual se analisou a relação tensão-deformação de várias amostras com concentrações de 18%, 33% e 48% em volume de Ferro Carbonila, com e sem campo magnético. Considerando a caracterização do MRE, são apresentados também resultados utilizando a técnica de Espectroscopia Infravermelha por Transformada de Fourier visando construir uma compreensão da relação entre as propriedades das amostras mediante sua concentração e a técnica de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com o objetivo de se observar a caracterização morfológica das partículas dispersas no silicone. Os resultados apontam para a possibilidade de utilização do MRE em sistemas como absorvedores dinâmicos de vibrações sintonizáveis uma vez que os resultados obtidos apresentam até 50% de variação da rigidez entre o sistema com e sem campo magnético. / This dissertation presents a study of a class of materials called Magneto-Rheological Elastomers (MRE) with main focus on its mechanical and magnetic response, where the properties of the iron carbonyl micro particles functionalize rubber silicone. Samples were prepared from the dispersion of iron carbonyl particles in silicone rubber, and that vulcanization of the material took place by means of a catalyst, and the type of shear tests were performed. We carried out experimental shear tests in which the samples were arranged in the form of "sandwich" formed by Brass / MRE / Brass / MRE / brass and attached to the universal test machine between permanent magnets, which examined the relationship tension strain samples with different concentrations of 18%, 33% and 48% by volume iron carbonyl with and without magnetic field. Considering the characterization of the MRE, they are also displayed results using the Infrared Spectroscopy technique of Fourier Transform aimed at building an understanding of the relationship between the properties of the samples by concentration and scanning electron microscopy technique in order to observe the characterization morphological particles dispersed in the silicone. The results point to the possibility of use of the MRE system as Dynamic Vibration Absorbers tunable since the results obtained are within 50% variation of the stiffness of the system with and without magnetic field.

Orientadores: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei, Jose Alexandrino de Sousa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T07:01:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giraldi_AndreLuisFerrarideMoura_D.pdf: 6788806 bytes, checksum: f1a0282da8520c3138e10549183d79b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Uma aplicação importante do poli (tereftalato de etileno) - PET - pós-consumo a ser considerada, e ainda pouco explorada, diz respeito ao seu reaproveitamento em outros setores diferentes, tais como o de compósitos híbridos de fibra de vidro (FV) com matriz polimérica e modificador de impacto, para aplicações diversas na área de engenharia. Deste modo, se fez necessário um estudo sistemático de compósitos de PET, reforçado com fibra de vidro e modificador de impacto para sua utilização numa aplicação de engenharia. E necessário que este apresente uma boa relação entre propriedades de rigidez e resistência ao impacto, e para isto dois sistemas de reforço foram propostos com dois tipos de fibra de vidro com diferentes tratamentos superficiais (FV 952 e 983). Ensaios de reometria de torque indicaram a reatividade entre os componentes PET e modificador de impacto. Os ensaios mecânicos demonstraram que o modulo elástico e a resistência a tração dos compósitos diminuem conforme se aumenta a concentração de E-MA-GMA em substituição ao PET na matriz. Entretanto, o modulo e a resistência ao impacto aumentaram da ordem de 300 % e 900% respectivamente para as concentrações de 30% de fibra de vidro (FV 952) e 20% de E-MA-GMA. O modulo de elasticidade e independente do tipo de tratamento superficial da fibra de vidro. A resistência a tração e a resistência ao impacto Izod dependem da natureza do tratamento de silano usado. / Abstract: An important application of poly(ethylene terephtalate) - PET - to be considered, and still not well explored, is its re-use in other different sectors, such as the obtaintion of PET composites reinforced with fibre glass (FG) and elastomer, for several applications in the engineering area. In this way, it is necessary a systematic study of several PET composites hybrids reinforced with fibre glass and impact elastomer to obtain a good balance between engineering properties such strength, rigidity ans impact resistance, two systems of reinforced were investigated using two types treatment of surface different (FG 952 and 983). Torque rheometry investigations during composite mixing indicated the reactivity between PET and elastomer. Mechanical tensile test on PET / fibre glass / elastomer composites hybrids indicated that the elastic modulus and tensile strength reduce monotonically as higher volume fractions of E-MA-GMA substitute PET in the composite matrix. Composites hybrids with 30 wt% of fibre glass (FG 952) and 20 wt% of elastomer indicates mechanical gains of the order of 300% in modulus e 900 % Izod impact. Tensile modulus is relatively independent of type of silane treatment applied to the glass fibers. Yield strength and Izod impact strength depend on the nature of silane treatment used. / Doutorado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Récupérer l'énergie mécanique ambiante est une alternative prometteuse afin d'assurer l'autonomie énergétique d'appareils nomades. Le développement des générateurs électrostatiques souples reste toutefois à ce jour anecdotique du fait des hautes tensions de polarisation employées, de la nécessité de grandes déformations mécaniques mais aussi de l'utilisation de matériaux peu conventionnels et mal caractérisés. Le but de cette thèse est d'apporter des avancées scientifiques et des solutions aux verrous technologiques précités. Tout d'abord, une caractérisation rigoureuse des propriétés électriques et mécaniques de deux matériaux communément utilisés pour ces applications (acrylate VHB 4910 et silicone Polypower) nous a donné accès aux propriétés physiques dans un fonctionnement réel de ces polymères : influence de la précontrainte, de la nature des électrodes... Ces données ont permis d'élaborer des lois analytiques fiables que nous avons ensuite insérées dans un modèle thermodynamique permettant de définir avec précision les puissances et densités d'énergie récupérables pour ces générateurs. Des pistes d'amélioration des matériaux utilisés dans les applications générateurs peuvent être dégagées de notre modèle. Le second verrou à lever concerne la source haute tension de polarisation nécessaire à ces générateurs électrostatiques. Pour cela, nous avons proposé une solution innovante couplant l'élastomère diélectrique à un électret. Différentes configurations de générateurs hybrides dans des géométries 2D et 3D ont été évaluées. Enfin, nous avons réalisé un prototype qui a délivré une puissance de l'ordre de 35µW sachant qu'une optimisation de ce prototype est réalisable et que des puissances récupérées de plusieurs centaines de µW sont tout à fait réalistes. / Scavenging mechanical ambient energy is a promising solution to ensure the autonomy of wearable transducers. Nevertheless, the development of soft electrostatic generator (DEG) is up to now slow down due to the use of high bias voltage, high strain and innovative mischaracterized materials. The aim of this Ph-D thesis is to propose innovative solutions to these technological barriers. Firstly, a complete characterization of the electrical and mechanical properties of two commonly used dielectric polymer (acrylate VHB 4910 and silicone Polypower) has revealed the true physical properties of these polymers and especially the influence of the pre-stress and the nature of the electrode used. Thanks to these data, reliable analytic laws have been proposed and inserted into our thermodynamic model in order to predict the output power and scavenged energy density for the DEG. Moreover, our model allow us to propose improvements for the materials used in these applications. The second challenge is to propose an alternative to the high bias voltage needed for these soft generators. We have proposed an innovative solution combining an electret and a dielectric elastomer. Various configurations of hybrid generators in 2D or 3D geometry have been modelled and evaluated. Finally, a prototype has been designed allowing scavenging 35µW. With an appropriate optimization of our prototype, hundreds of µW can be scavenged.

Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas estratégias para modular a composição de elastômeros biodegradáveis da família dos polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA), produzidos por Pseudomonas, a partir de ácidos graxos ou óleos vegetais, para diversificar suas aplicações, sobretudo pela inserção de monômeros insaturados. A composição do PHA produzido variou com o tipo de ácido graxo fornecido e com sua proporção em misturas. Em genomas seqüenciados, detectaram-se dois genes fadH (codificador de 2,4-dienoilCoA hidratase) em P. aeruginosa e apenas um em outras Pseudomonas. Observou-se uma correlação entre o número de cópias de fadH no genoma e maior eficiência na oxidação de ácidos graxos insaturados. Mutantes afetados no metabolismo de ácidos graxos insaturados foram obtidos utilizando-se transposon, alguns destes mutantes apresentaram maior eficiência na incorporação de monômeros insaturados ao PHA. A clonagem e seqüenciamento de fragmentos de DNA interrompidos pelo transposon permitiram a identificação dos genes afetados nesses mutantes. / Different strategies were applied to modulate the composition of biodegradable elastomeric polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulated by Pseudomonas from fatty acids and plant oils, in order to improve the applications of this material, mainly by unsaturated monomer insertion. PHA composition varied both with fatty acid type and fatty acids ratio in mixtures supplied. Analysis of genome sequences revealed two fadH (encoding 2,4-dienoyl-CoA hydratase) copies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and only one in other Pseudomonas species. The number of fadH copies in the genome was related to the higher oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Transposon-induced mutants affected on unsaturated fatty acids metabolism were obtained, some of them showing higher efficiency to incorporate unsaturated monomers do the PHA. Cloning and sequencing of transposon-disrupted DNA regions allowed to identify the genes affected in those mutants.

Predložená diplomová práce se zabývá syntézou biodegradabilních polyuretanu (bio-PU) na bázi polyethylenglykolu (PEG-u) a polykaprolaktonu (PCL) pro využití k medicínským úcelum. Cílem práce bylo vyvinout metodiku prípravy elastomerního polyuretanu, ze kterého by se dal v budoucnu pripravit skafold (nosic bunek) použitelný v tkánovém inženýrství pro humánní regenerativní medicínu. Teoretická cást práce shrnuje informace o materiálech využitelných pro zamýšlenou aplikaci. Zahrnuty jsou také techniky prípravy skafoldu, jejich biokompatibilita a charakterizace vlastností výsledného materiálu. Praktická cást je pak zamerena na navržení vhodné metodiky pro prípravu funkcních vzorku obsahujících PEG, PCL, hexamethylen-diisokyanát (HMDI) a ethylhexanoát cínatý jako katalyzátor. U pripravených vzorku byl zjištován vliv jejich složení (predevším ruzný obsah a molekulová hmotnost PEG-u) na botnání a hydrolytickou stabilitu spolecne s testováním mechanických vlastností, sledováním kinetiky sítování a stanovením stupne konverze. Morfologie vzorku byla sledována pomocí optické mikroskopie, chemické složení bylo potvrzeno infracervenou spektroskopií a tepelné vlastnosti byly urceny diferencní kompenzacní kalorimetrií. Vývoj v metodice prípravy ukázal, že je nezbytné odstranit pred syntézou z výchozích látek veškeré necistoty, predevším vodu a kyslík, jinak vznikaly nedokonale zreagované vzorky s velkým obsahem póru ruzných velikostí. Syntéza všech vzorku probíhala pod dusíkovou atmosférou ve dvou krocích, kdy v prvním se pouze homogenizovaly oba polyoly (PEG i PCL) na vakuové lince pri 130 °C a ve druhém pak vznikaly výsledné bio-PU za pridání HMDI pri 65 °C v inertní atmosfére manipulacního boxu. Vzorky pak byly dopolymerovány ve forme pri 65 °C pod dobu 48 hodin v sušárne. Ruzné fyzikální podmínky metodiky vedly k príprave jak nepruhledných bílých filmu, tak i vzorku s viditelnou separací fází až po flexibilní transparentní filmy. Pozorování optickým mikroskopem vzorku s fázovou separací prokázalo prítomnost sférolitické struktury krystalické fáze PCL v amorfní fázi matrice PEG-u. Sledování kinetiky sítování pomocí soxhletovy extrakce potvrdilo maximální konverzi polymerace (96 %) již za 4 h dopolymerování v sušárne. Testování zkouškou v tahu ukázalo, že výrazný vliv na pevnost v tahu má isokyanátový index (pomer NCO/OH skupin). Molekulová hmotnost PEG-u ovlivnovala pevnost v tahu jen u vzorku zcela zesítovaných. Merení botnání vzorku ve vode prokázalo, že s rustem molekulové hmotnosti PEG-u roste i obsah vody (od cca 28 až po 58 hm.%) ve vzorcích. Také degradace filmu ve vode pri 37 °C probíhala dle predpokladu rychleji u vzorku s vyšší molekulovou hmotností PEG-u. V predložené diplomové práci bylo potvrzeno, že množstvím a molekulovou hmotností polyethylenglykolu je možné rídit hydrolytickou stabilitu výsledných biodegradabilních polyuretanových elastomeru.

This diploma thesis focuses on realization of a computational model of fibre composite with elastomer matrix and on homogenization of properties of this composite. The work deals with computational modelling of strain-stress states which arise in mechanical tests of composites. The composites investigated by mechanical tests comprise of hyperelastic rubber matrix and steel reinforcing fibres. Computational modelling is carried out at two levels of the model. First, with three-dimensional modelling of fibres and matrix as two different materials and, second, using a homogenized model of composite; this constitutive model describes the composite as a homogeneous anisotropic material. It means that properties of fibres are encompassed into strain energy density by the mathematical formulation of the constitutive model. Further, the work deals with computational modelling of mechanical tests of hyperelastic isotropic materials used for identification of their material parameters and for verification of the selected constitutive model of material. For particular hyperelastic material, simulations of tests were carried out, namely of uniaxial tension, biaxial tension, uniaxial compression, biaxial compression, pure shear and uniaxial tension with constrained transversal strain (planar tension). Parameters of the constitutive model were determined of experimental input data. Verification of the constitutive model was carried out by comparison of the data acquired by experiments with the results of simulations of mechanical tests in FE program system Ansys. Then the authentic constitutive model of material was used for description of matrix behaviour in models of mechanical tests of composite material and results were compared with experimental data. Principal objectives which I want to attain are following: • to acquaint with the constitutive models of hyperelastic isotropic and anisotropic materials and identification of their perameters on base of mechanical tests. • to create computational models of testing specimens of composite “ rubber – steel fibre“ for different fibre arrangements and to use the created computational models in simulations of chosen tests. • to test the possibilities of computational modelling of composites with application of homogenized properties and to compare the results of both approaches. Results which were attained: • the computational models were created with the fibres modelled; the strain – stress characteristics are qualitatively corresponding to experiments, and quantitative difference is 20% - 40% (see (4.3)). • the computational models based on homogenization of properties were tested and gave results corresponding to the models with modelled fibres (see (4.4)) with a good accuracy.

Gewebeverstärkte Thermoplaste lassen sich durch Thermoformen zu räumlich gekrümmten Bauteilen verarbeiten. Durch die eingehende Analyse des Thermoformvorgangs konnte die Einsicht in die parallel verlaufenden Teilprozesse verstärkt werden. Interlaminare Scherung, der Wärmeaustausch und die Reibvorgänge zwischen Laminat und Werkzeug und die Stempeldeformationen werden eingehend experimentell untersucht. Für die Untersuchung der Reibverhältnisse zwischen Laminat und Werkzeug und des interlaminaren Gleitens werden neue Versuchsanordnungen vorgestellt. Außerdem wurden theoretische Modelle hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung zur Beschreibung dieser Effekte untersucht und gegebenenfalls angepasst. Durch die Aufteilung des Gesamtprozesses in zeitliche Phasen und die Entkopplung der physikalischen Vorgänge in der Beschreibung konnte ein Ansatz zur mathematischen Beschreibung des Gesamtprozesses gefunden werden, der für eine Implementierung in Simulationsprogrammen geeignet erscheint. Aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen werden praktische Schlussfolgerungen für die Gestaltung von Werkzeugen und Prozessen abgeleitet.