Die Arbeit befasst sich mit einem neuen textilverstärkten Zugmittel mit formschlüssiger Krafteinleitung. Im Grundlagenteil werden Aufbau, Eigenschaften und Dimensionierungsgrundlagen von Rollenketten und Zahnriemenantrieben erörtert, sowie textile und elastomere Werkstoffe betrachtet. Aus den Betrachtungen zum Stand der Technik, der Maschenware mit hochfesten Filamentgarnen und deren polymeren Beschichtungen wird der Entwicklungsansatz abgeleitet. Mit Hilfe eines Spezialkettenwirkverfahrens werden die textilen Zugträger als Recht/Links-Maschenware hergestellt. Das besondere daran ist die teilungsgenaue Einbindung der Bolzen in die Maschenstruktur bei der Fertigung. Eine anschließende elastomere Beschichtung verbessert die mechanischen Eigenschaften erheblich und fixiert die Bolzen axial. Dabei werden reaktive Polyurethane im Gießverfahren und thermoplastische Elastomere im Spritzgießverfahren eingesetzt. Drei ausgewählte textile Bindungen mit verschiedenen Beschichtungen wurden statisch und dynamisch, anhand von Proben und endlos verbundenen Zugmitteln, ausführlich untersucht. Die daraus abgeleiteten Bauteil-Wöhlerlinien und Leistungsdiagramme bilden die Grundlage zur Auslegung der textilverstärkten Zugmittel für Anwendungen im Maschinenbau. / The dissertation deals with a new textile reinforced with form-closed force application. The basis of structure, properties and sizing basics of roller chain drives and belt drives are discussed and considered textile and elastomeric materials. From consideration of the prior art, the knitted fabric with high tenacity filament of polymeric coatings and their development approach is derived. Using a special knitting process, the textile chain tension members are produced as a right / left-knit fabric. The special thing about it is the exact distribution of involvement of the pins in the mesh structure during manufacturing. Subsequent elastomeric coating significantly improves the mechanical properties and fixes the bolt axially. These reactive polyurethanes by casting and thermoplastic elastomers are used in injection molding. Three selected textile bonds with different coatings were statically and dynamically examine in detail the basis of samples and associated endless traction means. The derived component S/N curves and performance charts are the basis for the design of textile-reinforced tension means for applications in mechanical engineering.

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit einem neuen textilverstärkten Zugmittel mit formschlüssiger Krafteinleitung. Im Grundlagenteil werden Aufbau, Eigenschaften und Dimensionierungsgrundlagen von Rollenketten und Zahnriemenantrieben erörtert, sowie textile und elastomere Werkstoffe betrachtet. Aus den Betrachtungen zum Stand der Technik, der Maschenware mit hochfesten Filamentgarnen und deren polymeren Beschichtungen wird der Entwicklungsansatz abgeleitet. Mit Hilfe eines Spezialkettenwirkverfahrens werden die textilen Zugträger als Recht/Links-Maschenware hergestellt. Das besondere daran ist die teilungsgenaue Einbindung der Bolzen in die Maschenstruktur bei der Fertigung. Eine anschließende elastomere Beschichtung verbessert die mechanischen Eigenschaften erheblich und fixiert die Bolzen axial. Dabei werden reaktive Polyurethane im Gießverfahren und thermoplastische Elastomere im Spritzgießverfahren eingesetzt. Drei ausgewählte textile Bindungen mit verschiedenen Beschichtungen wurden statisch und dynamisch, anhand von Proben und endlos verbundenen Zugmitteln, ausführlich untersucht. Die daraus abgeleiteten Bauteil-Wöhlerlinien und Leistungsdiagramme bilden die Grundlage zur Auslegung der textilverstärkten Zugmittel für Anwendungen im Maschinenbau. / The dissertation deals with a new textile reinforced with form-closed force application. The basis of structure, properties and sizing basics of roller chain drives and belt drives are discussed and considered textile and elastomeric materials. From consideration of the prior art, the knitted fabric with high tenacity filament of polymeric coatings and their development approach is derived. Using a special knitting process, the textile chain tension members are produced as a right / left-knit fabric. The special thing about it is the exact distribution of involvement of the pins in the mesh structure during manufacturing. Subsequent elastomeric coating significantly improves the mechanical properties and fixes the bolt axially. These reactive polyurethanes by casting and thermoplastic elastomers are used in injection molding. Three selected textile bonds with different coatings were statically and dynamically examine in detail the basis of samples and associated endless traction means. The derived component S/N curves and performance charts are the basis for the design of textile-reinforced tension means for applications in mechanical engineering.

The radioactive ion implantation wear measuring method (RII) has been used for many years as a tool to make highly sensitive real-time in-situ measurements of wear and corrosion in metallic or ceramic materials. The method consists of the controlled implantation of radioactive ions of limited decay time in a thin layer at the surface of the material. The progressive abrasion of the material results in a decline in radioactivity which is followed to monitor material losses. The application of RII to control the wear of polymers is potentially of interest, but it has been lagging behind because of uncertainties related to possible changes in material properties during and after the implantation, and to the exact shape of implantation profiles. In this thesis, we investigate these issues on two thermoplastic elastomers typically used for making the soles of sport shoes, among which one contains radiation-sensitive unsaturated bonds, using as ions 7Be, 7Li and Kr. The results of the sample characterisation indicate that the 7Be and 7Li implantations, under properly-selected conditions, do not induce significant modifications in the materials. The implantation of a stack of polymer thin films and the activity measurements performed to determine the implantation profile are also presented. The experimental results on the ion implantation profiles and the determination of calibration curves are presented and discussed in comparison with simulated results. The results indicate that it is possible to predict the implantation profile by means of simulations. This bodes well for the application of the RII method to polymer materials. In the last part, an experimental study is presented regarding the possible redistribution of the implanted 7Be after implantation. Since very few existing experimental techniques are able to detect light elements implanted in polymer targets at fluences less or equal to 1012 cm-2, with implantation depths of a few µm, a new method is presented, which implies the use of plasma etching techniques in order to remove layers of polymers and measuring the remaining activity after each step. Our results indicate that a redistribution of the implanted ions takes place during the implantation process, resulting in a scrambling of the initial implantation profile. Nevertheless, provided a suitable methodology be used, wear measurements in polymers by using the RII method are still possible, as we propose in the thesis.

<p>The aim of the research work presented here, is to contribute to the adaptation of electronic packaging towards the needs of high frequency applications. As the field of electronic packaging stretches over several very different professional areas, it takes an interdisciplinary approach to optimize the technology of electronic packaging. Besides this, an extensive knowledge of industrial engineering should be an essential part of this undertaking to improve electronic packaging. Customary advances in technology are driven by new findings and a continuous development of processes in clearly defined fields. However, in the field of the higher levels of the interconnection hierarchy, that is external to the chip level interconnections and chip packaging, it is supposed that a wide combination of disciplines and technical creativity, instead of advanced technology in a special area should produce most added value.</p><p>The thesis is divided into five areas, interlinked by the overall aim of there advantages to the common goal. These areas are the Printed Wiring Board (PWB) technology, PWB connections using flexible printed circuit boards, multiconductor cable connections, shielded enclosures and the related EMC issues, and finally the cooling of electronics. A central issue was to improve the shielded enclosures to be effective also at very high frequencies; it will be shown that shielded enclosures without apertures can cope with frequencies up to and above 15 GHz. Due to this enclosure without apertures, it was necessary to develop a novel cooling structure. This cooling structure consists of a heat sink where the PCB’s are inserted in close contact to the cooling fins on one side, whereas the other side of the heat sink is cooled by forced ventilation. The heat transfer between these parts is completely inside the same body. Tests carried out on a prototype have shown that the performance of the cooling structure is satisfactory for electronic cooling.</p><p>Another problem area that is addressed are the interconnect problems in high frequency applications. Interconnections between parts of a local electronic system, or as within the telecom and datacom field between subscribers, are commonly accomplished by cable connections. In this research work multiconductor cables are examined and a patented novel cable-connector for high frequency use is presented. Further, an experimental complex soldering method between flexible printed circuits boards and rigid printed circuits boards, as part of connections between PCBs, is shown. Finally, different sectors of the PCB technology for high frequency applications are scrutinized and measurements on microstrip structures are presented.</p>

Precise manipulation of heterogeneous droplets on an open droplet microfluidic platform could have numerous practical advantages in a broad range of applications, from proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and microreactors, to medical diagnostic platforms capable of assaying complex biological analytes. Toward the aim of developing electrically controllable micropost arrays for use in open droplet manipulation, custom-designed titanium dioxide (TiO2)- loaded poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) micropost arrays were developed in this work and indirectly mechanically actuated by applying an electric field. Initial experiments explored the bulk properties of TiO2-loaded PDMS films, with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirming a uniform TiO2 particle distribution in the PDMS, and tensile testing of bulk films showing an inverse relationship between TiO2 % (w/w) and Young’s Modulus with the Young’s Moduli quantified as 4.22 ± 0.51 MPa for unloaded PDMS, 2.27 ± 0.18 MPa for 10 % (w/w) TiO2, and 1.39 ± 0.20 MPa for 20 % (w/w) TiO2. Following bulk material evaluation, soft lithography methods were developed to fabricate TiO2- loaded PDMS micropost arrays. Mathematical predictions were applied to design microposts of varying shape, length, and gap spacing to yield super-hydrophobic surfaces actuatable by an electric field. Visual inspection and optical microscopy of the resulting arrays confirmed a non- collapsed micropost geometry. Overall, round microposts that were 100, 200, and 300 μm in length, 15 μm in diameter, and spaced 50 μm apart were produced largely free of defects, and used in contact angle measurements and micropost deflection experiments. Droplet contact angles measured on the arrays remained above 120° indicating the arrays successfully provided super- hydrophobic surfaces. Individual microposts deflected most notably above an electric field strength of 520 kV/m (12.5 kV nominal voltage). The ability to mechanically deflect customized microposts using an electric field demonstrated by this work is promising for translating this technology to precise droplet manipulation applications. Indirect actuation of droplets could enable the manipulation of liquids with varying electrical properties, which is a limitation of current micropumping technologies. Once optimized, electrically actuated micropost arrays could significantly contribute to the micro- handling of heterogeneous, highly ionic, and/or deionized fluids. / Thesis (Master, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-03-03 17:25:49.785

Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to blast loading are vulnerable to collapse and fragmentation. The objective of this thesis is to conduct experimental and analytical research for developing a blast retrofit methodology that utilizes polyurea. A total of four unreinforced masonry walls were constructed and tested under various shock tube induced blast pressures at the University of Ottawa Shock Tube Testing Facility. Two of the retrofitted walls had surface-sprayed polyurea. The results indicate that the use of polyurea effectively controlled fragmentation while significantly increased the load capacity and stiffness of masonry walls. Polyurea proved to be an excellent retrofit material for dissipating blast induced energy by providing ductility to the system and changing the failure mode from brittle to ductile. Single degree of freedom (SDOF) dynamic analyses were conducted as part of the analytical investigation. The results show that the analytical model provides reasonably accurate predictions of the specimen response.

Elastomer seals are used in a variety of industries that require flow isolation. The characterization of the behavior of these seals remains largely unexplored and hence, this study is focused on simulating and validating the axial-compressive behavior of an annular rubber seal constrained concentrically in a pipe. The elastomer material composing the seal, was experimentally characterized for its mechanical, frictional, and viscoelastic properties and modelled using models developed by Yeoh, Thirion, and Prony respectively. A 2D axisymmetric finite-element model was developed using ANSYS 16 and used alongside the material models to simulate an axial load versus displacement curve, a contact pressure distribution, and a pipe hoop strain gradient. The results for quasi-static loading and viscoelastic effects agreed within 7% and 18% of the experimental results, respectively. It was observed that pipe geometry, rubber chemistry, frictional properties, and viscoelastic effects have significant effect on the compressive behavior of the seal. / October 2016

Die aus magnetisierbaren Partikeln und einer elastischen Matrix bestehenden magnetorheologischen Elastomere sind ein Verbundwerkstoff mit magnetisch steuerbaren Eigenschaften. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein kontinuumsmechanisches Modell zur Beschreibung der relevanten physikalischen Phänomene bereitgestellt. Die Lösung zugehöriger Randwertaufgaben basiert auf der erweiterten Finiten Elemente Methode. Zur Verifikation und Validierung des Modells werden analytische Referenzlösungen zweidimensionaler Problemstellungen herangezogen. Die Homogenisierung des magnetomechanischen Feldproblems erfolgt mit kleinen Deformationen. Aus einer Volumenmittelung der lokal inhomogenen Feldverteilungen ergeben sich makroskopische Variablen. Auf Basis dieser Größen lassen sich Aussagen über das effektive Verhalten ableiten. Somit ist neben den rein magnetischen und mechanischen Materialeigenschaften das gekoppelte magnetomechanische Verhalten analysierbar. Darunter sind aktuatorische Spannungen, magnetostriktive Dehnungen und der magnetorheologische Effekt zu verstehen. / Magnetorheological elastomers are composite materials consisting of magnetizable particles embedded in an elastic matrix. Their properties can be altered by an external magnetic field. In this work a continuum based formulation is applied to model relevant physical phenomena. Boundary value problems are solved by the extended Finite Element Method. For the purposes of verification and validation analytic solutions are provided. The homogenization of the magnetomechanical field problem is limited to small deformations. Macroscopic variables are obtained by volume averaging. In addition to macroscopic magnetic and mechanical properties the effective behavior is analyzed in terms of actuatoric stresses, magnetostrictive strains and the magnetorheological effect.

En dépit de leur importance pratique considérable, et bien que de nombreuses expériences établissent une corrélation certaine entre les hétérogénéités d’interaction de surface (rugosité ou inhomogénéités chimiques) et les propriétés de friction des surfaces, le rôle de ces interactions sur la friction n’est encore pas bien décrit par les modèles et les expériences existants. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’identification des mécanismes moléculaires de la friction aux interfaces polymères souples. Dans ce contexte, nous avons réalisé deux études complémentaires. La première partie du travail concerne le mouvement d’une ligne triple solide-liquide-vapeur qui se déplace sur une surface solide sous l’effet de différentes forces (gravité, forces capillaires et tensions interfaciales), et en particulier le lien entre le piégeage et le dépiégeage de la ligne triple et l’hystérèse de l’angle de contact. Cette méthode permet de mesurer des angles de contact d’avancée et de reculée avec une précision sans précédent (0,1°)et s’avère être particulièrement sensible aux mécanismes qui tendent à ancrer la ligne triple. Ceci en fait un outil de choix pour étudier la friction liquide/solide. Dans la seconde partie du travail, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment des chaînes de polymère flexibles, fortement ancrées sur une surface solide, dans le régime des fortes densités de greffage affectent la friction entre une telle surface et un élastomère réticulé constitué du même polymère. Nous avons montré que le comportement en friction de cette couche confinée suit exactement le comportement rhéofluidifiant observé pour des couches de fondu de masses molaires équivalentes mais avec un temps de relaxation beaucoup plus long que celui des chaînes en fondu,la reptation n’étant pas permise pour les chaînes ancrées. Enfin, en comparant les résultats obtenus pour des couches greffées chimiquement à une extrémité et des couches fortement adsorbées, ayant par ailleurs les mêmes caractéristiques moléculaires (masse molaire des chaînes et épaisseur de la couche ancrée), nous avons mis en évidence que la friction est remarquablement sensible à l’organisation moléculaire au sein de la couche ancrée. / Different experiments show a correlation between interaction heterogeneities (roughnessor chemical inhomogeneities) and friction properties of surfaces but the exact role of theseinteractions is still not clearly established. In this thesis, we try to identify molecular mechanism offriction at soft polymer interfaces. In this context, we have performed two complementary studies.The first one concerns the movement of a triple line solid-liquid-gas which moves on a solidsubstrate and more particularly the link between trapping and entrapping of the triple line andcontact angle hysteresis. This method allows measurement of dynamic contact angles with a verygood precision (0,1°), and is particularly sensitive to mechanisms which tend to anchor a tripleline. This technique is then a very efficient tool to study solid/liquid friction.In the second part of this thesis, we try to understand how flexible polymer chains stronglyanchored on a solid substrate affect friction at the interface between such surface and crosslinkedelastomer made of the same polymer. We show that the friction is dominated by the shearthinning of the grafted layer confined between the elastomer and the substrate, and responding tothe shear solicitation like a melt, with very long relaxation times. We also show that the frictionstress appears highly sensitive to the molecular organization inside the surface anchored polymerlayer, comparing end grafted and strongly adsorbed layers having otherwise the same molecularcharacteristics (molecular weight of the chains, and thickness of the surface anchored layer).

Lorsque deux objets sont mis en contact, on réalise une expérience d’adhésion si on les sépare et une expérience de friction si on les fait glisser l’un sur l’autre. Lors de ces expériences, on mesure les forces d’adhésion et de friction contrôlées par un paramètre fondamental qui est l’aire réelle de contact. Cette aire réelle dépend fortement de la rugosité des surfaces. Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de la rugosité, des expériences d’adhésion et de friction ont été réalisées entre des sphères d’élastomère en PDMS et des surfaces texturées (dures ou molles) constituées d’une rugosité modélisée par un réseau hexagonal de plots cylindriques de hauteurs, diamètres et espacements micrométriques.Dans les expériences d’adhésion, un dispositif de type JKR (pour Johnson, Kendall et Roberts) a été utilisé permettant d’observer le contact entre une sphère élastique et un plan texturé tout en contrôlant la force entre les surfaces. À faible force d’appui, la sphère reste au sommet des plots et le contact est dit « posé ». Lorsque la force entre les surfaces augmente, un contact total, où les plots sont écrasés (« contact intime »), apparaît au centre du contact, entourée d’une couronne de contact « posé ». Un modèle d’évolution du contact intime a été réalisé en prenant en compte l’adhésion entre les plots et les caractéristiques mécaniques des surfaces. De plus, en utilisant une analyse similaire à l’analyse classique de type JKR, il a été possible de mesurer les énergies d’adhésion effectives entre les surfaces. L’étude de l’évolution de ces énergies d’adhésion en fonction de la densité surfacique de plots sous le contact sphère-plan s’est révélée complexe. Finalement, des mesures de la force d’arrachement ont été réalisées, confirmant le rôle très important de la nature du contact sur l’évolution des énergies d’adhésion effective.Pour les expériences de friction, un tribomètre développé au laboratoire a été utilisé pour mesurer la force de friction dynamique. Durant ces expériences, les deux types de contact précédemment cités ont également été observés. Dans le cas où le contact reste « posé », il est naturel d’introduire une contrainte de friction égale à la force de friction divisée par l’aire réelle de contact. Il a été montré que cette contrainte de friction augmente sur des surfaces texturées (par rapport au cas lisse) et que cette augmentation dépend de façon complexe de la géométrie des plots utilisés. De plus, il a été montré que pour des petits rayons de courbure des sphères frottantes, la contrainte de friction n’est plus indépendante de l’aire réelle de contact. Finalement, nous avons montré que la contrainte de friction dans la zone de contact intime est la même que pour des surfaces lisses.Ce travail ouvre la voie à des développements théoriques et numériques nouveaux sur l’analyse du champ de contraintes et de déformations pour des contacts texturés modèles. / When two objects are in contact, an adhesion experiment is carried out if they are separated and a friction experience if one object slides on the other. A fundamental parameter which controls the adhesion and friction forces is the real area of contact between the surfaces which is largely determined by the surface roughness. To better understand the role of roughness, adhesion and friction experiments were performed with spheres of PDMS elastomer and textured surfaces (hard or soft). The latter’s roughness is modeled by an hexagonal network of cylindrical pillars with micrometrical dimensions and spacing.In adhesion experiments, a JKR set up (for Johnson, Kendall and Roberts) was used to observe the contact between an elastic sphere and a textured surface while controlling the force between the surfaces. At low normal force, the sphere remains at the top of the pillars and the contact is called "top". When the force between the surfaces increases, a full area of contact, where pillars are collapsed ("intimate contact"), appears in the center contact, surrounded by a crown of "top" contact. A model of evolution of this intimate contact which takes into account the adhesion between the pillars and the mechanical properties of surfaces has been achieved. Furthermore, it was possible to measure effective energies of adhesion between the surfaces using a similar analysis to the classical JKR analysis. Studying the evolution of these adhesion energies as a function of the pillars’ surface density below the sphere-plan contact proved to be a challenging task. At last, measurements of the pull off force were realised, corroborating the important role of the nature of contact on the evolution of effectif energies of adhesion.For friction experiments, a tribometer developed in the laboratory was used to measure the dynamic frictional force. During these experiments, the two kinds of contact previously reported were observed. When the contact remains "top", it is natural to introduce a friction stress equal to the friction force divided by the real area of contact. It has been shown that friction stress increases on textured surfaces (relative to the smooth case) and that this increase depends in a complex manner on the geometry of the pillars. Moreover, it has been shown that for small curvature radii of the friction spheres, the friction stress is no longer independent of the real area of contact. Finally, we have shown that the friction stress in the zone of intimate contact is the same as on smooth surfaces.The experimental results obtained in this thesis will serve to validate future numerical models.