The report deals with energy conservation, mainly in the field of portable energy, which is asubject that today raises questions around the world. This report describes the design and theimplementation of a Battery Management System on the platform NI ELVIS II+ managed bythe software Labview. The first aim has been on finding information about the design of theBattery Management System that corresponds to the choice of the battery itself. The systemwas designed completely independent with different charging methods, simulations ofdischarge, and its own cell balancing, as a 3 cells battery pack was used. The battery chosenwas the lithium-ion technology that has the most promising battery chemistry and is the fastestgrowing. Several experimentations and simulations have been done, with and without cellbalancing that permited to highlight that the cell balancing is mandatory in a Batterymanagement System. Furthermore, a simulation of use of the battery in an Electrical Vehiclewas made, which can lead to conclude that the Lithium-Ion battery must be manageddifferently to be used in the application of an Electrical Vehicle.

Cette thèse traite de la conception de systèmes électromécaniques, en particulier des machines électriques dédiées à des applications de traction. La démarche adoptée allie précision des résultats et réduction du temps de calcul du processus. A cet égard, deux thèmes ont été abordés dans cette thèse. Le premier thème concerne la modélisation de machines électriques et l’utilisation de méthodes semi-numériques. Une architecture de réseau de réluctances est proposée pour analyser les performances de machines à flux axial. Elle permet la prise en compte de l'aspect temporel et la caractéristique non-linéaire des matériaux ferromagnétiques. Des modèles basés sur la méthode des éléments finis ont été établis pour valider les résultats de modélisation. Le faible écart entre modèles numériques et semi-numériques montre le bien fondé des méthodes proposées. Des dimensionnements offrant un compromis entre précision de la solution finale et temps de calcul font l’objet du second thème de la thèse. La technique du Space Mapping est connue pour son efficacité, elle permet d'exploiter à moindre coût un modèle précis. Deux techniques qui en dérivent sont proposées en associant la modélisation par réseau de réluctances et des techniques d'optimisation. La première repose sur la modélisation de l'erreur entre des modèles de précisions différentes par une fonction à bases radiales. La deuxième intègre la correction de l'erreur dans la résolution des réseaux de réluctances en couplant les modèles linéaire et non-linéaire d'une machine électrique. / This thesis proposes contributions in design methodologies for electromechanical systems, in particularly electrical machines. The proposed strategy allies precision and reduction in simulation time. Thus, two themes were studied. The first theme concerns electromagnetic modeling by means of semi-numerical models. Reluctance’s network topology is proposed in order to analyze performances of permanent magnet axial flux machines. It can take into account the temporal aspect and the non-linearity of ferromagnetic materials. Finite element models were established in order to compare and validate the proposed modeling strategy. Thus, the small error between models (less than 5%) shows the efficiency of the models. Sizing based on optimization techniques, offering a compromise between final solution and computation time, are treated in the second theme of this thesis. Space Mapping is known as an efficient optimization technique, which enables exploiting costly models without being prohibited by computation time. Two derived techniques are proposed and applied to design the axial flux machines. The first, proposes the modeling of the error between models with different precision through radial basis function. The second embeds error correction in the magnetic equivalent circuit resolution in order to couple linear and non-linear models of an electrical machine.

The adoption of blockchain in the public electrical vehicle charging market has yet to be realized to its full potential, despite existing proof-of-concept. A positive outlook for blockchain is suggested by contemporary research, as well as the need for empirical studies to fully identify blockchain’s barriers to adoption. Through qualitative methods, a focused literature review, and in-depth interviews with subject matter experts, this thesis investigated which barriers to blockchain adoption exist in the public electrical vehicle charging market. The results indicated that the main barrier to blockchain adoption was the structure of the public electrical vehicle charging market itself, since it is an immature market experiencing constant change. This was followed by: coordination, norms and cultures, business process, incumbent technological solutions, regulations and legislations, shared infrastructure, and distributed ledger technology. These barriers were not shown individually, but were affected by each other. It is concluded that blockchain technology is not needed by the market in its current state, as its key defining attributes of privacy, security and decentralization are not deemed worth the cost of its own implementation. This research contributes to, and updates, the knowledge of blockchain utilization for the public electrical vehicle charging market. The results can be used by private and public organizations and scholars as reference material with regards to blockchain adoption for public electrical vehicle charging.

Based on Agenda 2030 and Sweden's environmental goals, we have seen development potential within Region Värmland's transport hierarchy, of which the focus is on transport by car. At present, they have 110 petrol-powered vehicles and 40 electric vehicles in the business. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether it is socio-economically defensible to replace Region Värmland's current petrol-powered vehicles with electric vehicles and to develop the charging infrastructure.   Through cooperation with Region Värmland, they have provided us with primary data and information regarding the business. In addition, secondary data have been taken from Trafikverket’s report Analysis method and socio-economic calculation values ​​(ASEK 7.0). With the help of this, benefits and costs have been defined and quantified in order to be able to perform a cost-benefit analysis. The sum of the total benefits was compared with the sum of the total costs. The result showed a cost-benefit ratio of 3,22. This means that the project is socio-economically defensible for Region Värmland to implement.   To investigate the project's sensitivity, a sensitivity analysis and supplementary break-even-point analyzes were performed. According to the sensitivity analysis, the project was still profitable in all variations but one. Therefore, a break-even-point analysis was performed to see when the project was still profitable.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Thales Sousa / The world has been searching different sorts of technology to mitigate any energetic crises in function in a growing demand of energy, resulting by generation of pollutants from the actual energy source uses. Developments of new technology application as electric transport with rechargeable cell are actually trends to mitigate these problems, cooperating to reduce energetic and environmental issues. In order, the present work proposes a two electric vehicles study, emphasizing the different classification of each other, depending on how electric and combustion energies are integrated. Different promising technological trend are presented to enhance the driving autonomy from the vehicles as the different ways to storage of energy and fuel feeding methods. Otherwise, the impacts on distribution network, environmental impacts and economic impacts are defined. Ultimately, it¿s made analysis bidirectional battery charger to an electric vehicle, considering every charger module in coupled manner, as the practice must be provided. The charger is made-up by a CA/CC Full-bridge bidirectional converter with power factor controller PFC, and CA/CC Full-bridge bidirectional converter isolation properties. These converters work altogether, providing from the energy distribution network to charge a battery cell and providing energy from the battery cell to the energy distribution network. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2014. / O mundo vem buscando diferentes tecnologias que mitiguem a possibilidade de uma crise energética, em função de uma demanda crescente de energia e uma crise ambiental, resultante das emissões de poluentes advinda das fontes de energia atualmente utilizadas. O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, como por exemplo, os meios de transporte elétricos recarregáveis, contribuem para que esses problemas sejam mitigados, colaborando para a minimização dos problemas energéticos e ambientais. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho propõe o estudo dos veículos elétricos, enfatizando as diferentes classificações dos mesmos, dependendo de como a energia elétrica e a energia de combustão são integradas. São apresentadas também, as tecnologias de geração de energia mais promissoras para o aumento de autonomia de condução, bem como as formas de armazenamento da energia e como os veículos elétricos são alimentados. Adicionalmente, são indicados os impactos dos veículos elétricos na rede de distribuição, os impactos ao ambiente e os impactos econômicos. Por último, é feita uma análise de um carregador de baterias bidirecional para um veículo elétrico, considerando todos os módulos do carregador de maneira acoplada, conforme deve ser previsto na pratica. O carregador esta composto por um conversor bidirecional CA/CC Full-Bridge com propriedades de correção de fator de potência e, um conversor bidirecional CC/CC Full-Bridge isolado. Estes conversores trabalham em conjunto fornecendo da rede de distribuição energia para carregar um banco de baterias e entregando energia das baterias à rede de distribuição.

L'autonomie est, à l'heure actuelle, un des points les plus bloquants des véhicules électriques. Une optimisation du rendement de la chaîne de conversion est donc un objectif primordial. La thèse s'inscrit donc dans un contexte d'efficacité énergétique et d'intégration en électronique de puissance. Il s'agira d'améliorer les rendements de conversion et la puissance massique à la fois par le choix de technologies adaptées et par la conception de structures de conversion optimisées. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons l’impact de l’évolution de la tension de batterie HT sur le choix des technologies de composants de puissance. Différentes architectures de conversion sont également présentées et l’accent est mis sur un convertisseur en particulier : L’onduleur. Puis, nous comparons les relevés expérimentaux à ceux qui peuvent sont fournis par des fabricants pour certains composants et dans certaines conditions de fonctionnement. Ces essais permettent également d’enrichir les données des fabricants. Enfin, nous comparerons l’impact de la montée en tension des batteries HT sur les performances de différentes structures d’onduleurs (2 et 3 niveaux), pour différentes technologies de composants semi-conducteurs de puissance et pour différents points de fonctionnement de la machine associée. / Currently, autonomy of electric vehicles is one of the most blocking points for developing such mean of transport. An optimization of the efficiency of the power train is thus a primordial objective. The thesis is part of a context of energy efficiency and integration in power electronics. This will improve conversion efficiencies and mass power both by the choice of appropriate technologies and design optimized conversion structures. First, we present the impact of the evolution of the HT battery voltage on the choice of power component technologies. Different conversion architectures are also presented and the focus is on a particular converter: The inverter. Then, we compare the experimental records to those that can be supplied by manufacturers for certain components and under certain operating conditions. These tests also make it possible to enrich the data of the manufacturers. Finally, we will compare the impact of the voltage rise of the HT batteries on the performances of various inverter structures (2 and 3 levels), for different technologies of semiconductor power components and for different operating points of the machine associated.

There have been significant advances in communication technologies over the last decade, such as cellular networks, Wi-Fi, and optical communication. Not only does the technology impact peoples’ everyday lives, but it also helps cities prepare for power outages by collecting and exchanging data that facilitates real-time status monitoring of transmission and distribution lines. Smart grids, contrary to the traditional utility grids, allow bi-directional flow of electricity and information, such as grid status and customer requirements, among different parties in the grid. Thus, smart grids reduce the power losses and increase the efficiency of electricity generation and distribution, as they allow for the exchange of information between subsystems. However, smart grids is not resilient under extreme conditions, particularly when the utility grid is unavailable. With the increasing penetration of the renewable energy sources (RES) in smart grids, the uncertainty of the generated power from the distributed generators (DGs) has brought new challenges to smart grids in general and smart microgrids in particular. The rapid change of the weather conditions can directly affect the amount of the generated power from RES such as wind turbine and solar panels, and thus degrading the reliability and resiliency of the smart microgrids. Therefore, new strategies and technologies to improve power reliability,sustainability, and resiliency have emerged. To this end, in this thesis, we propose a novel framework to improve the smart microgrids reliability and resiliency under severe conditions. We study the transition to the grid-connected operational mode in smart microgrids,in the absence of the utility grid, as an example of emergency case that requires fast and accurate response. We perform a comparative study to accurately predict upcoming grid-connected events using machine learning techniques. We show that decision tree models achieve the best average prediction performance. The packets that carry the occurrence time of the next grid-connected transition are considered urgent packets. Hence, we per-form an extensive study of a smart data aggregation approach that considers the priority of the data. The received smart microgrids data is clustered based on the delay-sensitivity into three groups using k-means algorithm. Our delay-aware technique successfully reduces the queuing delay by 93% for the packets of delay-sensitive (urgent) messages and the Packet Loss Rate (PLR) by 7% when compared to the benchmark where no aggregation mechanism exists prior to the small-cell base stations. As a mitigation action of the utility grid unavailability, we use the electrical vehicles (EVs) batteries as mobile storage units to cover smart microgrids power needs until the utility grid recovery. We formulate a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to find the best set of electrical vehicles with the objective of minimum cost. The EVs participating in the emergency power supply process are selected based on the distance and throughput performance between the base station and the EVs

Aujourd'hui, il est impératif de réduire les émissions de CO2 des véhicules routiers en raison des changements climatiques. L’une des stratégies les plus prometteuses consiste à utiliser les véhicules électriques (VÉ) et hybrides électriques (VÉH). Les VÉ et VÉH ont besoin de machines électriques pour réaliser la conversion d’énergie électromécanique. Les machines électriques à aimant permanent semblent être les meilleurs candidats pour les applications VÉ et VÉH en termes de performances exceptionnelles. L’aimant permanent des terres rares le plus puissant est le type de Néodyme-Fer-Bore (Nd2Fe14B) ou simplement appelés NdFeB. Généralement, une petite quantité d’éléments terres rares lourds, comme le Dysprosium (Dy) ou le Terbium (Tb) est ajoutée à l’alliage de NdFeB afin d'améliorer les performances. Cependant, cette forte demande en terres rares implique de sérieux problèmes d’approvisionnement. Dans ce cas, l'une des solutions possibles pour que l'Europe lutter contre les risques d'approvisionnement en terres rares consiste au recyclage des aimants terres rares. DEMETER est l’acronyme anglais pour le groupe européen de formation universitaire pour la conception et le recyclage de moteurs et de générateurs électriques à aimants permanents terres rares pour les véhicules tout-électriques et hybrides électriques. Son objectif était étudier les trois voies possible pour le recyclage des aimants permanents à base de terres rares présents dans les moteurs électriques : la réutilisation directe, le recyclage direct et le recyclage indirect. Valeo et G2Elab sont les principaux partenaires de ce projet. Ils se concentrent principalement sur la réutilisation directe des aimants permanents. La thèse est supervisée par Valeo et G2Elab et se concentre principalement sur les machines électriques à flux radial à aimants permanents qui sont les machines électriques les plus utilisées de nos jours. Les applications visées sont les véhicules hybrides électriques à niveau d’hybridation douce ou les petits VÉ. Le dimensionnement de ce moteur innovant doit non seulement être recyclable du point de vue des aimants permanents mais doit également répondre à tous les critères exigeants du cahier des charges.Des études bibliographiques approfondies, l’optimisation FEM et l’analyse thermique / mécanique ont révélé qu’une machine synchrone à aimants permanent insérés (MSAPI) peut largement satisfaire à toutes les exigences et à toutes les contraintes. Ensuite, nous avons utilisé un aimant lié pour à la MSAPI pour réutilisés. L'assemblage de la machine avec des aimants liés est plus facile que l'assemblage avec des aimants frittés, comme l'aimant lié est directement assemblé au fer rotorique par moulage par injection. Le démontage des aimants est également plus facile. Dans le contexte d’un procédé de recyclage des rotors à aimants liés, ces derniers pourraient être chauffés afin de faire fondre les aimants liés et les extraire ensuite facilement. Ils peuvent être mélangés à des aimants recyclés avec un certain pourcentage de composé d’aimants vierges pour fabriquer de nouveaux aimants liés sans modification notable des performances magnétiques de l’aimant. De nombreux essais de référence ont été à réalisés évaluer les performances de cette machine, puis comparés aux résultats de la simulation. Dans cette thèse, en plus des propositions de dimensionnements innovants, l’objectif est d'évaluer les machines électriques du point de vue de leur recyclabilité. La recyclabilité est quantifiée par deux indices. Ces derniers peuvent être regroupés sous le terme WIRE (Weighted Index of Recycling and Energy – index Pondéré de recyclage et de consommation énergétique). En utilisant WIRE, la recyclabilité entre différentes machines peut être comparable, même avec des dimensions ou des performances différentes. La méthode de réutilisation et de recyclage des aimants permet d’obtenir des avantages environnementaux sans pertes économiques. / Nowadays it is imperative to reduce the CO2 emission of automotives due to the climate changes. One of the essential strategies is to use new energy vehicles, such as Hybrid and pure Electrical Vehicles ((H)EVs). However, no matter what the energy storage devices (H)EVs have, they always need electrical machines to transfer electrical energy into mechanical energy. Permanent Magnet (PM) electrical machines seem to be the best candidates for (H)EV applications in terms of their outstanding performances. However, the supply and cost of PMs are essential for PM machines. The strongest rare earth PM is Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd2Fe14B) type magnet, or simply written as NdFeB. Commonly, in order to improve the temperature stability as well as resistant demagnetization of magnets, small portion of heavy rare earth element, Dysprosium (Dy) or Terbium (Tb), is added to the alloy. However, with a high demand of high grade NdFeB magnets, the supplies of these rare earth elements, including Neodymium (Nd), face serious challenge, especially for Europe. In this case, one of the possible solutions for Europe to tackle the rare earth supply risks is to recycle rare earth magnets. Demeter -European Training Network for the Design and Recycling of Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators in Hybrid and Full Electric Vehicles, is an Europe Union registered project. DEMETER envisaged three routes for the recovery of rare earth PM from these devices, which are so called direct re-use, direct recycling and indirect recycling. Valeo and G2Elab are the principal partners in this project, and they mainly focus on the route of PM direct re-use. This doctor thesis is supervised by Valeo and G2Elab, and mainly focuses on radial flux type PM electrical machines, which are the most widely used type of electrical machines nowadays. The applications include Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles (MHEV) or small Electric Vehicles (EV). The new motor design not only needs to be recycle friendly for PMs, but also needs to meet all the strict requirements for the applications.With thorough literature studies, FEM optimization and thermal/mechanical analysis, it was found that an IPMSM design can fairly fulfill all the requirements and constraints. Then new magnet materials and assembly methods were implemented for the magnet recycling - a kind of bonded magnet was used for the IPMSM. This bonded magnet was made from a Hydrogen Decrepitation Deabsorbation Recombination (HDDR) anisotropic NdFeB magnet powder, with Sulfide (PPS) binder. It has the possibility to directly assemble the magnet into the rotor by injection molding. Thus the assembly of the magnets would not be constraint by their shapes. The disassembly of the magnets became easy as well – it is possible to heated up the rotors so that the bonded magnets can be melted down for extraction. Then they can be mixed with a certain percent of virgin magnets compound to make new bonded magnets without remarkable changes on performances. In summary, the entire recycling process is relatively easy and ecologically sustainable. Thus, based on this new concept, an IPMSM with bonded NdFeB magnets were fabricated. Series benchmark tests were carried out, for instance measurements of back-EMF, torque, efficiency, short circuit current and stator temperatures. In this thesis, apart from new design ideas of electrical machines, another goal is to evaluate e-machines with respect to the recyclability. The recyclability is quantified by two indexes, together they can be named Weighted Index of Recycling and Energy (WIRE). By using WIRE, the recyclability between different machines can be comparable, even with different dimension or performances. It was found that by using WIRE to evaluate the new designed PM machine, promising results can be obtained. The magnet reuse and recycling approach can gain environment benefit without economic losses.

Electric mobility, E-mobility, will play a central role in a sustainable future transport system. The potential of curbing climate change in both short and long term are significant. Emobility will also offer the possibility to leapfrog the Internal Combustion car, IC-car, economy for developing countries. The low dependence of oil will be a benefit but E-mobility will demand a well functional electricity grid. Development of this grid will be beneficial for the developing world. For the European society E-mobility will in long term offer lower operating costs, decreased dependence of oil and lower emission of pollutants and Green House Gases, GHGs. All these factors are beneficial for the European society. The transition to E-mobility will depend upon a set of different factors and will call for different actions in order to overcome the barriers of E-mobility. A well developed charging infrastructure will be important in order to offer the full potential of E-mobility. The infrastructure will develop along with the market introduction of Electrical Vehicles, EVs. It is important that there are existing charging alternatives in the early introduction phase of EV in order to avoid the stagnation in the transition toward E-mobility. In order to provide the proper conditions for E-mobility, the determining factors must be investigated and evaluated. The four main factors are economical, social, R&D and infrastructure. The European driving patterns meet the offered operating range of an EV with ease. This means that EV has the potential to become an inner city vehicle under existing conditions. The investigation of the four determining factors leads to a base from which an implementation plan is suggested. The implementation plan is directed toward governments, energy utilities and other active participants in the development. The key factors of the implementation plan are to actively engage in the market, see E-mobility as a disruptive technology, use spin-off companies and social transparency. In order to gain the most from the implementation plan it is important that the correct actions are taken at the correct time. Therefore the transition period is divided into three phases; the introduction phase, the commercial phase and the re-development phase. The introduction phase will create the basic conditions for E-mobility. Government’s main action will be to invest in EVs and offer subsidies and other incentives to major companies that will equip their vehicle fleets with EVs. These actions will send signals toward vehicle Original Equipment Manufactures, OEMs, and other actors that the market of EVs is worth investing in. During the introduction phase try-out sessions, demonstrations and hearings will be important in order to communicate the advantages of E-mobility to society. Energy utilities will work to create roaming deals and standardization of important components and characteristics. The commercial phase is the most important phase for social adoption of E-mobility. During this phase commercial businesses will use EV charging a competitive advantage. New business models will be one of the keys to fully adoption of E-mobility. Cross industry alliances will reduce the initial cost, offer the service of a vehicle without owning it and leasing deals. The perception of travelling will shift and reduction of operating cost will be evaluated against travel time and planning. The re-development phase is based on a society that has adopted E-mobility. The development will proceed in order to offer more advantages to drivers but also to increase efficiency and to use the full potential of E-mobility.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta uma forma inédita para o carregamento de veículos elétricos (VE) puros em movimento, sem fios e sem acoplamentos mecânicos (dynamic Wireless Power Transfer - dynamic WPT), considerando a transferência indutiva de energia (Induced Power Transfer - IPT), a partir de uma proposta sem sensores (WPT sensorless), combinando um arranjo de elementos transmissores, especialmente desenvolvidos para um estudo de caso. A estrutura de potência emprega um conversor ressonante LLCC série-paralelo operando em modo contínuo com modulação com frequência fixa e deslocamento de fase, com controle realimentado indiretamente para a corrente de saída. Além da metodologia utilizada para a proposta deste trabalho, o texto apresenta um projeto de carregamento estático compatível com o sistema de carregamento dinâmico e, também, uma comparação entre possíveis estruturas ressonantes de terceira e quarta ordens compatíveis com os elementos IPT, apresentando-se as vantagens e as desvantagens para cada estrutura. O carregador dinâmico foi aplicado experimentalmente para um veículo elétrico (VE) puro, em pequena escala de potência (mini baja elétrico), constituído por oito elementos IPTs associados em série como emissor, resultando em um acoplamento mútuo constante para o receptor IPT no VE por uma extensão de 1150 mm, a uma distância entre emissor e receptor, de 35 mm. Os resultados experimentais obtidos apresentam elevado rendimento médio (86,4 %) para o processo de transferência de po... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis proposes a novel design to pure electrical vehicle (EV) dynamic charging electrical contactless and without mechanical coupling (dynamic Wireless Power Transfer - dynamic WPT), considering the induced power transfer, by a propose WPT sensorless, combining a transmitter element arrangement particularly designed for this study case. The power structure uses a LLCC series-parellel resonant converter, in continuous conduction mode with phase shift modulation and fixed frequency, applying a feedback indirect control for the output current. In addition to methodology in the present proposal, this paper shows a static wireless power transfer project works with the dynamic charging, and also a potential structure comparation of third and fourth order resonant compatible with the IPT elements, showing the advantages and disadvantages for each resonant tank. The dynamic charging is presently being piloted in a pure electrical vehicle, in small scale power (mini electric baja), it is made up of eight IPT elements in series association as emitter, resulting in a constant mutual coupling with IPT receiver in the EV, by a range of 1150 mm, with a distance between emitter and receiver of 35 mm. The experimental results obtained show a high average efficiency (86.4%) for the wireless power transfer process over the entire length of the loader, for the nominal input power condition of 1300 W. / Doutor