Sustainable development is now being recognised as a vital component of our society in the environmental, ethical, social, technological, economic, and institutional aspects, or dimensions, so, this thesis develops a framework to quantitatively measure sustainability. This thesis is distinctive in that it focuses on quantitative methods encapsulated in a formal assessment procedure and includes sustainability concepts that have rarely been put into practical use in sustainability reports. The framework is designed along the strategy that the methodology needs to be scale invariant and recursive, meaning the procedure is the same irrespective of the scale the user is interested in, and that different people can focus at different levels of sustainability by following a similar procedure. While the quantification process is aimed to be as unbiased as possible, a configuration of the tools from Total Quality Management (TQM) is adapted to identify sustainability indicators which are then mapped onto a scalar with mathematical functions. The sustainability indices are presented according to the amount of details needed by different users ─ some may need just one overall figure while others may need sustainability indices broken down by the six sustainability dimensions and presented on a spider diagram, while others may need all the details for analysis. This methodology also caters for sustainability analysis by different stakeholders. To fully demonstrate the potential of the methodology, the author has chosen to test it on a large-size industry sector so that it can have the capacity to be scaled up to a country or down to a small business, and on an industry sector that is important on its own right. Furthermore, this sector needs to be illustrative and has nontrivial complex problems. Under these criteria, the electricity sector of New Zealand was selected. The robustness of the methodology was investigated with inputs from three evaluators with different views: a standard view from the author that was made after much research in the sector and in the concepts of sustainability, a view with an environmental bias and one that focuses on commercial interests.

This article describes the need of ensure an adequate regulation system in the interconnection matter, looking for having an optimal competency on the different fields of service sectors. Thus, parting from the case of the electricity and telecommunications sectors, it will be verified that, for developing this industries it is necessary to have an adequate regulatory framework in interconnection matter. / El presente artículo describe la importancia de contar con un sistema regulatorio adecuado en el tema de la interconexión, a fin de tener una mayor competencia en los diferentes sectores de servicios. Así, a partir del caso en los sectores de electricidad y de telecomunicaciones, se verificará que, para el desarrollo de las respectivas industrias es necesario tener un marco normativo adecuado en el ámbito de la interconexión.

A inovação deixou de ser exclusividade de algumas empresas e passou a permear grande parte delas. Estas inovações podem ser incrementais, melhorando produtos ou processos, ou radicais, rompendo paradigmas no mercado consumidor. Porém, o ato de inovar requer suporte de muitas ações. Dentre essas ações estão às gerenciais, auxiliando na identificação de evidências que apontam se a empresa está no caminho adequado ou não. Alinhado a esta lógica de melhoria contínua é que são realizadas as inovações no âmbito do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) do setor elétrico, regulado pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). Este Programa foi instituído por lei e, nos seus primórdios, continha aspectos simplesmente regulatórios. Esta situação permitia que, muitas vezes, os projetos executados não agregassem valor significativo para a empresa ou à sociedade, pois não estavam direcionados para solucionar problemas ou carências existentes. Com o passar do tempo, a percepção dos elementos necessários para compor um programa regulatório se alterou, fazendo com que as empresas passassem a perceber que o P&D poderia contribuir para melhoria de seus serviços e produtos Tal mudança de visão desencadeou a necessidade das empresas desenvolverem processos capazes de captar ideias e transformá-las em soluções que estejam alinhadas aos seus interesses estratégicos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetiva desenvolver um conjunto de indicadores que, integrados ao Sistema de Gestão da Inovação (SGI) da CEEE, auxiliem à gestão da empresa tanto na fase de análise e seleção de ideias, quanto na fase do gerenciamento do desempenho da operação do sistema. Para concretização deste trabalho foram realizadas entrevistas, análise de documentos da empresa, revisão da literatura, assim como reuniões e testes para a validação do SGI da CEEE. De posse destes dados, estruturou-se um conjunto de critérios para auxiliar o processo de seleção de ideias, bem como um conjunto de indicadores gerenciais do sistema. Como resultados, esses indicadores permitem à empresa a padronização do seu processo de inovação, bem como uma visão sistêmica do processo como um todo. Por fim, tanto os critérios de seleção de ideias quanto os de indicadores gerenciais são detalhados. / Innovation is no longer an exclusivity of some companies and began to permeate into most of them, whether through simple incremental innovations, which often improve internal processes, or radical innovations that break paradigms and often entering the consumer market. And in this sense of continuous improvement that innovations are carried out under the scope of the Program for Research and Development, of the electric sector, regulated by the National Electric Energy Agency, established by law. The program in its beginnings contained just regulatory aspects, which resulted in executed projects that did not add significant value to the company or society, because they were not directed to solve existent problems and needs. But with the passage of time this conception of regulatory program changed, companies began to realize that the Program for Research and Development could help to improve its services and products, such a change of vision triggered the need for companies to develop processes capable of capturing ideas and turn them into solutions that are aligned with its strategic interests Thus, this study aims to develop a set of indicators that, integrated into CEEE's Innovation Management System, assist the management of the company both in the analysis phase and selection of ideas, as in the phase of management of the system operation's performance. For this work, which is of applied nature, since it follows from the desire to make more efficient or effective a specific situation, surveys were conducted through interviews, the company's document analysis, literature review, as well as validation meetings and tests. Using these data, it was structured a set of ideas selection criteria, and a set of system management indicators, structured and allocated in the dimensions: Strategy, Profitability, Implantation and Time. The application of these indicators allows the company to standardize its innovation process, as well as a systemic view of the whole process. Finally, both the criteria for selection of ideas as the management indicators are detailed.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1145900 bytes, checksum: e5610fbdd0bfca230f10a973dee25f8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The operator of the control room of electrical substation main task is to keep the parameters of normality, making decisions and processing information. The present study had as objective to evaluate the perception of fatigue in the control room operators of electric substations. Thus, there was a descriptive study of cross-cohort, whose results were submitted to quantitative analysis, using the program SPSS, version 10. Developed in electric power substations located in the states of Paraíba and Ceará, had population of 37 operators and sample 33 (89,19%). For objectives collection was used the NASA-TLX questionnaire, as well as specific questionnaires. All participants were male, mean age of 42,42 years. Additionally, 78,8% of the sample are married and 45,5% have incomplete higher education. The time in which officials are in the company ranged from 3 to 33 years ( X = 17,02 years, SD = 11,02). The substations adopt in its operation rotating shift schedules. Most operators studied do not smoke, no do physical activity, being above ideal weight. Almost half the sample ingests alcohol regularly, with an average consumption of twice a week. Areas with considerable degree of discomfort felt during the working day were spine, wrists and hands. Fatigue was assessed by Weighted Global Rate, which showed an average of 16,15 (SD = 1,42), the demands that most contribute to fatigue in the workplace are the temporal and mental demands. It is the fact that the operators have a set time to solve problems, thus, need a continuous monitoring of the process has triggered a strong pressure on the environment and thereby causing fatigue to the individuals involved. / O operador de sala de controle de subestações elétricas tem como principal tarefa manter os parâmetros de normalidades, tomando decisões e processando informações. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a percepção de fadiga dos operadores de salas de controles de subestações elétricas. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, cujos resultados foram submetidos à análise quantitativa, através do programa SPSS, versão 10. Desenvolvido em subestações de energia elétrica localizadas nos estados da Paraíba e Ceará, contou com população de 37 operadores e amostra de 33 (89,19%). Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado o questionário NASA-TLX, assim como, questionários específicos. Todos os participantes foram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 42,42 anos. Adicionalmente, 78,8% da amostra é casada e 45,5% possuem ensino superior incompleto. O tempo em que os funcionários estão na empresa variou de 3 a 33 anos (X= 17,02 anos; DP =11,02). As subestações adotam no seu funcionamento esquemas de turnos rotativos. A maioria dos operadores estudados não fumam, e também não praticam atividade física, estando acima do peso ideal. Praticamente a metade da amostra ingere bebida alcoólica regularmente, com uma média de consumo de duas vezes na semana. As áreas com considerável grau de desconforto percebido durante a jornada de trabalho foram coluna vertebral, punhos e mãos. A fadiga foi avaliada através da Taxa Global Ponderada, que apresentou uma média de 16,15 (DP=1,42), as demandas que mais contribuem para a fadiga nesse ambiente de trabalho são as exigências temporal e mental. Conclui-se, que o fato dos operadores terem um tempo estabelecido para solucionarem problemas, sendo assim, necessário um acompanhamento contínuo do processo acaba desencadeando uma forte pressão no ambiente e consequentemente acarretando fadiga aos indivíduos envolvidos.

A inovação deixou de ser exclusividade de algumas empresas e passou a permear grande parte delas. Estas inovações podem ser incrementais, melhorando produtos ou processos, ou radicais, rompendo paradigmas no mercado consumidor. Porém, o ato de inovar requer suporte de muitas ações. Dentre essas ações estão às gerenciais, auxiliando na identificação de evidências que apontam se a empresa está no caminho adequado ou não. Alinhado a esta lógica de melhoria contínua é que são realizadas as inovações no âmbito do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) do setor elétrico, regulado pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). Este Programa foi instituído por lei e, nos seus primórdios, continha aspectos simplesmente regulatórios. Esta situação permitia que, muitas vezes, os projetos executados não agregassem valor significativo para a empresa ou à sociedade, pois não estavam direcionados para solucionar problemas ou carências existentes. Com o passar do tempo, a percepção dos elementos necessários para compor um programa regulatório se alterou, fazendo com que as empresas passassem a perceber que o P&D poderia contribuir para melhoria de seus serviços e produtos Tal mudança de visão desencadeou a necessidade das empresas desenvolverem processos capazes de captar ideias e transformá-las em soluções que estejam alinhadas aos seus interesses estratégicos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetiva desenvolver um conjunto de indicadores que, integrados ao Sistema de Gestão da Inovação (SGI) da CEEE, auxiliem à gestão da empresa tanto na fase de análise e seleção de ideias, quanto na fase do gerenciamento do desempenho da operação do sistema. Para concretização deste trabalho foram realizadas entrevistas, análise de documentos da empresa, revisão da literatura, assim como reuniões e testes para a validação do SGI da CEEE. De posse destes dados, estruturou-se um conjunto de critérios para auxiliar o processo de seleção de ideias, bem como um conjunto de indicadores gerenciais do sistema. Como resultados, esses indicadores permitem à empresa a padronização do seu processo de inovação, bem como uma visão sistêmica do processo como um todo. Por fim, tanto os critérios de seleção de ideias quanto os de indicadores gerenciais são detalhados. / Innovation is no longer an exclusivity of some companies and began to permeate into most of them, whether through simple incremental innovations, which often improve internal processes, or radical innovations that break paradigms and often entering the consumer market. And in this sense of continuous improvement that innovations are carried out under the scope of the Program for Research and Development, of the electric sector, regulated by the National Electric Energy Agency, established by law. The program in its beginnings contained just regulatory aspects, which resulted in executed projects that did not add significant value to the company or society, because they were not directed to solve existent problems and needs. But with the passage of time this conception of regulatory program changed, companies began to realize that the Program for Research and Development could help to improve its services and products, such a change of vision triggered the need for companies to develop processes capable of capturing ideas and turn them into solutions that are aligned with its strategic interests Thus, this study aims to develop a set of indicators that, integrated into CEEE's Innovation Management System, assist the management of the company both in the analysis phase and selection of ideas, as in the phase of management of the system operation's performance. For this work, which is of applied nature, since it follows from the desire to make more efficient or effective a specific situation, surveys were conducted through interviews, the company's document analysis, literature review, as well as validation meetings and tests. Using these data, it was structured a set of ideas selection criteria, and a set of system management indicators, structured and allocated in the dimensions: Strategy, Profitability, Implantation and Time. The application of these indicators allows the company to standardize its innovation process, as well as a systemic view of the whole process. Finally, both the criteria for selection of ideas as the management indicators are detailed.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a participação do setor elétrico brasileiro nas emissões de gases de efeito do país durante o período de 2005 a 2021, de acordo com o Plano Decenal de Energia PDE 2021, documento oficial do governo elaborado pela Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Para isso, inicialmente é feita uma contextualização sobre a importância internacional da discussão sobre as emissões à luz das mudanças climáticas. A dissertação prossegue com a apresentação de um breve sumário da evolução do setor elétrico brasileiro, desde 1960, a partir da criação da Eletrobras, até sua trajetória recente, configurando a matriz elétrica brasileira de forma tão distinta da matriz média mundial. Adicionalmente são apresentadas as projeções oficiais do governo para a oferta e a demanda de eletricidade até 2021. Com base no passado recente e na formatação de matriz brasileira projetada até 2021, é feito um levantamento dos dados de emissões de gases de efeito estufa, no contexto da discussão sobre mudança do clima, seus marcos históricos e paradigmas conceituais. Por fim, é feita uma análise das emissões oriundas da geração de eletricidade, a fim de avaliar as tendências do setor para 2021 e os planos de ação para mitigação e redução das emissões. Os principais resultados dessa análise indicam que a preocupação em torno das emissões do setor elétrico vai além da questão quantitativa. Ela abrange também um dos pilares do atual modelo regulatório do setor, que é a segurança energética do país. A matriz elétrica fundamentada em fontes hídricas, como é a brasileira, é excelente do ponto de vista de emissões, mas desperta preocupação em relação às escolhas para sua complementaridade. / This study aims to analyze the participation of the Brazilian electric sector greenhouse gases emissions in the country during the period 2005-2021, according to the Ten Year Energy Plan - PDE 2021, official government document prepared by the Energy Research Company. For this, we contextualize about the global importance of the discussion of issues in the light of climate change. The paper continues with a literature review on the Brazilian electricity sector since 1960 with the creation of Eletrobras until its recent trajectory, and also compares the Brazilian energy matrix with the global electric matrix. Also featured are official government projections for the sector (supply and demand of electricity) by 2021. Then an overview of emissions of greenhouse gases in the discussion on climate change, its landmarks and conceptual paradigms is presented. The Brazilian total emissions, as well as the specific of the electricity sector, and their projections through 2021 are also presented. Finally, we make a brief analysis of emissions from electricity generation in order to evaluate industry trends for 2021 and action plans to mitigate and reduce emissions. The major findings indicate that concerns over emissions from the electricity sector goes beyond the quantitative question. It also covers one of the pillars of the current regulatory framework of the sector, which is the country\'s energy security. The energy matrix based on water sources, as is Brazilian, is excellent in terms of emissions, raising concern about choices for their complementarity

Insofar as energy production is fundamental for economic and social development, it is necessary to elaborate studies about the energy potential of the state of Sergipe, as well as to establish goals of diversifying its energy sources for a cleaner production, thus contemplating The economic, social and environmental tripod. In order to verify this scenario, it was necessary to make a survey of where there is energy production in the state of Sergipe, as well as its potential for a better use of energy production in the state. In addition, it was ide006Etified how the formation and expansion of the Brazilian electric sector occurred, as well as this process influenced the formatting of the energy matrix in the State of Sergipe. / Na medida em que a produção de energia é fundamental para o desenvolvimento econômico e social, faz-se necessário elaborar estudos acerca do potencial energético do estado de Sergipe, bem como traçar metas de diversificar suas fontes de energia para uma produção mais limpa, contemplando assim o tripé econômico, social e ambiental. Para que se constatasse esse cenário, foi necessário realizar um levantamento de onde há produção de energia no estado de Sergipe, bem como seu potencial para um melhor aproveitamento da produção de energia no estado. Além disso, identificou-se como ocorreu a formação e expansão do setor elétrico brasileiro, bem como este processo influenciou na formatação da matriz energética no Estado de Sergipe.

Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert Marktmachtaspekte und die Preisbildung auf dem deutschen Elektrizitätsgroßhandelsmarkt. Der deutsche Elektrizitätsmarkt wird laut Bundeskartellamt von vier Anbietern dominiert, welche nahezu 90 % der Erzeugungskapazitäten besitzen. Dabei bilden die zwei größten Anbieter allein ein Duopol mit knapp 60 % Marktanteil. Die bisher vorliegenden Studien legen nahe, dass diese Marktmacht zu überhöhten Verbraucherpreisen führt. Dieser Beitrag weist anhand mehrerer Modelle nach, dass die deutschen Elektrizitätsmärkte nicht ausreichend wettbewerblich strukturiert sind. Angesichts des unzureichenden Wettbewerbs auf den deutschen Elektrizitätsmärkten sind eine stärkere ordnungspolitische Ausrichtung der Energiepolitik sowie eine aktive Wettbewerbspolitik in diesem Bereich anzuraten. / This paper analyses price formation and market power on Germany’s wholesale electricity markets. Electricity generation in Germany is dominated by a duopoly with a market share of about 60 %, while the four largest suppliers own about 90 % of the generation capacity. The few existing studies of wholesale electricity prices suggest that such market dominance leads to prices out of line with competitive market outcomes. Several quantitative models are developed here and reveal an insufficient level of competition in generation and trading. It can be concluded that the German electricity sector requires a more robust competitive market structure, accompanied by corresponding improvements in regulatory policies.

No description available.

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and sustainability are inextricably linked. SEA can be used to assess the sustainability impacts of plan, program and policy (PPP) initiatives, inform decision-making with regard to sustainability issues and promote the trickle down of sustainability principles to project level assessment, among others. However, in terms of energy sector practice in particular, SEA application is neither well applied nor understood, there has been insufficient evidence of the operationalization of sustainability in SEA and little research showing how SEA might provide a systematic framework for the integration of sustainability principles. As a result, this thesis examines the relationship between SEA and sustainability, with the goal of understanding how sustainability principles and criteria can be integrated and operationalized in the development of energy futures. The thesis chapters are manuscript based. The first manuscript presents a literature review of ten years of academic research examining how SEA facilitates the integration of sustainability in PPP development decision making, while the second and third manuscripts focus on a ‘state of practice’ examination of SEA application and sustainability integration in international electricity sector case practice. The fourth manuscript applies a structured SEA framework that operationalizes sustainability principles using an expert-based assessment of alternative future scenarios for electricity development in Saskatchewan, along with an examination of implications for both electricity sector practice and SEA methodology. Finally, the conclusion discusses the major findings from the four manuscripts and identifies challenges for the operationalization of sustainability, the adoption of good-practice SEA elements in practice and makes recommendations for future SEA guidance and academic research. Overall, the lack of operationalization of sustainability in energy sector SEA suggests the need for improved SEA methodology and guidance that describes the scope of and approaches to sustainability in SEA and outlines how to effectively incorporate sustainability in SEA practice. In order for SEA to deliver on its sustainability mandate, impact assessment methodologies that allow for clarification of both the concept of sustainability and the uncertainty surrounding higher level policy, plan and program (PPP) decision-making need to be developed and more widely adopted. Lessons learned from practice that describe the appropriate use of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies also need to be better disseminated and shared amongst the SEA research and practitioner community. However, results from this research also illustrate that there is still inconsistent application of SEA processes, which likely stems from uncertainty and confusion on behalf of practitioners and decision-makers as to what the role and purpose of SEA is in PPP development. More case-practice evidence of SEA application is needed that demonstrates the purpose and benefits of SEA for sustainability in a variety of decision-making contexts. Evidence from this research also shows that tiering, both upward to higher PPP levels and downward to the project level, is occurring in some electricity sector SEAs. That SEA outcomes are potentially tiering upward to influence the development of legislation is a finding that counters the often-cited notion that tiering in SEA is idealistic. This research indicates the need for additional focus on institutional arrangements that allow for SEA application to effectively inform and influence PPP decision-making in support of sustainability. The need for SEA as a higher order assessment process to capture regional and strategic impacts is becoming increasingly important in light of current federal legislation that eliminates environmental impact assessment requirements for many small-scale projects. However, although SEA emerged, in part, to inform and direct decisions made at the project level, the link between SEA, sustainability and operational decisions still remains elusive in practice.