A variety of energy models and tools have been used for an comprehensive analysis of the complex energy systems and the design of pathway to sustainable energy world. This thesis analyzes three interesting problems in the electricity sector by developing and using suitable energy models. Chapter 2 investigates how to incorporate demand responsiveness for policy analysis in the electricity sector using a least-cost model. This study develops its own least-cost model which includes some characteristics for two important policies in the electricity sector, and suggests an iterative approach for incorporating the demand response to price change under new policy. Based on a case study, the state of Georgia, this chapter shows the effects of including demand response on the evaluation of policy. Chapter 3 is about new technology adoption pathways in the electric power system. In this chapter, by investigating the related status of policies and specifications of electric vehicles and wind power technologies in the U.S., several adoption pathways of the technologies in the U.S. eastern interconnection have been developed. This study develops four-serial models for the estimation of future economic and environmental impacts of the technologies' penetration. The results show that the total greenhouse gas emissions of the entire energy system do not substantially decrease even with a high level of electric vehicle adoption. The combination of two technologies, even more with appropriate policies, can notably decrease the total greenhouse gas emissions. Chapter 4 is a study about demand response programs, particularly optional time-based rates, for residential customers. This chapter analyzes the main reason that the participation of the current programs is low even though the programs have benefits. This study investigates two policy tools, a subsidy for flexible residential demand and a shared-savings mechanism based on consumption pattern changes, and examines the implementation of the tools and their potential to overcome the current inefficient operation.

Submitted by infopei ufba (infopei@ufba.br) on 2016-12-07T21:11:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_FREDERICO_CARVALHO.pdf: 11823446 bytes, checksum: 7a4744defc2a39bdce315f4f1d61c0ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Escola Politécnica Biblioteca (biengproc@ufba.br) on 2017-03-20T16:56:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_FREDERICO_CARVALHO.pdf: 11823446 bytes, checksum: 7a4744defc2a39bdce315f4f1d61c0ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T16:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_FREDERICO_CARVALHO.pdf: 11823446 bytes, checksum: 7a4744defc2a39bdce315f4f1d61c0ec (MD5) / COELBA / A sociedade tem requerido das empresas uma prestação de contas no sentido de demonstrar que além de obterem lucros, também são capazes de agregar valor à qualidade de vida de seus funcionários e da comunidade onde estão inseridas. Esta dissertação surge dessa necessidade de se apresentar um método prático para gestão das atividades de uma empresa com enfoque nos impactos sociais e ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar o modelo para gestão de impactos socioambientais desenvolvido e aplicado pela Companhia de Eletricidade do Estado da Bahia – COELBA. A COELBA é uma empresa distribuidora de energia elétrica cuja concessão está restrita ao estado da Bahia no nordeste do Brasil. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, adotou-se como procedimentos de pesquisa o estudo de caso, a pesquisa documental, pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A pesquisa adota como referências conceituais as dimensões propostas pelo modelo explicativo da RSC – Responsabilidade Social Corporativa - do Instituto Ethos, e também, as variáveis contempladas pelo modelo holístico do Triple Botton Line, utilizado pelo Banco Mundial. A aplicação deste modelo permite identificar, em cada um dos processos de negócio da COELBA, as atividades que possuem alto impacto social e ambiental. A utilização deste modelo na empresa resultou em maior controle dos custos associados a essas atividades, ajustes nos documentos responsáveis pela normalização dessas atividades, ajustes nas práticas de auditoria interna e a seleção de indicadores para o monitoramento das atividades. Os resultados alcançados com a implantação do método indicam que o mesmo pode ser utilizado pelas organizações do setor elétrico brasileiro, como instrumento para mitigar os impactos socioambientais gerados por suas atividades. O presente trabalho não esgota a discussão sobre a gestão da responsabilidade social corporativa, mas pretende contribuir para a evolução das práticas vinculadas ao tema. / Society requires accountability from Companies to demonstrate that, in addition thepursuit of profit, they are capable of adding value to the quality of life of their employees and the community in which they operate. This study emerged from a need to present a practical method for the management of company activities focused on their social and environmental impacts. The aim of the study is to present the management model for socio-environmental impacts developed by and applied tothe Electricity Company of the State of Bahia (Companhia de Eletricidade do Estado da Bahia – COELBA). COELBA is an electric power distribution company whose concession is restricted to the state of Bahia in the northeast of Brazil. In developing this work we adopted the research procedures of: case study, documental research, bibliographic research and semi-structured interviews. The study adopted as its conceptual framework the model proposed by the ETHOS Institute’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) explanatory model as well as variables from the Triple Bottom Line holistic model used by the World Bank. The application of this model allows us to identify those activities in each of COELBA’s business processes which result in high social and environmental impact. The use of this model within the company resulted in a greater control of costs associated with these activities, adjustments to the documents responsible for the regularization of these activities, adjustments to internal audit practices and the selection of indicators to monitor activities. The results achieved through the deployment of this method indicate that it could also be utilized by other organizations in the Brazilian Electricity Sector as an instrument to mitigate the socio-economic impacts generated by their activities. This work does not provide an exhaustive discussion of corporate social responsibility management, but rather aims to contribute to an evolution of practices related to this theme.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6578.pdf: 3445111 bytes, checksum: 56d12136f2a3343f6ca27033a2400b8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-04 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / With the process of financialization of the economy, companies are reorganizing themselves. In front of this, the present work has as main objective observe the process of financialization and its impact on the social structure of a company that went through the privatization process. Also, analyze in the corporate environment, (the new) forms of organizational management and production, as well its key actors and their forms of interrelationship. This work is based on Political Economics, with studies in the financialization process rooted in culture, history and policy of a company that has undergone in a series of transformations. This research develops how the company changes its conception of control, and how this change has an impact in its overall structure. Thus, the scope of this work focused on an exploratory study in Eletropaulo. The central importance of the study in the Brazilian electric sector is that this sector has undergone to the most radical changes in the financialization since 1990. However, any research on the built of the executive s careers, in this Brazilian context, has been done so far. The analysis of curriculum is the most important contribution from this case study research. As a research procedure of this work, were combined quantitative and qualitative methods. In order to analyze the careers of executives of AES Eletropaulo, were collected the curriculum of the Board and Directors, since its appearance as state-owned company in 1979 to the year 2012. It is applied a cumulative frequency analysis and other correspondence multiple analysis to study these curricula. Also, to see how the company was restructured as a whole after the change of ownership, were used other qualitative tools, such as questionnaires and interviews to key players in the buying and selling process. To develop this thesis, the case study will be separated into three parts. In the first are analyzed and presented data, in the form of graphs, related to the performance indicators of the company's case over his years before and after privatization. The second part is related to the new organizational management, which refers to the shareholding after the sale of the company, thus, opens up the discussion to the internationalization of ownership and National Development Bank in Brazil - BNDES, being the major shareholders of AES Eletropaulo an international company and BNDES. And in the third, the focus is on the analysis of the careers of executives of this company, and how they constructed and reconstructed their careers after major changes. As result, it was observed that the case company has undergone a series of transformations, including the creation of a new identity. The Government acts in two different moments at the same company. It is observed in this study that the pressure of these new owners have consequences in organizational design and composition of the power of the company to a search for maximization of the value of the company. And the executives of the company had to find ways to rebuild their careers in accordance with the new financial logic at the moment. The present analysis also extends to the electricity utility workers and their vulnerabilities occurred by the financialization process. / Com o processo de financeirização da economia, as empresas vêm se reestruturando. Diante disso, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo central observar o processo de financeirização e seus impactos na estrutura social de uma empresa que passou pelo processo de privatização. Além disso, o trabalho procura analisar, em âmbito corporativo, as (novas) formas de gestão organizacional e da produção, bem como seus atores-chave e suas formas de inter-relação. Este trabalho é baseado na Economia Política, com estudos no processo de financeirização enraizados na cultura, história e política de uma empresa que passou por uma série de transformações. Esta pesquisa investiga como a companhia muda sua concepção de controle, e como esta mudança acaba por influenciar sua total estrutura. Para tanto, o escopo desta tese se concentrou em um estudo exploratório na AES Eletropaulo. A importância central do estudo no setor elétrico brasileiro é que esse setor tem sido sujeito a transformações mais radicais na financeirização desde 1990. No entanto, nenhuma pesquisa sobre as carreiras construídas de dirigentes nesse contexto brasileiro tem sido feita até agora. A análise de currículos é a mais relevante contribuição do estudo de caso desta pesquisa. Como procedimento de pesquisa deste trabalho, combinaram-se os métodos quantitativo e qualitativo. A fim de analisar a carreira dos dirigentes da AES Eletropaulo, foram coletados os currículos do Conselho Administrativo e da Diretoria, desde o seu surgimento como empresa estatal em 1979, até o ano de 2012. Foram aplicadas uma análise de frequência acumulada e outra de correspondência múltipla para estudar esses currículos. Além disso, para verificar como a empresa se reestruturou como um todo após a mudança de propriedade, foram usadas outras ferramentas qualitativas, como questionário e entrevista para os principais atores do processo de compra e venda. No desenvolvimento desta tese, o estudo de caso será separado em três partes. Na primeira são analisados e apresentados dados, em forma de gráficos, referentes aos indicadores de desempenho da empresa caso ao longo de seus anos. A segunda parte está relacionada a história da empresa nos período antes e após privatização, e a nova gestão organizacional, que remete à composição acionária após a venda da empresa; desse modo, neste momento, abre-se a discussão em relação à internacionalização de propriedade e ao Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento BNDES, sendo os maiores acionistas da AES Eletropaulo uma empresa estrangeira e o BNDES. Na terceira parte o foco é voltado para a análise das carreiras dos dirigentes dessa companhia, e como são construídas e reconstruídas as suas carreiras após grandes transformações. Como resultado, foi possível observar uma série de transformações que a AES Eletropaulo sofreu, inclusive com a criação de uma nova identidade. O Governo agiu em dois momentos diferentes nesta mesma empresa e esta pesquisa infere que a pressão desses novos donos tem consequências no desenho organizacional e na composição do poder da empresa para uma busca pela maximização do valor da companhia. Os dirigentes da empresa tiveram que buscar formas de reconstruir suas carreiras de acordo com a nova lógica financeira no momento. A presente análise ainda se estende para as carreiras dos trabalhadores do setor elétrico e suas vulnerabilidades ocorridas pelo processo de financeirização.

Energy sector transformation is of interest to policy makers and energy researchers. Critical to this transformation is efficient (i.e. least-cost) infrastructure investment planning for new generation and transmission infrastructure investments. Similarly, energy policies designed to encourage low carbon electricity generation have fueled much of the transformation globally over the past two decades. However, knowledge gaps remain with respect to the unique economic and geographic features of Small Island Developing States (SIDS); recommendations from previous studies often have limited applicability to the SIDS context. This dissertation addresses these concerns, contributing to our understanding of least-cost planning methods for new infrastructure investments as well as energy policies appropriate for small, isolated and often heavily indebted nations. The island of Jamaica is used as a case study to gain insights more applicable to the broader SIDS context.<div><br></div><div>The first problem this dissertation addresses is the impact of simultaneously planning for generation and transmission infrastructure instead of sequentially optimizing these decisions, as is commonly done. Energy infrastructure planning in SIDS treats transmission infrastructure as an afterthought once generation investments have been determined, potentially leading to sub-optimal investments. Using a dynamic optimization model of generation and transmission infrastructure, we find that it is more cost effective to co-optimize generation and transmission investments. The substitutability between local generation and remote generation, facilitated by transmission infrastructure, underpins this result. <br></div><div><br></div><div>The second empirical problem we address is the impact of loop flow on optimal infrastructure investment decisions. The Energy Information Agency (EIA) defines loop flow as “the movement of electric power from generator to load by dividing along multiple parallel paths; it especially refers to power flow along an unintended path that loops away from the most direct geographic path or contract path” (EIA, n.d.). We find no evidence that loop flow affects optimal investment decisions in Jamaica. We attribute this to an abundance of transmission capacity and the relative simplicity of Jamaica’s network design. Results may differ for other SIDS with different starting configurations.<br></div><div><br></div><div>The third problem this dissertation addresses centers on energy policy. We quantify the cost to the Jamaican society under four different policy scenarios: a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) of 30% by year 2030, a carbon tax, a production tax credit and an investment subsidy for specific renewable energy resources (solar and wind). We find that if the decision makers’ primary concern is reducing carbon emissions, a carbon tax is the economically efficient choice (of the four options); an RPS has the second-lowest cost to society. Assessing the tradeoffs associated with each option, a carbon tax is efficient but increases the average annual cost of electricity. If, however, the decision makers’ primary objective is energy independence and not carbon emissions reduction, then the RPS may be a better alternative than a carbon tax.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Collectively, this dissertation demonstrates a method for improving long-term planning in the electricity sector in SIDS. It also quantifies the cost to society of implementing a menu of carbon mitigating policies, removing the ambiguity that persists in energy policy setting. Not only does this dissertation advance the energy economic literature by specifically addressing the economic and geographic features of SIDS, but we make our data and program files freely accessible. This is one measure that helps to overcome the data limitation hurdle that is a main contributor to the dearth of energy economics research more applicable to SIDS.<br></div>

This paper scrutinizes the Californian Electricity Crisis 2001 from the perspective of energy security. The work shows that deregulation of the electricity sector in California challenged the main energy security principle, namely an undisrupted energy supply at affordable prices. The principle is vital for economic development and national prosperity. Disruptions or blackouts along with unprecedented high electricity prices during the Californian crisis damaged not only the economy, but increased the budget deficit and led private generators of energy supply to bankruptcy. This damaged the policy of energy security management. The approach I take in addressing the causes of the Californian Electricity Crisis involves a case study; its examination from the perspective of energy security, clarification of the risks for energy security if the state authorities restructure electricity sector; and to extract lessons for future application, which should be learnt from the crisis. In order to be successful using the mentioned approach, I highlight the conditions in the western US electricity supply industry, which enabled the California crisis to happen. In addition, I describe the regulatory structure of the California electricity sector as well as the way the deregulation plan was implemented by...

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis explores the causes of Russian foreign policy towards Georgia. It argues that the Russian Federation continues to pursue a policy which weakens the sovereignty of the Caucasus. The main priority of this thesis is to identify why the Russian Federation seems to be pursuing a set of policies that economically and politically weaken the sovereignty of Georgia. Therefore, this thesis examines the forces and factors of Russian domestic politics that drive Russian national interests towards the Caucasus. The analysis focuses on one particular issue-area: the role of the economic elite in shaping Russia's domestic and foreign policies vis-a-vis the state in the electricity sector. In focusing on the energy policies of the Russian Federation, this thesis reveals the negative consequences for Georgia's sovereignty that result from a strong Russian influence in the region. This thesis analyzes how Russian national interests towards Georgia challenge the latter to establish autonomous decisionmaking with regard to its foreign policy and to exercise its own authority through an exclusive competence in internal affairs of the state. In conclusion, this thesis offers policy prescriptions on how Georgia might best preserve its sovereignty with respect to the Russian Federation in terms of energy dependency. / Civilian, Ministry of Defense, Georgia

A partir do processo de liberalização do setor de energia em diversos países e, em particular, no Brasil, na década de 90, mecanismos de regulação por incentivos têm sido implementados como forma de assegurar a eficiência produtiva e alocativa do setor. Entretanto, a relação entre o desenvolvimento teórico destes mecanismos e sua aplicação não tem sido amplamente analisada. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da regulação por incentivos na eficiência e produtividade do setor de transmissão de energia elétrica no Brasil entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. O método Malmquist-DEA foi aplicado para avaliar a evolução da eficiência relativa e da produtividade das empresas transmissoras mais representativas do mercado nacional entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. Os resultados permitem constatar comportamentos diferentes entre as empresas e colocaram em evidência os efeitos da desverticalização e principalmente da privatização de algumas empresas do setor. Em termos gerais, o setor de transmissão apresentou um pequeno aumento do Índice Malmquist médio para o período analisado influenciado principalmente pelo acréscimo de produtividade verificados em 2007 e 2014 em relação aos anos anteriores. Em contrapartida a maioria das empresas (6 de um total de 8) apresentaram decréscimo na produtividade média no período analisado. Adicionalmente, os resultados corroboram o modelo teórico dos efeitos da regulação por incentivos para promover o aumento da eficiência do setor de energia brasileiro. Apesar deste aumento de eficiência em algumas empresas do setor, observa-se que ainda há muitas oportunidades de melhorias operacionais, eficiência produtiva, e apropriação de tecnologia por parte das empresas reguladas. O trabalho também apresenta implicações relevantes para os gestores de empresas e para os órgãos reguladores, com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência e a produtividade das empresas brasileiras do setor de transmissão de energia elétrica. / Since the process of liberalization of the energy sector in several countries, and particularly in Brazil in the 1990s, incentive regulation mechanisms have been implemented as a means of ensuring the productive and allocative efficiency of the sector. However, the relationship between the theoretical development of these mechanisms and their application has not been widely analyzed. In this sense, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of incentive regulation on the efficiency and productivity of the electric power transmission sector in Brazil between 2002 and 2014. The Malmquist-DEA method was applied to evaluate the evolution of relative efficiency and the productivity of the most representative transmission companies in the national market between 2002 and 2014. The results show different behaviors between companies and highlighted the effects of the de-verticalization and mainly the privatization of some companies in the sector. In general terms, the transmission sector showed a small increase in the average Malmquist Index for the period analyzed, mainly influenced by the increase in productivity in 2007 and 2014 in relation to previous years. In contrast, the majority of companies (6 out of 8) had a decrease in average productivity in the period analyzed. Additionally, the results corroborate the theoretical model of the effects of regulation by incentives to promote the increase of the efficiency of the Brazilian energy sector. Despite this increase in efficiency in some companies in the sector, it is observed that there are still many opportunities for operational improvements, productive efficiency, and the appropriation of technology by regulated companies. The work also has relevant implications for business managers and regulatory bodies, with the aim of increasing the efficiency and productivity of Brazilian companies in the electricity transmission sector.

A evolução do consumo de energia elétrica, as dificuldades crescentes para atender à demanda, o elevado custo das alternativas de suprimento, o impacto de novas plantas geradoras ao meio ambiente, e a necessidade das empresas inserirem-se em um mundo globalizado e competitivo, requer uso otimizado dos recursos. Muitas empresas, principalmente as pequenas e médias têm dificuldade em conceber a Gestão Energética (GE) como uma prática gerencial com caráter decisivo para as diretrizes do planejamento estratégico. A proposta desta dissertação é apresentar medidas de baixo custo, geralmente desconhecidas, na gestão energética industrial e quantificar seu benefício econômico. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de um estudo de caso, para o qual foi realizada uma breve auditoria energética em uma indústria que produz caldeiras, levantando dados sobre o perfil energético e o histórico de faturas de energia elétrica para um ciclo de produção (11 meses). A economia mensal resultante superou 45% nas faturas e valor presente maior que R$ 1.000.000,00 para o montante acumulado em 2 anos, que pode ser tanto investido no retrofit das instalações, como aplicado em outros targets dados pelo Planejamento Estratégico, contribuindo significativamente para a garantia da competitividade e crescimento dentro do mercado. / The development of consumption of electric energy, the growing difficulties to meet the demand, the high cost of supply alternatives, the impact of new generating plants to the environment, and the need of the companies enter into a globalized and competitive world requires optimized use of resources. Many companies, especially small and medium-sized find it difficult to conceive of the Energy Management (EM) as a management practice with decisive character for strategic planning guidelines. The purpose of this dissertation is to introduce low-cost measures, generally unknown, in industrial energy management and to quantify its economic benefit. The results were obtained through a case study, which was performed a brief energy audit in an industry that produces boilers, lifting energy profile data and history of electricity bills for one production cycle (11 months). The resulting monthly economy exceeded 45% on bills and present value greater than $ 1,000,000.00 for the cumulative amount in 2 years, which can be either invested in retrofit installations, as applied in other data targets for strategic planning, contributing significantly to ensuring competitiveness and growth within the market.

Os analistas que se limitam a entender a dinâmica do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB) com base em estudos técnicos e econômicos deixam de incorporar a seus modelos a força dos fenômenos políticos que também o influenciam. Com receitas anuais superiores a R$110 bilhões (US$ 50 bilhões) em 2005 e uma configuração institucional intrincada, este setor da economia sempre foi fortemente marcado por forças políticas. Para dar um tratamento mais estruturado a tais forças, adota-se como ferramenta analítica a Teoria de Grupos de Pressão desenvolvida por Gary S. Becker, prêmio Nobel de Economia em 1992. Esta teoria expressa a competição entre grupos pela influência política que os mesmos são capazes de exercer e que, em última análise, resulta em benefícios econômicos, representados no modelo de Becker pela diminuição de impostos pagos ou aumento de subsídios recebidos. Este trabalho tem dois objetivos principais: propor uma metodologia de análise de uso político no SEB com base na Teoria de Grupos de Pressão e, pelo estudo de dois casos, examinar hipóteses de uso político no SEB. O primeiro caso observa a evolução de impostos e encargos sobre a tarifa de eletricidade e demonstra como o setor foi crescentemente usado por grupos de pressão política como fonte eficiente de arrecadação de recursos. O segundo caso analisa as regras e resultados de um leilão de energia promovido pelo governo brasileiro e discute hipóteses sobre o impacto de decisões políticas sobre os comportamentos dos competidores. / The analists who explain the dynamics of the Brazilian Electricity Sector (BES) based exclusively on technical and economic studies forego the impact of the political phenomena which also influence this Sector, a sector defined by an intricate institutional framework and which, in 2005, generated over US$ 50 billion in revenues. This configuration has historically made the BES a target for political forces. In order to study such forces in a more structured way, the author adopted as an analytical tool the Pressure Groups Theory developed by Gary S. Becker, Economics Nobel prize winner in 1992. This theory defines the competition between groups by the political influence which such groups are able to exert and which, ultimately, result in economic benefits, represented in Becker´s model by the decrease in taxes paid and by the increase in subsidies received. This document has two main objectives: propose a methodology – based on the Pressure Groups Theory – for the analysis of political use in the BES and, via the study of two cases, examine hypotheses of political use in the BES. The first case observes the evolution of taxes and other subsidies included in the electricity tariff and demonstrates how the sector has increasingly been used by political pressure groups as an efficient source of resources. The second case analyses the rules and results of an energy auction organized by the Brazilian government and discusses hypotheses about the impact of political decisions on the behavior of competitors.

A busca por novas fontes de energia e os impactos causados pelas formas tradicionais de geração elétrica têm levado a uma procura por fontes de energia mais limpas que complementem seus parques energéticos. O aumento do consumo e a crescente pressão econômica e ambiental têm justificado um planejamento mais rigoroso quanto ao uso de fontes alternativas de energia como a eólica. O Brasil apresenta um favorável cenário de recursos naturais para a instalação de usinas eólicas. No entanto, o que se observa no setor elétrico é uma tímida participação da energia eólica na matriz energética brasileira. Passados cinco anos desde a implantação do PROINFA, apenas 20% da demanda selecionada está em operação. Diversas barreiras, econômicas, ambientais e políticas são empecilhos apresentados pelos agentes do setor para justificar esta lenta caminhada. A discussão que objetiva este trabalho é apresentar e analisar as barreiras encontradas para o desenvolvimento da energia eólica no Brasil. / The search for new energy sources and the impacts caused by traditional forms of electriityc generation, have led to a demand for cleaner sources of energy that complement its energy parks. The increase in consumption, and economic increasing and the environmental pressure have justified a schedule tougher on the use of alternative energy sources such as wind. Brazil presents a favorable scenario for natural resources and the installation of wind power plants. Nevertheless, which is observed in the electric industry is a timid participation of wind energy in the Brazilian energy matrix. After five years since the deployment of PROINFA only 20% of demand is selected in operation. Several barriers, economic, environmental and political impediments are presented by the players in the industry to justify the slow walk. The discussion that objective this work is to present and analyse the barriers encountered in the development of wind energy in Brazil.