A partir do processo de liberalização do setor de energia em diversos países e, em particular, no Brasil, na década de 90, mecanismos de regulação por incentivos têm sido implementados como forma de assegurar a eficiência produtiva e alocativa do setor. Entretanto, a relação entre o desenvolvimento teórico destes mecanismos e sua aplicação não tem sido amplamente analisada. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da regulação por incentivos na eficiência e produtividade do setor de transmissão de energia elétrica no Brasil entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. O método Malmquist-DEA foi aplicado para avaliar a evolução da eficiência relativa e da produtividade das empresas transmissoras mais representativas do mercado nacional entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. Os resultados permitem constatar comportamentos diferentes entre as empresas e colocaram em evidência os efeitos da desverticalização e principalmente da privatização de algumas empresas do setor. Em termos gerais, o setor de transmissão apresentou um pequeno aumento do Índice Malmquist médio para o período analisado influenciado principalmente pelo acréscimo de produtividade verificados em 2007 e 2014 em relação aos anos anteriores. Em contrapartida a maioria das empresas (6 de um total de 8) apresentaram decréscimo na produtividade média no período analisado. Adicionalmente, os resultados corroboram o modelo teórico dos efeitos da regulação por incentivos para promover o aumento da eficiência do setor de energia brasileiro. Apesar deste aumento de eficiência em algumas empresas do setor, observa-se que ainda há muitas oportunidades de melhorias operacionais, eficiência produtiva, e apropriação de tecnologia por parte das empresas reguladas. O trabalho também apresenta implicações relevantes para os gestores de empresas e para os órgãos reguladores, com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência e a produtividade das empresas brasileiras do setor de transmissão de energia elétrica. / Since the process of liberalization of the energy sector in several countries, and particularly in Brazil in the 1990s, incentive regulation mechanisms have been implemented as a means of ensuring the productive and allocative efficiency of the sector. However, the relationship between the theoretical development of these mechanisms and their application has not been widely analyzed. In this sense, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of incentive regulation on the efficiency and productivity of the electric power transmission sector in Brazil between 2002 and 2014. The Malmquist-DEA method was applied to evaluate the evolution of relative efficiency and the productivity of the most representative transmission companies in the national market between 2002 and 2014. The results show different behaviors between companies and highlighted the effects of the de-verticalization and mainly the privatization of some companies in the sector. In general terms, the transmission sector showed a small increase in the average Malmquist Index for the period analyzed, mainly influenced by the increase in productivity in 2007 and 2014 in relation to previous years. In contrast, the majority of companies (6 out of 8) had a decrease in average productivity in the period analyzed. Additionally, the results corroborate the theoretical model of the effects of regulation by incentives to promote the increase of the efficiency of the Brazilian energy sector. Despite this increase in efficiency in some companies in the sector, it is observed that there are still many opportunities for operational improvements, productive efficiency, and the appropriation of technology by regulated companies. The work also has relevant implications for business managers and regulatory bodies, with the aim of increasing the efficiency and productivity of Brazilian companies in the electricity transmission sector.

Esta tese analisa o impacto de interferências políticas sobre o valor das empresas do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB) e propõe estratégias e métricas para interromper a destruição de valor econômico e bloquear o uso político. A observação de manifestações de interferência política ao longo de oito anos e o acúmulo de farta documentação possibilitaram o estudo empírico de duas empresas estatais submetidas ao uso político nas formas de populismo tarifário e loteamento político-partidário. A aplicação de uma metodologia concebida para avaliar hipóteses de manifestação de interferência política permitiu concluir que os dois tipos de uso político são explicados pela Teoria de Grupos de Pressão de Gary Becker. Além disso, a destruição de valor econômico devido aos usos políticos foi bilionária em ambas as empresas e os grupos de pressão beneficiados e prejudicados foram identificados. As estratégias propostas para bloquear tais usos políticos nas empresas do SEB envolvem a implementação de quatro etapas: imposição de critérios meritocráticos no recrutamento de gestores de empresas estatais; divulgação transparente de resultados econômico-financeiros; definição de indicadores e metas gerenciais objetivos; e implantação de mecanismos de incentivos e penalidades baseados em desempenho. O percurso metodológico adotado pode ser extrapolado para outros setores e países e oferece contribuições a gestores públicos, administradores privados e demais stakeholders. A primeira contribuição consiste na metodologia de teste de hipóteses de uso político de empresas e/ou setores econômicos com base em referenciais conceituais sólidos. A segunda contribuição é a oferta de alternativas de quantificação dos efeitos de usos políticos sobre o valor de empresas. E a terceira contribuição se concentra na exploração de indicadores e estratégias que minimizem ou bloqueiem usos políticos e maximizem a geração de valor em empresas vitimizadas por interferências políticas. / This thesis analyzes the impact of political interference on the value of companies in the Brazilian Electricity Sector (BES) and proposes strategies and indicators to interrupt economic value destruction and block political use. The observation of political interference manifestations over an eight-year period and the accumulation of vast documentation were the basis for the empirical study of two state-owned companies that were submitted to political use in the forms of tariff populism and distribution of managerial positions to allied political parties. One can conclude, via the application of a methodology conceived to evaluate hypotheses of political interference, that both types of political use can be explained by the Pressure Groups Theory developed by Gary Becker. Furthermore, the economic value destruction due to political use can be measured in billions of dollars in both companies and the pressure groups that were benefited and jeopardized were identified. The strategies aimed at blocking political use in the companies of the BES involve the implementation of four stages: the imposition of meritocratic criteria in the recruiting process of state-owned companies executives; the transparent divulging of economic-financial results; the definition of objective indicators and their respective goals; and the institution of incentives and penalties based on performance. The methodological approach of this thesis can be extended to other sectors and countries and offers several contributions to public and private officers and other stakeholders. The first contribution consists of a methodology for testing hypotheses of political use of companies and/or sectors based on solid conceptual references. The second contribution is the offer of alternatives to quantify the effects of political use on the value of companies. The third contribution is related to the exploration of metrics and strategies to block political use and maximize value generation in companies victimized by political interference.

Au cœur de cette thèse réside l'application des méthodes d'optimisation et d'études empiriques pour traiter des questions de développement durable dans le secteur de l'électricité du Vietnam pour les 30 prochaines années. On examine les moyens des options énergétiques durables pour le secteur de l'électricité. La thèse s'organise en deux parties. (i) Dans la première partie, nous développons le modèle " bottom-up " de planification intégrée des ressources (IRP) pour fournir une évaluation plus exhaustive de l'état actuel et des perspectives d'avenir pour le secteur de l'électricité du Vietnam dans les trois prochaines décennies. Puis, en utilisant une analyse comparative et une analyse de la vulnérabilité qui est basée sur la simulation IRP, nous analysons les vulnérabilités auxquelles le développement du secteur devra faire face, en termes de dimensions économiques et socio-environnementales. Nous avons en outre développé le modèle IRP, représentant les coûts marginaux de réduction des émissions de carbone de manière réaliste en tenant compte des valeurs non nulles de carbone et de limitation des émissions de carbone, afin de simuler des options d'approvisionnement énergétique soutenables pour le secteur de l'énergie. (ii) Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions les principaux obstacles contre une adoption plus large des énergies soutenables à l'aide d'enquêtes formelles parmi les experts nationaux. Ensuite, nous utilisons une approche d'analyse empirique pour examiner les différents outils politiques appropriés, y compris des instruments d'incitation / régimes et la réforme du secteur pour une telle durabilité du secteur de l'énergie. Pour la fin, nous analysons l'accès aux sources de financement possibles pour le développement durable dans le secteur de l'électricité du Vietnam.

Submitted by Vládia Viana Regis (vladia.regis@yahoo.com) on 2018-02-07T18:52:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REEQUILIBRIO ECONOMICO - Dissertação.pdf: 1329677 bytes, checksum: 18b6f318222bb4363cf5b8c855fe5e5f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diego Andrade (diego.andrade@fgv.br) on 2018-02-15T11:34:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 REEQUILIBRIO ECONOMICO - Dissertação.pdf: 1329677 bytes, checksum: 18b6f318222bb4363cf5b8c855fe5e5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-02T17:08:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 REEQUILIBRIO ECONOMICO - Dissertação.pdf: 1329677 bytes, checksum: 18b6f318222bb4363cf5b8c855fe5e5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / The present study aims to analyze the economic and financial imbalance of electric power transmission service concession contracts by studying cases attached to the materialization of three risks: (1) the environmental risk, (2) the risk of unilateral modifications of the contract in the case of enhancements and improvements, and (3) the regulatory risk embodied in the Provisional Measure 579/2012. For this purpose, the legal framework that shapes the structure of the national electricity sector will be analyzed through the investigation of the electricity sector restructuring promoted since the Constitution of 1988, with a special focus on the vertical unbundling of services, the delegation model adopted for transmission services, the operation of the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) in the energy transmission sector as well as on the tariff regulation regime adopted. This study will also examine the application of the theory of risk sharing to concession contracts and its specific risks, in order to, finally, expose conclusions about the impacts of the three selected risks on the economic and financial balance of the contracts and on the stability of the market, presenting solutions and proposals within the review of these three cases / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a situação de desequilíbrio econômico-financeiro de contratos de concessão de serviços de transmissão de energia elétrica a partir do estudo de casos afetos à materialização de três riscos: (1) o risco ambiental, (2) o risco de alterações unilaterais ao contrato, no caso de reforços e melhorias e (3) o risco regulatório, relacionado ao advento da Medida Provisória nº 579, de 11 de setembro de 2012 (MP 579). Para tanto, será analisado o arcabouço jurídico que conforma a estrutura do setor elétrico nacional, avaliando a reestruturação promovida desde a constituição de 1988, dando especial enfoque para a desverticalização de serviços, para o modelo de delegação adotado para os serviços de transmissão, para a atuação da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) no segmento de transmissão de energia e para o regime de regulação tarifária adotado. Será vista, ainda, a aplicação da teoria de partilha de riscos em contratos de concessão e os riscos específicos que serão objeto de estudo, no intuito de, ao final, serem expostas conclusões acerca do impacto dos três riscos selecionados para o equilíbrio econômico-financeiro dos contratos e para a higidez do mercado, apresentando soluções e propostas no âmbito da análise dos três casos

Esta tese analisa o impacto de interferências políticas sobre o valor das empresas do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB) e propõe estratégias e métricas para interromper a destruição de valor econômico e bloquear o uso político. A observação de manifestações de interferência política ao longo de oito anos e o acúmulo de farta documentação possibilitaram o estudo empírico de duas empresas estatais submetidas ao uso político nas formas de populismo tarifário e loteamento político-partidário. A aplicação de uma metodologia concebida para avaliar hipóteses de manifestação de interferência política permitiu concluir que os dois tipos de uso político são explicados pela Teoria de Grupos de Pressão de Gary Becker. Além disso, a destruição de valor econômico devido aos usos políticos foi bilionária em ambas as empresas e os grupos de pressão beneficiados e prejudicados foram identificados. As estratégias propostas para bloquear tais usos políticos nas empresas do SEB envolvem a implementação de quatro etapas: imposição de critérios meritocráticos no recrutamento de gestores de empresas estatais; divulgação transparente de resultados econômico-financeiros; definição de indicadores e metas gerenciais objetivos; e implantação de mecanismos de incentivos e penalidades baseados em desempenho. O percurso metodológico adotado pode ser extrapolado para outros setores e países e oferece contribuições a gestores públicos, administradores privados e demais stakeholders. A primeira contribuição consiste na metodologia de teste de hipóteses de uso político de empresas e/ou setores econômicos com base em referenciais conceituais sólidos. A segunda contribuição é a oferta de alternativas de quantificação dos efeitos de usos políticos sobre o valor de empresas. E a terceira contribuição se concentra na exploração de indicadores e estratégias que minimizem ou bloqueiem usos políticos e maximizem a geração de valor em empresas vitimizadas por interferências políticas. / This thesis analyzes the impact of political interference on the value of companies in the Brazilian Electricity Sector (BES) and proposes strategies and indicators to interrupt economic value destruction and block political use. The observation of political interference manifestations over an eight-year period and the accumulation of vast documentation were the basis for the empirical study of two state-owned companies that were submitted to political use in the forms of tariff populism and distribution of managerial positions to allied political parties. One can conclude, via the application of a methodology conceived to evaluate hypotheses of political interference, that both types of political use can be explained by the Pressure Groups Theory developed by Gary Becker. Furthermore, the economic value destruction due to political use can be measured in billions of dollars in both companies and the pressure groups that were benefited and jeopardized were identified. The strategies aimed at blocking political use in the companies of the BES involve the implementation of four stages: the imposition of meritocratic criteria in the recruiting process of state-owned companies executives; the transparent divulging of economic-financial results; the definition of objective indicators and their respective goals; and the institution of incentives and penalties based on performance. The methodological approach of this thesis can be extended to other sectors and countries and offers several contributions to public and private officers and other stakeholders. The first contribution consists of a methodology for testing hypotheses of political use of companies and/or sectors based on solid conceptual references. The second contribution is the offer of alternatives to quantify the effects of political use on the value of companies. The third contribution is related to the exploration of metrics and strategies to block political use and maximize value generation in companies victimized by political interference.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-15T18:16:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 relatório dissertação mestrado Ronaldo Aniceto.pdf: 365049 bytes, checksum: b0c5782337dbf2560fd5d991b8914e52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-15T18:17:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 relatório dissertação mestrado Ronaldo Aniceto.pdf: 365049 bytes, checksum: b0c5782337dbf2560fd5d991b8914e52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-15T18:17:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 relatório dissertação mestrado Ronaldo Aniceto.pdf: 365049 bytes, checksum: b0c5782337dbf2560fd5d991b8914e52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-15T18:17:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 relatório dissertação mestrado Ronaldo Aniceto.pdf: 365049 bytes, checksum: b0c5782337dbf2560fd5d991b8914e52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O objetivo deste estudo histórico-comparativo é verificar a apropriação pelo setor elétrico, mais especificamente no segmento de geração de energia elétrica, das inovações financeiras disponibilizadas para o financiamento de empresas, difundidas a partir da década de 80, mediante levantamento da legislação balizadora da atuação das concessionárias do setor e conectá-las à forma utilizada de seu financiamento na expansão da geração hidrelétrica. Para isso, utiliza-se da comparação das Usinas Hidrelétricas de Xingó e Santo Antônio, de porte equivalentes, concedidas para a exploração hidráulica em períodos distintos e separadas por um período de alteração de modelo regulatório, compreendido entre 1988 e 2004. A análise e comparação das características das usinas consideradas relevantes para o estudo: empreendimento, sociedade, remuneração, forma e fontes de financiamento, permitiram identificar as distinções nessas características e suas vinculações com a regulamentação setorial e diretrizes da forma de gestão adotada pelo estado em cada período, além do alinhamento societário para a utilização das inovações financeiras na captação de recursos destinados aos investimentos de geração do setor. / The aim of this historical-comparative study is to verify the appropriation, by the electricity sector, more specifically the energy generation sector, of the financial innovations available for the financing of companies, known since the 1980's, through research of the legislation that regulates the actions of the concessionaries and connect them to the form of financing used in the expansion of hydroelectric generation. To do so, a comparison between Hydroelectrics Xingó and Santo Antonio, of equivalent size, and which were granted hydraulic exploration at different periods and separated by a period of change in the regulatory model, between 1988 and 2004. The analysis and comparison of the characteristics of plants considered relevant to the study: business, partnership, compensation, form and sources of funding, have allowed the identification of the distinctions among these characteristics and their link with industry regulations and guidelines as adopted by state management in each period, besides the alignment to the corporate use of financial innovations in raising funds for investment in the generation sector.

Energy system is important for classification of flation of developing countries. Function of energy system is supply electric power of high quality for every customers in system. Requirements of quality are different for individual countries. Reliability of electricity sector system is important parameter in every electricity systems. At the present time are the requirements of quality much higher, because of condition of liberalized market. Each country have different systems of standards of classification of reliability. Penalizations are assign to, when the systems of standards are overrun. Type of penalization is different for each countries. In my work I looked on system of electricity sector system, its reliability, operating, and organization etc. In principle for Czech Republic. Basic documents of electric legislation are described in this work, it is described for Czech Republic and for European Union. Public notice No. 540/2005 Sb. is described. This public notice interpret laws about supplies of electricity and others services in electricity sector system in Czech Republic. Penalizations are described in this public notice. Standards of penalizations are different for each European countries. Various monitoring of penalization are used. Also dividing of penalization is different for each country. At the last part of my work I analyze costs of penalization in required distribution network. Most reason of failure cause are analyzed here. Size of costs of penalization are compared in this part of my work, for changes of standards in required distribution networks. Required countries are Czech Republic, Great Britain and Spain. These countries are compare with each other. I evaluate the worst outlets of required distribution network. The worst outlets are outlets with higher costs of penalizations. These worst outlet I compare for required countries and between each other. At the end of my work I analyze failure causes for the worst outlets in penalization system of Czech Republic.

Senast år 2045 ska Sverige inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser för att därefter endast ha negativa utsläpp. Sveriges elbransch står inför en utmaning att möjliggöra en storskalig omställning till ett fossilfritt samhälle. Omställningen kommer att kräva stora mängder resurser vilket kommer utmana elbranschen genom att deras egna negativa miljö- och klimatpåverkan kommer att öka genom omställningens gång.  Syftet med undersökningen var att ta reda på hur hållbarhetsarbetet yttrar sig inom Sveriges elbransch eftersom samarbete möjliggör och driver arbetet med att uppnå en hållbar utveckling löd frågeställningen: Hur yttrar sig hållbarhetsarbetet inom Sveriges elbransch och finns det samarbete gällande hållbarhetsfrågor? För att undersöka hur hållbarhetsarbetet ser ut i Sveriges elbransch valdes det dels att genomföra semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika aktörer inom Sveriges elbransch och dels att genomföra en tematisk analys på samma aktörers hållbarhetsutsagor för räkenskapsåret 2021. En tematisk analys genomfördes även på de transkriberade intervjuerna. Resultatet visade att hållbarhetsarbetet i Sveriges elbransch är tvådelat, den ena delen innefattade att branschen i sig möjliggör omställningen till ett fossilfritt samhälle och den andra delen innefattade branschens eget hållbarhetsarbete gällande främst klimat- och arbetsmiljöfrågor. Utifrån analysen identifierades olika hinder som innefattar långa tillståndsprocesser, lagar som motverkar varandra och en avsaknad av ett grönt transformativt ledarskap, vilket försvårade hållbarhetsarbetet inom branschen. Det identifierades även att samarbeten sker främst med externa aktörer och längs med sin egen leverantörskedja medan samarbeten mellan aktörerna inom elbranschen främst rör säkerhet och arbetsmiljörisker. / By 2045 at the latest, Sweden must have no net emissions of greenhouse gases and thereafter only have negative emissions. Sweden's electricity sector faces a challenge to enable a large-scale transition to a fossil-free society. The transition will require a large amount of resources, which will challenge the electricity sector because of their own negative environmental and climate impacts will increase through the course of the transition. The purpose of the study was to find out how the sustainability work manifests itself within Sweden's electricity sector, because cooperation enables and functions as a driver of the work to achieve sustainable development, the research question was: How does the sustainability work manifest itself within Sweden's electricity sector and is there cooperation regarding sustainability issues? In order to study how the sustainability work manifested itself  in Sweden's electricity sector, semi-structured interviews were conducted with various actors within Sweden's electricity sector and a thematic analysis of the same actors' sustainability statements, sustainability reports, annual reports or their websites for the financial year 2021 was conducted. A thematic analysis was also carried out on the transcribed interviews. The result showed that the sustainability work in Sweden's electricity sector is two-sided, one side included that the sector itself enables the transition to a fossil-free society and the other side included the sector's own sustainability work regarding mainly climate and occupational safety and health issues. Based on the analysis, various barriers were identified, which include long permit processes, laws that work against each other and a lack of green transformative leadership, which made sustainability work within the industry difficult. It was also identified that collaborations primarily were conducted with external actors and along their own supply chain, while collaborations between actors within the electricity sector mainly concern occupational health and safety risks.

La libéralisation des marchés énergétiques est un objectif primordial pour tous les Etats membres et candidats à l'Union européenne. Dans le but d'arriver à un marché de l'énergie, la Commission européenne a mis en place trois paquets énergie pour l'ouverture complète des marchés électriques et gaziers à la concurrence étape par étape. Pour mieux comprendre les législations et les politiques énergétiques en France et en Turquie, il est indispensable d'avoir une connaissance principale sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement de leurs marchés électriques et gaziers dès l'origine en élaborant les institutions et entreprises monopolistiques en tant que EDF, TEK, GDF BOTAS, et leur évolution historique jusqu'à la mise en place des directives énergétiques européennes. Par la suite, il est important d'examiner chronologiquement chaque étape de libéralisation imposé par les paquets énergie (mise en place du marché intérieur 1996-2000, le deuxième paquet énergie 2000-2007, le troisième paquet énergie 2007-2011,prochaine étape Energy 2020), et comparer la procédure juridique du procès de la libéralisation des marchés énergétiques en examinant leurs législations en vigueur et leurs modifications pendant l'implémentation des directives énergétiques européennes. / The liberalization of energy markets is primary objective for each member and candidate State of the European Union. In order to achieve an internal energy market, European Commission set up three energy packages for electricity and gas market complete opening up to the competition step by ste^p. For a better understanding of the energy legislations and policies in France and in Turkey, it is essential to have a main knowledge related to the organisation and operation of their electricity and gas markets from the beginning by examining the institutions and monopolistic companies such as EDF, TEK, GDF, BOTAS, and their historical evolution period until the european energy directives implementation. Thereafter, it is prominent to examine chronologically every step of the liberalisation enforced by the energy packages (internal energy market 1996-2000, second energy package 2000-2007, third energy package 2007-2011, next step Energy 2020), and compare the legal procedure of the energy market liberalization process by analyzing their legislations in place and modifications during the european energy directives implementation process.