Rural electrification is a critical tool for accelerating and enhancing development throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. The challenge for modern policymakers is to identify and implement programs that will effectively facilitate rural electrification. This analysis develops a model for comparing the performance of nations' electrification policies using a fixed effects regression model based on World Bank data from 1990, 2000 and 2010. To identify the key policies for driving rural electrification, this analysis then compares the programs and reforms employed in six nations from Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, three reform measures are identified that are conditional on outside factors for their contribution to success, and three universal policies are identified that may be broadly applied to improve rural electrification throughout the region.

Submitted by Beatrice Aline Zimmermann (beatrice_aline@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-29T14:15:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Beatrice.pdf: 2126367 bytes, checksum: 55327cd076b375747101dababb19f11d (MD5) / Rejected by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Beatrice, favor alterar seu trabalho de acordo com as normas ABNT: 1: cabeçalho: Por favor verificar cabeçalhos de outros trabalhos dos seus colegas. O nome da fundação não possuí acento. Retirar de todas as páginas que contem esse erro. 2: títulos das sessões: O título do 'Resumo', 'Abstract' e 'Sumário' devem estar em caixa alta, centralizado e negritado. 3: É recomendável que haja a sessão de agradecimentos. Pelo menos para o orientador. Não se esquecer que o título da sessão deve estar em caixa alta, centralizado e negritado. Atenciosamente, Letícia Monteiro 3799-3631 on 2016-08-29T14:34:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Beatrice Aline Zimmermann (beatrice_aline@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-29T17:28:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Beatrice.pdf: 2127505 bytes, checksum: f73adb9f1d290ca33ba5bdfa3f4a10cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br) on 2016-08-29T17:35:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Beatrice.pdf: 2127505 bytes, checksum: f73adb9f1d290ca33ba5bdfa3f4a10cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T17:38:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Beatrice.pdf: 2127505 bytes, checksum: f73adb9f1d290ca33ba5bdfa3f4a10cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-19 / The recent focus on the importance of infrastructure to growth and economic development combined with the importance given to the issue of poverty and its reduction have been causing discussions on rural electrification over the past few years. This relation, in theory, occurs through ways that involve objective economic factors that generally relate to increase of the productivity in places where the investment takes place. In these locations, theoretically, we should observe an increase in the range of private productive activities undertaken, since under these circumstances it is expected that productivity of the factors is greater. In addition to these routes, there are still other channels involving more subtle aspects of investment in electrification. In this sense, one can cite, for example, improvements related to education and health, ranging from extension of school activities to other shifts and the access to teaching tools before unviable, up to reductions in natality and mortality rates, related to better access to information and to improvements in the health facilities. Based on these statements, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the importance of electrical infrastructure for people living in remote areas of the big cities of Brazil, using for it the Agricultural Census (1996 and 2006), the School Census (1997 to 2011), the health database (DATASUS, 2000 to 2010) and the program Luz Para Todos (LPT) of the federal government of Brazil, put in place in 2003. Overall, the results indicate the program increases the chances of rural establishments and rural schools have access to electricity. Moreover, the results show effects from electrification provided by the program on health and education issues. On the productive aspects, however, were not found significant effects. / O recente foco dado à relevância da infraestrutura para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico combinado com a importância dada à questão da pobreza e de sua redução vêm ensejando as discussões sobre eletrificação rural ao longo dos últimos anos. Tal relação se dá, em teoria, por caminhos que envolvem fatores econômicos objetivos que, geralmente, se relacionam ao aumento da produtividade nos locais onde ocorre o investimento. Nesses locais, teoricamente, deve-se observar um aumento na gama de atividades produtivas privadas desenvolvidas, dado que sob essas circunstâncias é esperado que a produtividade dos fatores seja maior. Além dessas vias, ainda existem outros canais que envolvem aspectos mais sutis do investimento em eletrificação. Nesse sentido, pode-se citar, por exemplo, os aprimoramentos relacionados à educação e saúde, que vão desde a extensão das atividades escolares para outros turnos e a disponibilidade do acesso a ferramentas de ensino antes inviáveis, até a redução das taxas de natalidade e mortalidade, advindas, por exemplo, do acesso à informação e do melhor atendimento prestado nas unidades de saúde. Com base nisso, o presente estudo busca colaborar para o entendimento da importância da infraestrutura elétrica para as populações residentes em áreas afastadas dos grandes centros do Brasil, utilizando para tanto os Censos Agropecuários (1996 e 2006), os Censos Escolares (1997 a 2011), a base de dados de saúde (DATASUS, 2000 a 2010) e o programa Luz Para Todos (LPT) do governo federal do Brasil, colocado em prática no ano de 2003. De maneira geral, os resultados encontrados apontam que o programa afetou de forma significativa as chances de os estabelecimentos rurais e das escolas das áreas rurais possuírem energia elétrica. Além disso, encontrou-se efeitos da eletrificação advinda do programa sobre questões de acesso à escola e de saúde em termos demográficos. Sobre os aspectos produtivos, contudo, não se verificou efeitos significativos.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the economic life of the predefined region of the former South Bohemian political district Kaplice in the first half of the 20th century. The area of this territory was different than it is today. This district was formed by three judicial districts, which were Kaplice, Vyšší Brod and Nové Hrady, which must first be properly geographically grasp. The greatest emphasis is placed on the work of electrification of the district focused way, took place. In this work, emphasis is also placed on the way the local people tried to accept or reject electricity. Since it was a very poor region, after the industry, we are dealing with the problem of depopulation of the region. These issues are also engaged. Furthermore, I am concerned with other economic activities so that people in this area, a minimum interest of investors able to sustain a culturally developed. All of these things and many more can be found on the following pages.

Today's globalized world is much more vulnerable than we are often willing to admit. We live in a society which is considerably dependent on a stable supply of electricity. Potential large power outage also called blackout may be a very dangerous situation for our community. Usually we don't realize all consequences there can be for our everyday life, people's health, the security and the economy of the country. Despite the efforts of the responsible authorities, the complications for the population can be very serious. The effects of such unfortunate event can be reduced in a variety of ways. An option is to support an informed society that can take care of itself in times of crisis. This text is focused on the current approach to raising and maintaining awareness of the people for masive power outage not only in the Czech Republic. The aim of the thesis is to compare the information environment of the Czech Republic with the situation in neighboring Germany. It is important to keep on mind that many important systems serving under normal conditions to inform the population will not work when such an event occurs. It can be necessary to proceed with alternative solutions and communication channels. In the education context, it's realisic to inform the majority of the population only about the most important measures and appropriate patterns of blackout behavior. With the restoration of energy supplies, the task of informing the population doesn't end. By selecting key information, this work could contribute to the society.

In this report, the modeling process and operation of an autonomous hybrid power system is studied. It is built based on a hypothetical case study of electrification of a remote village of 100 inhabitants in Kenya. The power demand is estimated and the costs of equipment components are specified after extensive research, so that the techno-economical design of the system can be carried out. The microgrid consists of photovoltaics, wind turbine, batteries, diesel genset, basic loads and water pumping and purification load. The system is modeled and simulated in terms of power management and its operation as well as the performance of the dispatch strategy is assessed. Problems like the management of extra power or tackling the deficit of power in the system are addressed. The model represents reliably the behavior of the microgrid and several improving actions are suggested.

O trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo estudar e oferecer uma nova política de eletrificação rural para o Estado de São Paulo, tendo por base o seguinte questionamento: cabe ao Estado de São Paulo manter política própria de eletrificação rural após a lei da universalização, nº 10.438/2002, do programa Luz para Todos e, ainda, do conjunto de Resoluções da ANEEL sobre o assunto? A abordagem do assunto tem por base a experiência do autor sobre o tema eletrificação rural, em especial com os programas desenvolvidos no Estado a partir de 1996, sob gestão ou coordenação da CERESP, órgão da Secretaria de Saneamento e Energia (SSE). A regulação da época previa que o interessado deveria pagar pelo custo de conexão à rede elétrica das concessionárias, assim, os programas desenvolvidos até então, tratavam de complexos sistemas de financiamento dessas conexões. As inovações desses programas contribuíram para a implantação da lei da universalização 10.438/2002 e do programa Luz para Todos. O programa Luz para Todos trata a universalização de modo diferente daquele determinado pela Resolução 456/2000, em que os benefícios concedidos aos interessados atendidos pelo programa são mais abrangentes daqueles permitidos pela regulação atual. A pesquisa mostra que esse é o diferencial que permite a real universalização do acesso ao serviço público de eletricidade no meio rural, de forma adequada. O programa será encerrado em dezembro de 2010, cabendo às concessionárias atender os interessados apenas pelos critérios da universalização. O trabalho aponta grande possibilidade de exclusão do acesso à eletricidade a partir desse momento, e propõe oferecer ao Estado uma pesquisa que indique caminhos que possibilite a São Paulo antecipar-se às consequências que virão com fim do Programa Luz para Todos. Trata-se, assim, de pesquisa que envolve experiência profissional e conhecimento acadêmico. / The research work aims to study and provide a new policy of rural electrification in the State of Sao Paulo, based on the following question: \"the State of Sao Paulo must maintain its own policy of rural electrification after the universal law, nº 10.438/2002, the Light for All program and also the set of resolutions by ANEEL on the matter?\" The approach to the subject is based on the author\'s experience on the subject of rural electrification, especially through programs developed in the state since 1996, under the management or coordination of CERESP, organ of the SSE. The regulation of time provided that the person should pay for the cost of grid connection to the utilities power grids, therefore the programs developed so far, dealt with complex financial systems of these connections. The innovations of these programs contributed to the implementation of the law universal nº 10438/2002 and the Light for All program. The Light for All Program is universal and so different from that determined by ANEEL Resolution 456/2000, where the benefits granted to persons enrolled in the program are the most comprehensive of those allowed by current regulation. Research shows that this is the differential that allows the real universal access to public electricity in rural areas, as appropriate. The program will end in December 2010, leaving it to dealers only meet the criteria of universality. The work shows great possibility of exclusion from access to electricity from that time, and proposes giving the state a survey indicating that enable paths to Sao Paulo to anticipate the consequences that come with the end of the Light for All Program. Therefore, it is a research that involves work experience and academic knowledge.

CAMARGO, Ednaldo J. S. Programa Luz para Todos da eletrificação rural à universalização do acesso à energia elétrica. Da necessidade de uma política de Estado, 2010, 127 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Energia) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2010 A criação do Programa Luz para Todos, em 11 de novembro de 2003, por meio da Lei 10.762, e sua regulamentação pelo Decreto 4.873, da mesma data, trouxe novos temas para o âmbito do estudo da eletrificação rural. O Programa luz para Todos acumulou em sua estruturação uma somatória de conhecimentos e experiências anteriores, com um arranjo financeiro que possibilitou uma solução até então inédita para o atendimento do morador pobre das áreas rurais: a total gratuidade da ligação. Esta solução foi possível graças a um arranjo financeiro que envolveu diversas partes. O Governo Federal, com recursos de dois fundos setoriais a RGR Reserva Global de Reversão e a CDE Conta de Desenvolvimento Energético, sendo a CDE lançada a fundo perdido, como subvenção e a RGR na forma de financiamento, os Governos Estaduais e os agentes concessionários e permissionários, não havendo qualquer participação financeira de parte do consumidor a ser ligado. Este arranjo tripartite varia dependendo do impacto tarifário que a ligação ou conjunto de ligações gerar para o agente executor da obra, assim, eventualmente o percentual de CDE pode ser superior ao da RGR ou mesmo o valor do governo do Estado pode ser igual ao da CDE. Essa estrutura de custo viabilizou em pouco mais de seis anos a ligação de mais de dois milhões e cem mil domicílios muitos deles que jamais poderiam ser atendidos de outra forma, pois que mais de 60% desses atendimentos foram em famílias com renda familiar inferior a um salário mínimo. O problema que se coloca é que o Programa tem prazo para acabar: 31 de dezembro de 2.010 e o quadro que se vislumbra é o retorno às normas anteriores ao Programa que possuem viés excludente. O principal problema apontado é o retorno às normas da Resolução 456, de 29 de novembro de 2000. Esta regulação estabelece que o atendimento da concessionária se dá até o limite da propriedade, decorrendo que, a partir desse ponto, todos os custos são suportados pelo consumidor que solicitou o serviço. Durante a vigência do Programa Luz para Todos estas normas estiveram suspensas para as ligações efetuadas sob a égide do Programa, pois o Decreto que regulamentou a Lei que criou o Programa efetuou uma transferência de titularidade normativa, determinando que o Ministério de Minas e Energia criaria um Manual de Operacionalização com as normas para a efetivação do Programa, deste modo suspendeu a aplicabilidade das normas que fossem conflitantes com o Manual de Operacionalização. Com o fim do Programa e o retorno do quadro regulatório anterior se prevê uma situação de exclusão, pelo que são propostas alterações normativas para transformar o que é Programa de Governo em Política de Estado e, assim, garantir que as futuras gerações não sejam vítimas de um sistema elétrico baseado na exclusão dos moradores pobres das áreas rurais.. / CAMARGO, Ednaldo J. S. Luz para Todos - from rural electrification to universal access to electricity. The need for a state policy, 2010, 131 p. Dissertation (Master in Energy) - Post-Graduation in Energy at the Universidade de São Paulo, 2010 The creation of Luz para Todos Program, at November, 11, 2003, through Law 10.762, and its regulation by Decree 4.873, at the same day, brought new themes for the study of rural electrification. The Luz para Todos Program accumulated in their structure a sum of knowledge and previous experience with a financial solution that enabled a hitherto unprecedented solution for meeting the resident poor rural areas: a totally free connection. This solution was possible through a financial arrangement involving various parties. The Federal Government, with funds from two sector funds - RGR Reserve Global Reversion and CDE - Energy Development Account, CDE released the grant and RGR in the form of funding, the state governments and agents dealers and authorized the absence of any contribution of the consumer to be connected. This tripartite arrangement varied depending on the tariff impact that the connection or set of links would generate for the executive agent of the work, so eventually the percentage of CDE could be higher than the RGR or the value of the state government could be equal to the CDE. This cost structure made possible in just over six years the connection of more than two million one hundred thousand homes, many of which could never be met otherwise, for more than 60% of these visits were in families with income less than minimum wage. The problem that arises is that the program has a term to end: December 31, 2010 and the picture that is emerging is the return to the pre program regulations that are exclusionary. The main problem cited is return to the norms of Resolution 456 of 29 November 2000. This regulation requires the attendance of the licensee is given to the extent of the property, with the result that, from that point, all costs are borne by the consumer who requested the service. During the term of Luz para Todos Program these rules have been suspended for calls made under the auspices of the Program. Because the Decree implementing the Law that created the program effected a transfer of ownership regulations, determining that the Ministry of Mines and Energy would an Operating Manual to the standards for the realization of the program, thus suspended the applicability of the rules that would conflict with the Operating Manual. With the end of the program and return the previous regulatory framework provides for an exclusion, so that legislative changes are proposed to transform what is government\'s programs in state policy and thus ensure that future generations do not suffer a electric system based on the exclusion of the poor residents of rural areas

A la fin du XIXe siècle, le fluide électrique a été responsable des transformations profondes dans la vie quotidienne de la société asturienne, qu'incluaient, par exemple, des nouvelles formes d'organiser le temps social, de planifier le travail et les loisirs. L'électricité a consacré la rupture dans la séparation rigide entre la nuit et le jour qui existait avant de son apparition, et s'est révélée comme le meilleur moyen d'éclairage en surpassant aux huiles végétales ou minérales et au gaz d'éclairage. L'électricité alors est devenue une image symbolique du progrès et sa brillante lumière a commencé à conquérir l'espace public, l’espace de travail et même le domaine privé, comme une métaphore du triomphe de la société moderne industrielle et en induisant des modifications dans les habitudes et les coutumes. Ce qui est proposé avec cette étude c’est, par conséquent, un projet de recherche capable d'établir les commencements et le premier développement de l'industrie électrique dans les Asturies, comme contribution générale à l'étude du processus espagnol d'électrification. Cette étude essaie également de déployer une ample vision dans l'analyse, capable d'intégrer les multiples facettes et les implications du phénomène. Surtout, il y aura une attention spéciale aux approches socioculturelles du phénomène électrique, comme ceux qui se rattachent aux loisirs, à la divulgation de l'électricité, l'électricité et les espaces de représentation urbaines, l’imaginaire et les représentations de cette énergie ou à l'électricité et la vie quotidienne ou l'espace domestique. Bref, il s'agit de développer une vraie histoire sociale et culturelle de l'électricité, de ses représentations et ses pratiques à partir en utilisant les Asturies, cette région espagnole, comme laboratoire pour analyser l'interaction mutuelle entre techniques, société et culture. / At the end of the 19th century, the electricity has been responsible for deep modifications in the daily life of the Asturian society that included, for example, new forms of organizing the social time or planning the paces of work and leisure. Electricity establishes the break in the rigid separation between night and day which existed prior to its appearance, and proved itself as the best way of lighting in surpassing other technologies as mineral or vegetable oils and gas lighting. The electricity then became a symbolic image of progress and its brilliant light began to conquer the public space, the workspace and even the private sphere, as a metaphor for the triumph of modern industrial society and by inducing changes in habits and traditions. What comes with this study is, therefore, a research project capable of establishing the beginnings and the first development of the electric industry in Asturias, a peripheral region in Spain, as a general contribution to the study of the Spanish electrification process. This study also tries to deploy a broad vision in the analysis, capable of integrating the many implications of the phenomenon. Above all, there is special attention to the socio-cultural approaches to the electrical phenomenon, such as those which relate to the leisure and the sociability, to the cultural outreach of electricity, electricity and urban spaces of representation, the imaginary of this energy or the relations between electricity, and everyday life or the domestic sphere. In short, it is to develop a true social and cultural history of electricity, its representations and practices from using Asturias, this Spanish region, as a laboratory to analyze the mutual interaction between technology, society and culture.

Universal access to electricity stands high on the global agenda and is regarded as essential for positive development in sectors such as health care, education, poverty reduction, food production and climate change. Decentralized, off-grid electrification is deemed an important complement to centralized grid extension. By utilizing a renewable energy source, solar technology for the generation of electricity, photovoltaics (PV) is being considered as a way forward to minimize the environmental problems related to energy use. This thesis aims to contribute to improving the technical and social feasibility of PV and PV-diesel hybrid micro-grids for the purpose of providing access to electricity to people in rural areas of countries with low level access to electricity. In line with these general aims, the focus has been to address three questions related to challenges in three phases of rural electrification. The work has a multi-disciplinary approach, addressing mainly technical and social aspects of long-term sustainability of micro-grids, in a local context, and the changes these are intended to generate. One specific micro-grid in Tanzania has been used as a major case study. The thesis is developed through three papers, all presenting methodologies or aspects for investigation in rural electrification projects and studies in general, and for PV-diesel hybrid micro-grids in particular. Paper I puts forward a methodology to facilitate non-social scientific researchers to take social aspects increasingly into consideration. Paper II is a guideline to support system users to increasingly apply an evaluation based system operation. Paper III specifically highlights the importance to consider blackouts when investigating how an existing off-grid PV-diesel hybrid system shall be utilized when a national grid becomes available.

With the transport sector switching to electric energy to reduce greenhouse gas emission, the supply and demand in the energy system are impacted by this transition. Meanwhile, there are not a lot of studies focus on the electrification of the vehicle fleet in Sweden. To fill up the knowledge gap, the paper aims to identify the total required electrical energy and power for the electrification of the vehicle fleet in Sweden. This includes switching passenger vehicles, light and heavy trucks, and buses to battery electric vehicles. An Electric Vehicle Power Demand Model is designed to answer the research question. It is a simplified model that can calculate energy consumption and power demand from an electric vehicle fleet. To simulate the charging schedule, four scenarios are created with differences in charge speed and the use of smart or unregulated charging. Based on the model, the electric vehicle fleet consumes 20.4 TWh of electricity per year, accounting for 14.7% of total demand in Sweden. Combing the vehicle fleet with other energy services, an average hourly peak load of 16.2 GW in summer and 24.3 in winter can be seen, while the available capacity in Sweden is around 27.1. The result indicates that the current Swedish energy system is capable of handling demand from charging the electric vehicle fleet in terms of power capacity for most times. However, undersupply may happen in some extreme condition during the winter due to higher consumption from other energy services. Furthermore, with the increasing share of renewable power in the system, the availability of these power plants can have a direct impact on the supply. This requires smart charging to shift the charging events to prevent peak hours, which can potentially decrease the peak loads up to 2 GW in EV charging demand during peak hours. However, the actual effect of it still requires more study. Lastly, the model created for the research can be used as a research or decision-making tool to estimate the impact of a group of electric vehicles in the future, therefore, contribute to the development of the sustainable energy transition.